1498, Vasco Da Gama, Calicut

Basic Info First factory @ Calicut by Pedro Alvarez Cabral

Important trading centres: Calicut, Cannanore, Kochi

1st Portuguese governor

Fransisco Almeida
Blue Water Policy : To make Portuguese the master of Indian
Ocean

real founder of Portuguese power in India

Governors Albererque abolition of Sati

captured Goa from Sultan of Bijapur

shifted capital from Cochin to Goa

Nino da Cunha
obtained Bassein from Bahadur Shah
Portuguese (1498) Introduced Printing Press

Contribution Spread Christianity in the Malabar area

New Crops- Cashew Nuts, Tobacco, Lady's Finger

To promote Christianity and persecute all Muslims

Initially quite tolerant towards Hindus , later persecuted them

Religious Policy as well

Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate ​- 1st Jesuit Mission

in the court of Akbar

No able leader after Alfonso

Stiff competition from the Dutch

Decline
Hostility from natives

Discovery of Brazil deviated their attention

First factory @ Surat

1600- Elizabeth's Charter to EIC for trade monopoly with

the east

1609- Willian Hawkins visited Jahangir's court but

couldn't convince him to permit setting up a factory at
Surat

1612- Battle of Swally; English forces u/d Thomas Best

defeated Portuguese

1613= Jahangir permitted British to set up factory @

English Surat

1632- Golden Farman from Sultan of Golconda

Magna Carta for the company

exempted from additional customs duty except annual

payments as settled
1717- Farrukh Siyar's Farman
company could issue "dastaks" for duty free transportation of
goods

coins minted by company will have currency throughout the

Mughal empire

1602- East India Company of Netherlands

First factory at Masulipatnam(AP) in 1605

HQ at Nagapattnam, TN
Advent of Europeans
Principal factories in Surat, Karaikal, Chinsura, Baranagar,
Kasimbazar, Patna, Nagapattam, Cochin
Dutch (1602)
Decline due to Anglo-Dutch rivalry and a compromise in
1667; British withdrew claims in Spice Island, Indonesia while
Dutch left for the British- India and SL

Battle of Hooghly ​ 1759 (3rd Anglo​Dutch War) ​ Also,

Battle of Bidara/Chinsura- ​ Ended Dutch presence in Indian
trade/politics

1616 -​ Danish East India Company

1620 ​- Factory at Tranquebar, Principal settlement was

Danish (1616) Serampore near Calcutta

1845-​ Danish factories were sold to British

last Europeans to come to India

1667 ​ Francois Caron headed an expedition to India

first factory set up in Surat

Basic Info
Pondicherry was founded in 1674 when Sher Khan Lodi gave a
site for settlement to Francois Martin ; it was captured by
Dutch in 1693 but restored to French in 1697 through the Treaty
of Ryswick

Pondichéry

Karikal

French Colonies Yanam

Mahe

Chandernagore

Governor General of French India and rival of Robert Clive

first European to interfere in internal politics of the Indian

Dupleix rulers

Started the Subsidiary Alliance - ​ placed a French army at

Hyderabad at the expense of the Subahdar
French (1667)
Result: Inconclusive

ended with the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle in 1748 which also

concluded the Austrian War of Succession
1st Carnatic War (1746-48)
French commander: Dupleix

Battle of St. Thome: French vs Anwar-ud-din (Nawab of

Carnatic) in which French emerged victorious; battle fought on
banks of river Adyar

Result: British Victory

ended with Treaty of Pondicherry which recognized

Carnatic Wars
2nd Carnatic War (1749-54) Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of Carnatic

French commander: Dupleix (after this war was replaced by

Charles Godeheu )

Result: British Victory

ended with Treaty of Paris wherein Chandernagore and

Pondichéry were returned to France, and French were
3rd Carnatic War (1756-1763) allowed to have "factories" (trading posts) in India but forbade
French traders from administering them

Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French, commanded by Comte de

Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760

Black Hole Tragedy - Siraj-ud-Daulah imprisoned 146

British in a small room, and 123 died

Clive vs Siraj ud Daulah

Siraj lost since his nobles conspired against him with Clive
Battle of Plassey (1757)
Significance: British monopoly over trade and commerce in
Bengal

Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal

Mir Jafar also got irritated after some time with the British
and concluded a deal with the Dutch but they were
defeated by the British in third Anglo-Dutch war at Bidara

Advent of
(1759)

In 1760, Mir Jafar was replaced by Mir Qasim as Nawab of

Europeans and Bengal

Bengal by the British

Mir Qasim irritated by English misuse of dastaks &

Pre-1857 Wars exemptions; fled to Awadh and formed** alliance

(Hector Munro) vs ( Mir Qasim + Shah Alam II + Shuja-ud-

dauilah)
Battle of Buxar (1764)
British won

Treaty of Allahabad (1765): Mughal Emperor surrendered

sovereignty of Bengal to the British and granted them the diwani
of the region
introduced by Clive; meant rule of Company + Nawab
(puppet)
company acquired the diwani as well as nizamat rights of
Bengal
Dual Government (1765-72) Period of open plunder and it proved disastrous for people of
Bengal

