PROJECT: DETERMINE THE DEFLECTION OF BOOKSHELF

USING BISECTION METHOD

COURSE CODE BFC 24203

COURSE NAME ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC IV

FACULTY CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

1. MUHAMMAD RADZLAN BIN ABDULLAH

(AF180101)
STUDENT NAME
2. NUR SYAHIRA AFINI BINTI RAMLI
(AF180019)

SECTION 4 (GROUP 3)

LECTERUR NAME DR NOORLI BINTI ISMAIL

SUBMIT DATE 28 MAY 2020

MARK

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of project

This project describes the application of Interpolation in civil engineering in solving the problem
statements which is required to solve by using Bisection method. Burden and Faires (1985) stated
the binary search method or known as bisection method is a root-finding method that applies to
any continuous functions for which one knows two values with opposite signs. In other word, Tay
Kim Gaik (2019) said that bisection method is an iterative method used to approximated the root
of a non-linear equation f(x) = 0 by repeatedly halving the interval with the midpoint of the
interval as

Generally, bisection method is always convergent. Since the method brackets the root, the
method is guaranteed to converge. Besides that, as iterations are conducted, the interval gets
halved, so one can guarantee the error in the solution of the equation and the process will
continuously until the it reach the stopping criteria.

1.2 Problem Statement

Started from 2018, majority of students today are facing problems carrying heavy backpacks
 filled with books as shown in Figure 1. This issue had been discussed by Hazlina Aziz (2018)
which was selected SMK Putrajaya Presint 9 as case study to create the suitable bookshelf made
by wood that were able to carry the book with the height around 9” to 14” and its length is will
take around 30”. The measurement was made to help student so that they can place their books on
the bookshelf to ease their burden. Therefore, to ensure that the bookshelf is high durable, the
calculation must be conducted to determine the point might be occur at the maximum deflection
to reduce any possible damage on the bookshelf. The calculation will use bisection method which
to finding the roots of the equation to find the position where the deflection is maximum.

Figure 1: View of students carrying heavy school bag

1.3 Objective Study

The main objectives of this study are:

1. To design a high durability of bookshelf by determining the maximum deflection of

bookshelf
2. To apply the numerical method of solving the non-linear equations by using bisection method
3. To find the root of equation by an effective method
4. To list the Fila Table.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
A literature review is part of the chapter on the collection of data for the review of the critical
 issues of relevance to that particular subject. The existing literature review in the collection of
data must be linked and closely linked to the objective and problem statement as indicated.
Literature review is usually a report research procedure and a result section. The information
collected and the result then compared to the other and the summary is generated with the
information. This is because the literature review is the most important chapter that will address
any of the problems of the project. It ultimate goals is to bring the reader up to date with current
literature on this topic. A well literature review is characterized by logic flow of ideas, current
and relevant references. The literature review of this report that want to be produced must have
connection with the System of Non Linear Equation. This project study of non-linear equation in
civil engineering is to solve a bookshelf problem at library of SMK Putrajaya Presint 9 where the
problem is to find position of maximum deflection happen at the bookshelf so that any sag can
be reduce by using Bisection Method.

2.2 The Important of Numerical Method in Civil Engineering

To solve these more accurate and complex mathematical models of the world, numerical analysis
of increasing sophistication are needed. The formal academic area of numerical analysis varies
from highly theoretical mathematical studies to computer science issues involving the effects of
computer hardware and software on the implementation of specific algorithms. Mathematical
model was divided into another two categories which is analytical and numerical. Kendall E
Atkinson (2007) mentioned that analytical able to give an exact answer but its uses become
limited since its only able to solve problems that include either approximated with linear models,
simple geometry or low dimensionally.

Numerical methods are importance to solve non-linear equations. There are few methods were
used for solving these problems. For example, Intermediate Value Theorem Method, Bisection
Method, Secant Method, Newton-Raphson’s Method and Fixed-point Iteration Method. All of
these methods are used for determine the root of non-linear equations based on the equation given
Li D., Wen J, and Zhang J,.(2019) described the most challenging in solving nonlinear problems
when it is involving the complex shapes and processes. Numerical methods have been applied to
solve most of the real problems and very importance in Civil Engineering as it is always being
used to solve the problems.

In addition, numerical methods are important because they can solve problems that can not be
 solved analytically. Numerical methods are used to solve most of the real problems and the
answer can be accepted if there is only a small difference in the answer after an error analysis.
Numerical method is also important for solving a system of linear equations. The system of linear
equations is a set of three or more linear equations that are related to each other. All of the
equations in the set have an unknown value that needs to be solved simultaneously.

Other than that, several numerical methods were also used to solve system of linear equations.
There are Elimination Method which consists of two methods that are Gauss Elimination Method
and Gauss Elimination Method with Pivoting, Lu Factorization which consists of Doolittle
Method, Crout Method, Thomas Method and Cholesky Method, and the last one is Iteration
method which consists of Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method .

