6 STEPS HYPOTHESIS TEST

(SUGGESTED FOR THE COURSE)

1. IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES.

2. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

3. ESTABLISH THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (USUALLY

SET TO 0.05 LEVEL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCHES UNLESS
SPECIFIED)

4. DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTICS

5. COMPUTATION / ANALYSIS ( USE BASIC AVAILABLE

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE)

6. INTERPRETATION / IMPLICATION / CONCLUSION

ONE SAMPLE T-TEST

Example data

A researcher collected cognitive test scores from a sample of students in Class

A. The scores are marked from 0 to 100. We want to know if the scores on this
test differ from the average score gained in the country. The average national
score on this test is 58. To do this comparison, a one-sample t-test will be used.
1. IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES.

DV – cognitive test scores

IV – students in Class A

2. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no difference in scores on the cognitive test from

students in Class A and the national average score. or

H0: µ Students = 58

Ha: There is a difference in scores on the cognitive test from

students in Class A and the national average score. or

H0: µ Students ≠ 58 (two-tailed test)

3. ESTABLISH THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (USUALLY

SET TO 0.05 LEVEL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCHES UNLESS
SPECIFIED)

Specify the α level: α = .05

4. DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTICS

one-sample t-test

5. COMPUTATION / ANALYSIS ( USE BASIC AVAILABLE

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE)
Use SPSS for the data analysis as shown below. (pls find or
download or copy from your classmates/friends who have
installed the program)

Try to follow the steps here:

In SPSS data view just encode the dataset as shown below: Class A test scores.
The test scores variable is simply called Class_A.
Performing a one-sample t-test in SPSS
Now, let’s perform the one-sample t-test in SPSS:
 1. Firstly, go to Analyze > Compare Means > One-Sample T-Test....

2. A new window will open. The variables which are to be included in the test
need to be moved into the Test Variable(s) window. More than one variable
can be entered at the same time.

Next, enter the value to be compared against in the Test Value box. In our
example, this will be 58.
3. To run the test, click the OK button.
Output
Go to the output window in SPSS to view the results. You should see two boxes
under the title T-Test:

The first box gives some descriptive statistics of the variables in the analysis.
There are four columns presented:

1. N – The number of samples in the group.

2. Mean – The average value of the group.

3. Std. Deviation – The standard deviation of the group.

4. Std. Error Mean – The standard error of the mean.

The results of the one-sample t-test are presented in the box below. At the top
of the table, the Test Value is quoted. This was the value compared against.
Under this, the table has six columns.

 t – The t statistic.
 df – The number of degrees of freedom.
 Sig. (2-tailed) – The significance (P) value for the test in a two-
tailed analysis.
  Mean difference – The difference between the group and tested value
average.
 Lower (95% confidence interval of the difference) – The lower
95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference between the group and
tested value.
 Upper (95% confidence interval of the difference) – The upper
95% CI of the difference between the group and tested value.

SUGGESTED SUMMARY TABLE: (taken from the output)

VARIABLE STANDARD SAMPLE SD T- PROB

MEAN MEAN VALUE (Sig. 2-
tailed)
COGNITIVE 58.00 62.73 5.175 3.542 0.003
TEST SCORE

6. INTERPRETATION / IMPLICATION / CONCLUSION

(Use the p-value approach in interpreting results. To determine if there is a

significant result in the one-sample t-test, the Sig. (2-tailed) value should be
examined. In this example, a value of 0.003 is reported. REJECT Ho IF THE P-
VALUE IS LESS THAN 0.05)

Since this value is less than our desired significance threshold (P<0.05),
we reject the null hypothesis which means that Class A results on this test are
significantly different from that of the national average. In other words, Class A
performed better on the cognitive test (t=3.543, p=0.003) then the national
average.
THIS WILL BE THE FORMAT FOR SUBMISSION:

PROBLEM

A researcher collected cognitive test scores from a sample of students in Class

A. The scores are marked from 0 to 100. We want to know if the scores on this
test differ from the average score gained in the country. The average national
score on this test is 58. To do this comparison, a one-sample t-test will be used.

1. IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES.

DV – cognitive test scores

IV – students in Class A

2. STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE

HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no difference in scores on the cognitive

test from students in Class A and the national average
score. or

H0: µ Students = 58

Ha: There is a difference in scores on the cognitive test

from students in Class A and the national average
score. or

H0: µ Students ≠ 58 (two-tailed test)

3. ESTABLISH THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

(USUALLY SET TO 0.05 LEVEL FOR SOCIAL
RESEARCHES UNLESS SPECIFIED)
Specify the α level: α = .05
 4. DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE TEST
STATISTICS
one-sample t-test

5. COMPUTATION / ANALYSIS ( USE BASIC AVAILABLE

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE)

SUGGESTED SUMMARY TABLE: (taken from the output)

VARIABLE STANDARD SAMPLE SD T- PROB

MEAN MEAN VALUE (Sig. 2-
tailed)
COGNITIVE 58.00 62.73 5.175 3.542 0.003
TEST SCORE

(JUST PLACE THE OUTPUTS AS APPENDIX)

6. INTERPRETATION / IMPLICATION / CONCLUSION

Since this value is less than our desired significance threshold (P<0.05),
we reject the null hypothesis which means that Class A results on this test are
significantly different from that of the national average. In other words, Class A
performed better on the cognitive test (t=3.543, p=0.003) then the national
average.

BELOW ATTACH/APPEND THE OUTPUTS OF YOUR DATA ANALYSIS

SAMPLE:

LINK:
https://toptipbio.com/one-sample-t-test-spss/