Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2006
Dedication
Ahmed Ellouh
A
B
Pronouns
ﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔٍ ﻭﻻ ﺤﺎﺠـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﱡﺏ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ، ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ •
. ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ،ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ
•
.ٍ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ ü
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
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-: ﻭﻫﻲPossessive Pronouns 2
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.( ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ،( ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡPossessive Adjectives) ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ.1
.( ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ،ﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ.2
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. It is my pen. . ﻗﻠﻤﻲﺇﻨﹼﻪ
2. It is mine. .ﻨﻲ ﻴﺨﹸﺼﺇﻨﹼﻪ
3. It is not yours. .(ﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺨﹸﺼ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ )ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﻴﺱﺇﻨﹼﻪ
4. I found his bag. .ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﹶﻪ
5. This bag is his. .ﻪﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ
6. This is our garden. .ﻫﺫﻩ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹸﻨﺎ
7. This garden is ours. .ﻨﺎﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﹸ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ
8. They entered their garden. .ﺩﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹶﻬﻡ
9. That garden is theirs. .ﻬﻡﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﹸ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ
10. Did you bring your car? ﻫل ﺃﺤﻀﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻙ؟
11. This car is yours. .ﻙﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﹸﺼﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴ
Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns3
ﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل ﻷﻥﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻴ: )ﺃﻱ.ﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ، ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺜﺭ •
.(ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ
.( ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊselves) (ﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺱ ﻟﻠﻤself (ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻨﻔﺱﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ •
:ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔﹰ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلﻭﻨﹸﺠﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻀ •
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Singular Plural
ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ/ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ
You ﺃﻨﺕ yourself ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻙ/ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ You ﺃﻨﺘﹸﻥ/ ﺃﻨﺘﹸﻡ yourselves
( ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ/ )ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
: DemonstrativeAdjectives4
.ﺎ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﻲﺀٍ ﺇﻤ •
.ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ •
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( this, that, these, those ) ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴDemonstrativePronouns ü
.(noun) ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ
1. This pen is mine. .ﻨﻲﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ﻴﺨﺼ
2. This is my pen. .(ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ) ﺒﻴﺩﻱ
3. Those are book. .ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﻜﹸﺘﺏ
. ﺎ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺃﻤü
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
*) Choose the right answer between brackets:- :ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ
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The Verb
(Full verb1ﻤﺜل :ﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ travelـ ﻴﺯﻭﺭ visitـ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ،giveﻭﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤـﺩﺙٍ
ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ،ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻤﺜل:
1. He always travels to France. ) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ( ﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ.
2. He is travelling to France now. ) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ.
.1ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ.
.2ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.
.3ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ).(Passive
ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔِ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕٍ ،ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ،ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل •
ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ.
ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ ﺒﻭﻀﻊِ ) (notﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ،ﻤﺜل: •
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ ،ﺒﻭﻀﻊِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ •
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )؟( ،ﻤﺜل:
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ. •
ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ،ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻀﻌﻴﻑ. •
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The Infinitive 1
ﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩﺴﻤ ﻭﻴto ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﻘﻪto ( ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔbase) ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌلﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ
: ﻤﺜل،(base infinitive) ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻱ
The Present 2
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩare و،I ﻤﻊam : ﻓﻠﻪ ﺸﻜﻼﻥto be ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻌل،to ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ
:ﺨﺎﻁﺏﺍﻟﻤ
The Past 4
ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل،(Irregular Verbs) )ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫﹼﺓ.ﻀﺎﺭﻉ( ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ-ed) ﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻓﻲﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ
.(Helping Verbs) ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓﺍﻟﻤ
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1 2 3 4 5 6
Present with 3rd Past Present
Infinitive person singular Participle Participle
Present Past
(base)
(-s form) (-ed form) (-ing form)
(to) play play plays played played playing
(to) sing sing sings sang sung singing
(to) be am (are) is was (were) been being
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:( ﻟﻪ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻫﻲto be) ﺘﺔ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ.1
.{( ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ }ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙP.P) (Past Participle) ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل
( ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜلِ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊFinite Verbs) ﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﻤ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ.3
.ﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ
ﻰ( ﻓﺘﹸـﺴﻤpresent participle) ( ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلpast participle) ( ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭلinfinitive) ﺎ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺃﻤ.4
.ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺯﻤﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺒﻔﺎﻋلِ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ ﻷﻥ،(Non-finites or Infinities) ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎلِ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ
ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺤـﺩﻭﺩٍ ﺨـﺎﺹ )ﻓﻌـل ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ.5
: ﻤﺜل،ﺴﺎﻋﺩ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻤ
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. I am a teacher. .ﺱﺩﺭﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ
2. He is a doctor. .ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ
3. Huda is not a nurse. .ﻤﺭﻀﺔﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﻫ
4. I was doing my home work. .ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ
5. I and Ali are neighbors. .ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﻴﺭﺍﻥ
6. Are you a doctor? ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ؟
7. Was she angry yesterday? ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟
8. Today, he is better. .ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ
9. You are not a teacher. .ﺎﹰﺴﺩﺭﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻟﺴﺕﹶ ﻤ
10. They were given a good lesson yesterday. .ِﺃُﻋﻁﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
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ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔِ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ، ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕVerb To Be ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎلﻤل ﺍﻟﺴ ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ.1
.ِﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ،ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ،ﺴﺘﻤﺭﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺍﻟﺯ
.(n't) not ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎVerb To Be ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﻔﻲ.2
am , is , are , was , were (n't) not ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ
I) Put (am), ( is) or (are) in the spaces :- : ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕare ﺃﻭis ﺃﻭam ﻀﻊ