Warren Hastings did away with dual govt system in 1772

Battle of Talikota (1565) in which Deccan Sultanates

defeated Vijaynagar Kingdom resulted in emergence of
many small kingdoms on its ruins

Hyder Ali took over as commander-in-chief of Mysore

kingdom in 1761 ; became the de-facto ruler

Versed in Arabic, Persian, Kanarese, Urdu

Well organized army and Navy on European lines

Pioneer of rocket tech

Tipu Sultan pioneer of introducing sericulture

Member of Jacobin Club

planted Tree of Liberty at Seringpatnam

built the Daria Dault Bagh at Srirangpatna

Mysore (u/d Hyder Ali) vs EIC

Mysore
Result: Mysore victory (Treaty of Madras)
1st Mysore war (1767-69)
Ended with Treaty of Madras which had terms that each
would support the other if attacked

Mysore (u/d Hyder Ali) vs British (u/d Warren Hastings

2nd Mysore war (1780-84) Result: Inconclusive ( Treaty of Mangalore)

Hyder Ali died and Tipu sustained the war

Anglo-Mysore Wars
Mysore (u/d Tipu) + Arrakal kingdom vs EIC (u/d Cornwallis)
+ Travancore + Marathas + Hyderabad

3rd Mysore War (1790-92) Result: Mysore lost ( Treaty of Seringapatam)

Ended with Treaty of Seringapatam with Mysore ceding half of

its territories to its opponents

Mysore u/d Tipu vs British (u/d Wellesley)

4th Mysore War (1799)
resulted in fall of Seringapatam and death of Tipu with
Wodeyars accepting Subsidiary Aliiance

ruled u/d name of King Shahu

Maratha Confederacies Bhonsle (Nagpur); Peshwa (Pune); Holkar (Indore); Gaikwad ​
(Baroda); Scindia (Gwalior)

Marathas vs EIC (u/d Hastings)

1st Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) Result: British were humiliated and 20 years peace treaty was
Expansion of British signed (Treaty of Salbai)

Marathas B/w Bajirao II & British (u/d Wellesley)

Result: EIC won (Treaty of Bassein)

Anglo-Maratha Wars 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05)
Treaty of Bassein: Bajirao ceded territory for the maintenance
of a subsidiary force

Maratha Confederacy vs EIC (u/d Lord Hastings)

3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19) Result: Domination of British over regional powers as well;
Peshwaship was abolished and made a pensioner of the EIC

Treaty of Eternal Friendship (1807) ​: Both Sindh and

British agreed to exclude French from Sindh ​

Tripartitie Treaty (1839) b/w British, Ranjit Singh, Shah

Sindh Shuja (Sindh); Shah Shuja gave up his sovereign rights on
Sindh and accepted Subsidiary Alliance

1843 - Sindh was merged into the British Empire under

Ellenborough

1716 ​- Banda Bahadur executed by Farrukh Siyar

Sikh polity got divided into Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa
(Orthodox)

1784- ​ Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organised Sikhs under Dal

Khalsa
Backgrounder 1763​-73 - Sikhs were organised into misls ​ military brotherhoods
with a democratic setup

Ranjit Singh united these Misls into a kingdom of Punjab

Treaty of Amritsar / Treaty of Perpetual Friendship (1809) -

Signed b/w Ranjit Singh and EIC where Ranjit Singh agreed to
Punjab limit his kingdom to North of Satluj

Sikh Empire vs British (u/d Hardinge)

Caused due to Sikh Army violating Treaty of Amritsar

1st Sikh War (1845-46)
Result: British Victory (Treaty of Lahore)

Transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh (who had helped British

Sikh Wars against the Sikh Empire); he founded the royal Dogra dynasty

Sikh Empire vs British (u/d Dulhousie)

2nd Sikh War (1848-49) Result: Decisive British Victory and fall of the Sikh Empire

Punjab was annexed

Bhutan War (1864-65) : ended with Treaty of Sinchula , signed

Bhutan in 1865, u/d which Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars
and Bengal Duars

Nepal War (1814-1816): ended with Treaty of Sagauli (1816)

Nepal u/d which Nepal withdrew from Sikkim and accepted a British
resident in the court

1st Anglo-Burma War (1824-26) : Treaty of Yandaboo u/d

which Burma ceded parts of Assam and recognized Manipur
as independent state

2nd Burma war (1852): British est. control over Lower Burma
Burma
3rd Burma War (1885): Annexation of upper Burma

Burma was separated from India in 1935

became independent in 1948

Neighbors Treaty of Lhasa (1904) : Indian Govt. would occupy Chimbi
Tibet Valley; Tibet won't grant concessions to any foreign state

1st Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) : Resulted in British

Withdrawal from Afg,

2nd Anglo-Afghan War: British Victory and Treaty of

Gandamak was signed; permanent British resident at Kabul

Auckland's ​ Forward Policy ​- Company had to take steps to

protect British India from Russia ​through treaties or annexation
Afghanistan
Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity : Advocated for non-
interference in Aghansitan

Lytton's Policy of Proud Reserve: aimed at having scientific

frontiers and safeguarding "Spheres of Influence"

Durand Agreement (1893): A Durand Line b/w British and

Afghan territories was agreed upon