As a conclusion, numerical methods in civil engineering are now routinely used in structural
analysis to determine the strengths and moments of the members in structural systems prior to
design. This method is most useful in the analysis of civil engineering problems with complicated
geometries, material properties and loading conditions, where analytical methods are either very
difficult or impossible to use.

2.3 Finding the point of Maximum deflection

Previous study shown that the numerical method were uses to find the root of equation or
determine the point of maximum deflection. Arup Dey (2015) stated that a root finding algorithm
is a numerical method, or algorithm, for finding a value x such that f(x)=0 for a given function f.
Other than that, as we mention before numerical method are use in a wide variety of applications
such as Physics, Chemistry, Bioscience, Engineering and etc. Numerical root finding method use
iteration producing a sequence of numbers to converge toward limit which is the root function.
Arup Dey (2015) mention that numerical method such as Secant method, Newton-Raphson
Method, Bisection method are widely used root finding methods. For Bisection method, it is the
most primitive method for finding the roots of equation f(x)=0 where f is continuous function is a
given interval.

2.4 Deflection on Bookshelf

In term of engineering, deflection is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a
 load due to its deformation and may refer to an angle or a distance. The deflection must be
considered for the purpose of the structure which in this case is producing a bookshelf. When
designing a bookshelf using wood, it will show the maximum deflection happen when
considering the suitable height and thickness of the bookshelf. This is because Liu Yun (2016)
stated that the deflection design mathematical model is deduced and used to represent the
relationship between thickness (H) and length (L), structure form and also shelf load of the shelf.
The deflection distance of a member under a load which is the load is replacing with the books as
shown in Figure 2.1 can be calculated by integrating the function that mathematically describes
the slope of the deflected. To find the position of the maximum deflection point, the bisection
method will be used.
+

Figure 2.1 shows the deflection occur on the shelf

2.5 Information in Fila Table

The discussion has been listed in Table 2.1 shows the ideas in completing the problem statement.

Table 2.1 : Fila Table

Facts Ideas Learning Issues Actions

The problem Decide to make a By design a strong Find information

statement was created study about student bookshelf can reduce through researchers,
in order to problem with the student’s burden articles and books
understand the carrying heavy of carrying heavy
application of books bag pack
numerical methods in
civil engineering

Finding the solution Understand the term What is the method Analyse the problem
that can be relate used in the problem that can be relate statement based on
with numerical with the problems? the condition given
method for the
problem
Numerical method List all numerical What is the suitable Do discussion with
are widely use in methods that learned method for solving all group members
engineering in syllabus can give the problem? and all agreed to
ideas the methods choose bisection
that can be applied method

Chose to design a Design the a suitable Does the shelf are Search information
bookshelf as solution book shelf suitable use for a through books and
long term? website that can be
related with the
problem

Bisection Method To design a long How to solve the Understand the

were used in design a term used which is to problem given? problem and make a
structure (bookshelf) reduce the bookshelf literature study about
from sagging the problem

Analysed the To ensure for high What is the point of Using bisection
maximum deflection durability bookshelf maximum method to find point
of the bookshelf for long use term deflection? of maximum
deflection

CHAPTER 3
 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The problem statement that has been stated earlier can be solved by using Bisection Method.
According to the mathematically problem, the maximum deflection is would be along between its
lengths (L) of the book shelve. This problem will arises when the weight of the load is placed on
the bookshelf, therefore sagging can be seen. This is because the weight of the load that acting on
the bookshelf is directly proportional to deflection that will occur. Figure 2.1 is to show that the
deflection occurred and the maximum deflection can be determined at where it will take place.

3.2 Drafted Figure and Calculation

Figure 3 A loaded bookshelf

Solution :

The maximum deflection will be between x=0 and x=L where

L=¿ length of the bookshelf

0≤ x ≥ L
 0≤ x ≥ 30

Assume that,

x l=0 and x u=30

Check if the function changes sign between x l and x u

f¿

f (x¿ ¿l)=−0.67665¿ x10−8(0)4−0.26689 x10−5 ( 0 )3+ 0.12748 x10−3 ( 0 )2−0.018507

= −0.018507

f ( x u ) =f ( 30)

f ( x u ) =−0.67665x10−8(30) 4−0.26689 x10−5 ( 30 )3+ 0.12748x10−3 ( 30 )2−0.018507

¿ 0.018684

Hence,

f ( x l ) f ( x u ) =f ( 0 ) f ( 30 ) =(−0.018507 ) ( 0.018684 ) < 0

So, there is at least one root between x l and x u

Iteration 1

The estimate of the root is

x l+ xu
x m=
2

0+30
¿
2

=15

f ( x m ) =f ( 15 )

¿−0.67665x10−8(15) 4−0.26689 x10−5 ( 15 )3+ 0.12748 x10−3 ( 15 )2−0.018507

 ¿ 8.259084 x 10−4

f ( x m ) f ( xu ) =f ( 15 ) f ( 30 ) =( 8.259084 x 10−4 ) ( 0.018684 )< 0

Hence, the root is bracketed between x m and x u, that is between 15 and 30. So the lower and upper limits
of the news bracket are

x l=15, x u=30

At this point, the absolute relative approximate error cannot be calculated as we do not have a previous
approximation.