1. The window........ green.
2. I ......... in the classroom.
3. We ........ students.
4. There ........ a pen and two pencils on the table.
5. There ........ two pencils and a pen on the table.
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. ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.1
.( ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎn't) not ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ.2
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:- : ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕdid ﺃﻭdoes ﺃﻭdo ﻀﻊ
1. .………….. he bring money yesterday?
2. She ………….. not speak Arabic.
3. I ………… not care.
4. I and Huda …………. not go to school today.
5. .…………. Samy like smoking?
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
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( ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭلﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻷﻥﻤ ﺴ.1
. ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺎﻀﻲgo – went – gone : ﻤﺜل،ٍﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩ
.(had to) ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺽٍ ﻟﻬﻤﺎmust – ought to ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل.2
.( ﻗﺒﻠﻪ)ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉto ﺃﻭ،( ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭﻩs) ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ.3
. We ﺃﻭI ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤshall ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل.4
.(They, You, He, She, It) :ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻀwill ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل.5
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. I can carry this heavy bag . .ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻘﻴﻠﺔ
2. The train will move .ﺴﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻻﹰ
3. I shall come again. .ﺴﺄﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ
4. We should help our parents. .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟِﺩﻴﻨﺎ
5. They may meet us in Gaza. .ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺭ
6. Students must get up early. .ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻬﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺏ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ
7. Can you carry this bag? ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ؟
8. She couldn't understand me yesterday. .ِﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
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*) Choose the correct answer between brackets: -:ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ
1. She must (help - helps - helped) her mother.
2. Ali should (gets - get - getting) up early everyday.
3. Students must not (writes - wrote - write) on the walls.
4. My father may (buys - bought - buy) a watch to me.
5. A good student must (studies - studied -study) hard.
6. We had to (helped - help - helps) the old man yesterday.
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. ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔbe, have, do ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ.1
.it, she, he ﻤﻊhas, does, was, is ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ.2
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( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍinfinitive) ﺍﻟﺦ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ.....go – ﻴﺫﻫﺏvisit ﻴﺯﻭﺭ: ﻤﺜل،(Full Verb) ٍﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩ •
.( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺼﻭﻏﻪ ﻓﻴﻪTense) ﻤﻥﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ
-: ﻭﻫﻲ،ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩ •
.ﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ •
(s) ـﻀﺎﻑﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ ﻤﻊ ﻤ،(ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤü
: ﻤﺜل، ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ،(he , she , it) ﻤﺜل،ﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ
Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat
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:( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪhe, she, it) ﻤﺜل،ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ ¯
(es) ﻀﺎﻑ( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴsh, ch, o, x, ss) -:ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ.1
-: ﻤﺜل،(s) ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ
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go + es = goes ﻴﺫﻫﺏ fix + es = fixes ﺕﺜﹶﺒﻴ
do + es = does ﻴﻔﻌل pass + es = passes ﺭﺒﻌ ﻴ/ ﺭﻤﻴ
cross + es = crosses ﺭﺒﻌﻴ match + es = matches لﻭﺼﻴ
ـﻀﺎﻑﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴﻴ (y) ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥy) ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ.2
-: ﻤﺜل،( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلies)
( s ) ـﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﺈﻨﹼـﻪ ﻴ،( ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ )ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﺔy ) ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ.3
-: ( ﻤﺜلy ) ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ
( a, e, i , o, u )vowels •
-: ﻤﺜل(habit) .2
1. Samy goes to school every morning. .ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻜل ﺼﺒﺎﺡ
2. Boys go to school at the age of six. .ِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ
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.1ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ) (everyﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ.
.2ﻟﻴﺱ ﺸﺭﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﻻﹼ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ) (factﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ) ،(habitﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل
ﺍﻷﺘﻲ-:
The earth moves around the sun.
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ) .ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ ،ﻓﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ) (moveﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ.
.3ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ) (toﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل.
)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + don't +ﻓﺎﻋل(. .1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ) ، (sﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
)?...ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل .(Do + .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ) ،(sﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل + doesn't +ﻓﺎﻋل (. .3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ ) (sﺃﻭ ) (esﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
)?...ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل +ﻓﺎﻋل .(Does + .4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ ) (sﺃﻭ ) (esﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
1. Samy usually stays at home everyday. ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ.
2. It often rains in winter. ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﹸﻤﻁِ ُﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺘﺎﺀ.
3. Ahmed always watches TV at night. ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴل.
4. Always they watch TV at night. ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴل.
5. Ameera never visits us. ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ.
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I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets: -:ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ
1. He sometimes (take – takes – to take) the bus to school.
2. We generally (spoke – speaks – speak) Arabic.
3. He (watch – watches – is watching) the news on TV every evening.
4. I always (meet – meets – meeting) him on the corner of this street.
5. The sun (give – giving – gives – is giving) us light.
6. He usually (drives – drive – is driving) very fast.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: -:ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. I usually drink tea after breakfast, but my sister (drink) milk.
2. He always (reach) school late.
3. He never (visit) us.
4. He rarely (answer) my letters.
5. Every Friday, he (go) to the river and (catch) fish.
6. Nagla sometimes, (enjoy) watching television.
7. He always (study) Arabic at school.
8. She usually (get) up early.
9. The moon sometimes (shine) at night.
10. He (to visit) his uncle every week.
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2.The Past Simple Tense
1) Formation:-
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(irregular)(regular) 1
( ﺃﻭed) ﺎﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻤ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ(Regular Verbs)
-: ﻤﺜل،(ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎd)
help - helped - helped ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻴ
smile - smiled - smiled ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ
watch - watched - watched ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻴ
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ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﺴﺎﻜﻥٍ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ ﺤـﺭﻑ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻨﹸﻀﻌed) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ.1
: ﻤﺜل،(ﻙﺘﺤﺭﻤ
travel + ed = travelled ﺴﺎﻓﺭﻴ
stop + ed = stopped ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻑ
ـﻀﺎﻑﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴ( ﻴy) ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥy ) ﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻤed) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ.2
-: ﻤﺜل،(ied)
study + ed = studied ﻴﺩﺭﺱ deny + ed = denied ﻨﻜﺭﻴ
carry + ed = carried ﻴﺤﻤل cry + ed = cried ﻴﺒﻜﻲ
( ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥed) ﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ،ٍ( ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙy) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.3
-: ﻤﺜل،(ied) ( ﺇﻟﻰy) ل ﺍﻟـﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ
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ﺯ ﺒﻴﻥﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﹸﻤﻴ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ، ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ:(Irregular Verbs)
.ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫ
2) Usage:-
When I was on holiday, I swam everyday. . ﺴﺒﺤﺕﹸ ﻜلَ ﻴﻭﻡ،ٍﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺯﺓ
Did?