Iteration 2

The estimate of the root is

x l+ xu
x m=
2

15+ 30
¿
2

=22.5

f ( x m ) =f ( 22.5 )

¿−0.67665x10−8(22.5) 4−0.26689 x10−5 ( 22.5 )3+0.12748x10−3 ( 22.5 )2−0.018507

¿ 0.013895

f ( x i ) f ( x m ) =f ( 15 ) f ( 22.5 ) =( 8.259084 x 10−4 ) ( 0.013895 ) <0

Hence, the root is bracketed between x i and x m, that is between 15 and 22.5. So the lower and upper
limits of the news bracket are

x l=15, x u=22.5

The absolute relative approximate error at the end of the iteration 2 is

= |22.5−15
22.5 |
x 100
=33.333%

None of the significant digits are at least correct in the estimated root

x m=22.5

As the absolute relative approximate error is greater than 5%

Iteration 3

The estimate of the root is

x l+ xu
x m=
2

15+ 22.5
¿
2

=18.75

f ( x m ) =f ( 18.75 )

¿−0.67665x10−8( 18.75)4 −0.26689x10−5 ( 18.75 )3+0.12748x10−3 ( 18.75 )2−0.018507

¿ 7.881027 x 10−3

f ( x i ) f ( x m ) =f ( 15 ) f ( 18.75 )= ( 8.259084 x 10−4 ) ( 7.881027 x 10−3 )< 0

Hence, the root is bracketed between x m and x u, that is between 15 and 18.75. So the lower and upper
limits of the news bracket are

x l=15, x u=18.75

The absolute relative approximate error at the end of the iteration 2 is

= |18.75−22.5
18.75 |
x 100

=20%

Still none of the significant digits are at least correct in the estimated root of the equation as the absolute
relative approximate error is greater than 5%.
 Iteration xi xm xu Relative error f ( xm)
|ℇa| %
1 0 15 30 0.333 8.2591 x 10−4
2 15 22.5 30 33.333 0.013895
3 15 18.75 22.5 20.000 7.8810 x 10−3
4 15 16.875 18.75 11.111 4.4210 x 10−3
5 15 15.938 16.875 5.879 2.6336 x 10−3
6 15 15.469 15.938 3.032 1.7311 x 10−3
7 15 15.235 15.469 1.536 1.2796 x 10−3
8 15 15.118 15.235 0.774 1.0538 x 10−3
9 15 15.059 15.118 0.392 9.3986 x 10−4
10 15 15.030 15.059 0.193 8.8385 x 10−4

At the end of the10th iteration,

|ℇa| = 0.193%

Hence the number of significant digits at least correct is given by the large value of m for which

|ℇa|≤ 0.5 x 10 2−m

0.193 ≤ 0.5 x 10 2−m

0.386 ≤ 102−m

log(0.386) ≤ 2−m

m ≤2- log(0.386)=2.413

So, m=2

The number of significant digits at least correct in the estimated root 15.030 is 2

CHAPTER 4
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the strength and durability of the book shelf can be resolved by conducting a calculation to
determine at what position the maximum deflection will occur with the clear help diagram of the book
shelf by applying, as has been learned, the Bisection Method in Engineering Mathematics IV. This
method is then performed by estimating the root, where the length of the book shelves is up to three
iterations to check at which point the deflection begins to occur. There is a maximum deflection at the
length of 15.030m when a book is placed on the bookshelf. This flow showed that the strength of the
book shelves depends on the thickness and length of the shelves which will be added. By knowing the
exact value of the maximum deflection, the problem of sagging on the bookshelf can be avoided in the
design of new bookshelf. We also conclude that the bisection method is the simplest method to solve this
problem by determining the maximum deflection point on the bookshelf and ensuring a continuous
function.
References

1) Hazlina Aziz (2018, July 11). Weight matter of the school bag. New Straights Times,
retrievedfrom:https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2018/07/389532/weighty-matter-
school-bag
2) Samir v. Amiouny. (1991, Desember 3). Minimizing Deflection and Bending Moment in A Beam
With End Support.
3) Gere, James M.; Goodno, Barry J. (2020, March 17). Mechanics of Materials (Eighth ed.).from.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflection_(engineering)
4) Autar4 kaw, E.eric kalu(2009) Numerical methods with Applications:Abridged(second edition)
5) Arup Dey (2015, April) Mathematical Model Formulation and Comparison Study of Various
Methods of Root- Finding Problems
Retrieved from: www.iosrjournals.org