19
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
1. Ahmed travelled to Japan last week. .ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ
2. Samy wrote the letter. .ﺴﺎﻟﺔﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ
3. My father bought a new car last year. .ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﺍﻟﺴ
4. Huda studied lesson ten a week ago. . ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉﺭﺱﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻫ
5. We invited them for lunch three days ago. .ﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎﻫﻡ ﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡٍ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
20
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.(d) ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎe) ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.1
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
ـﻀﺎﻑ( ﻭﻴi) ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟـﻰ( ﻴy) ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ﻓﺈﻥ،ٍ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﺴﺎﻜﻥy) ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.2
.( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎed)
( ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭy) ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـﻓﺈﻥ،(ﺘﺤﺭﻙ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﻋﻠﹼﺔ )ﻤy) ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ.3
.( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎed) ﻀﺎﻑﻭ ﻴ
Present or infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
21
ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺤـﺭﻑٍ ﺴـﺎﻜﻥٍ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴed) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ.4
.(ﺘﺤﺭﻙﻤ
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Present or Present or
infinitive Meaning Past
Past infinitive Meaning Past Past participle
participle
lift ﯾﺮﻓﻊ lifted lifted remember ﯾﺘﺬﻛﺮ remembered remembered
like ﯾﺤﺐ liked liked replay ﯾﺮد replayed replayed
listen ﯾﻨﺼﺖ listened listened report ﯾﻘﺪم ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻋﻦ reported reported
live ﯾﻌﯿﺶ lived lived rest ﯾﺮﺗﺎح rested rested
load ﯾﺤﻤﻞ loaded loaded revise ﯾﺮاﺟﻊ revised revised
look after ﯾﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑـ looked after looked after sail ﯾُﺒﺤﺮ sailed sailed
look at ﯾﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ looked at looked at scream ﯾﺼﺮخ screamed screamed
look for ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ looked for looked for shop ﯾﺘﺴﻮّق shopped shopped
look good ًﯾﺒﺪو ﺟﯿﺪا looked good looked good shout ﯾﺼﯿﺢ shouted shouted
ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺮج
look up ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ
looked up looked up slope ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ sloped sloped
love ﯾﺤﺐ loved loved sow ﯾُﺒﺬّر sowed sowed (sown)
marry ﯾﺘﺰوج married married start ﯾﺒﺪأ started started
match ﯾُﻼﺋﻢ matched matched stay ﯾﻤﻜُﺚ stayed stayed
measure ﯾﻘﯿﺲ measured measured stop ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ stopped stopped
mend ﯾﺼﻠّﺢ mended mended support ﯾﺪﻋﻢ supported supported
milk ﯾﺤﻠﺐ milked milked store ﯾُﺨﺰُن stored stored
/ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺟﮭﺎز
miss ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺪ missed missed switch on
ﯾﺸﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﻮر
switched on switched on
move ﯾﺘﺤﺮّك moved moved talk ﯾﺘﺤﺪث talked talked
need ﯾﺤﺘﺎج needed needed taste ﯾﺬوق/ ﯾﺘﺬوق tasted tasted
open ﯾﻔﺘﺢ opened opened tie ﯾﺮﺑﻂ tied tied
order ﯾﺄﻣﺮ ordered ordered thank ﯾﺸﻜﺮ thanked thanked
own ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ owned owned touch ﯾﻠﻤﺲ touched touched
paint ﯾﺪھﻦ painted painted train ﯾﺪرب trained trained
pass ﯾﻤﺮ passed passed translate ﯾﺘﺮﺟﻢ translated translated
ًﯾﺘﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﯿﻔﻮﻧﯿﺎ
phone ﺑـ phoned phoned travel ﯾﺴﺎﻓﺮ travelled travelled
pick ﯾﻘﻄﻒ picked picked try ﯾﺤﺎول tried tried
plant ﯾﺰرع planted planted turn ﯾﻠﻒ/ﯾﺪور turned turned
ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
play ﯾﻠﻌﺐ played played type اﻵﻟﺔ typed typed
plough ﯾﺤﺮث ploughed ploughed use ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم used used
point to ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ pointed to pointed to visit ﯾﺰور visited visited
post ﯾﺮﺳﻞ posted posted wait ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ waited waited
pour ﯾﺼﺐ poured poured want ﯾﺮﯾﺪ wanted wanted
practice ﯾﺘﻤﺮن practiced practiced wash ﯾﻐﺴﻞ washed washed
prefer ﯾُﻔﻀّﻞ preferred preferred watch ﯾﺸﺎھﺪ watched watched
/ ﯾﺪّﻋﻲ
pretend ﯾﺘﻈﺎھﺮ
pretended pretended water ﯾﺮوي watered watered
pronounce ﯾﻨﻄﻖ pronounced pronounced weigh ﯾﺰن weighed weighed
pull ﯾﺠﺮ/ ﯾﺸﺪ pulled pulled welcome ﯾﺮﺣﺐ ﺑـ welcomed welcomed
push ﯾﺰق/ﯾﺪﻓﻊ pushed pushed work ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞ/ ﯾﻌﻤﻞworked worked
rain ﺗﻤﻄﺮ rained rained worry ﯾﻘﻠﻖ worried worried
receive ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ received received
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،ﻨـﺔﻌﻴﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤ:The Irregular Verbs 7
.ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ
Present
Present or Past Past
or
infinitive Past participle Past participle
Meaning infinitive Meaning
abide ﯾﻘﯿﻢ/ ﯾﻤﻜﺚ abode abode clothe ﯾﻜﺴﻮ clothed clothed
agree ﯾﻮاﻓﻖ agreed agreed come ﯾﺤﻀﺮ/ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ came come
am أﻛﻮن was been cost ﯾﺴﺎوي/ ﯾﻜﻠّﻒ cost cost
are ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا/ﺗﻜﻮن were been creep ﯾﺰﺣﻒ crept crept
arise ﯾﻨﮭﺾ arose arose cut ﯾﻘﻄﻊ cut cut
awake ﯾﺴﺘﯿﻘﻆ/ ﯾﻮﻗﻆ awoke awoken dare ﯾﺠﺮؤ dared (durst) dared (durst)
be ﯾﻜﻮن was / were been deal ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ dealt dealt
bear ﺗﻠﺪ bore born dig ﯾﺤﻔﺮ dug dug
bear ﯾﺤﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ bore borne do/does ﯾﻔﻌﻞ did done
beat ﯾﻀﺮب beat beat (en) draw ﯾﺮﺳﻢ drew drawn
become ﯾﺼﯿﺮ/ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ became become dream ﯾﺤﻠﻢ dreamt (ed) dreamt
begin ﯾﺒﺘﺪئ/ ﯾﺒﺪأ began begun drink ﯾﺸﺮب drank drunk
bend ﯾﺤﻨﻲ/ ﯾﺜﻨﻲ bent bent drive ﯾﺴﻮق/ ﯾﻘﻮد drove driven
bet ﯾﺮاھﻦ bet bet dwell ﯾﺴﻜﻦ/ ﯾﻘﻄﻦ dwelt dwelt
bet ﯾﺮاھﻦ betted bet eat ﯾﺄﻛﻞ ate eaten
bid ﯾُﻘﺪّم ﻋﻄﺎء bade bidden fall ﯾﻘﻊ/ ﯾﺴﻘﻂ fell fallen
bid ﯾﺄﻣﺮ bid bid feed ﯾُﻐﺬّي/ﯾُﻄﻌﻢ fed fed
bind ﯾﺮﺑﻂ bound bound feel ﯾﺸﻌﺮ felt felt
bite ﯾﻠﺪغ/ﯾﻌُﺾ bit bitten fight ﯾﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ/ ﯾﻘﺎﺗﻞ fought fought
bleed ﯾﻨﺰف bled bled find ﯾﺠﺪ found found
blend ﯾﻤﺰج/ ﯾﺨﻠﻂ blent blent fit ﯾﻨﺎﺳﺐ fit (fitted) fit (fitted)
blend ﯾﻤﺰج/ ﯾﺨﻠﻂ blended blended flee ﯾﮭﺮب fled fled
blow ﯾﻨﻔﺦ/ ﯾﮭﺐ blew blown fling ﯾﻘﺬف/ ﯾﻄﯿﺢ/ ﯾﻄﻮيflung flung
break ﯾﻜﺴﺮ broke broken fly ﯾﻄﯿﺮ flew flown
breed ﯾﺮﺑﻲ bred bred forbid ﯾﻤﻨﻊ forbade forbidden
bring ﯾﺤﻀﺮ brought brought forecast ﯾﺘﻜﮭﻦ/ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ forecast forecast
bring up ﯾﺮﺑﻲ brought up brought up foretell ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ foretold foretold
broadcast ﯾﺬﯾﻊ broadcast broadcast forget ﯾﻨﺴﻰ forgot forgotten
build ﯾﺒﻨﻲ built built forgive ﯾﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ/ ﯾﺴﺎﻣﺢforgave forgiven
burn ﯾﺤﺮق burnt (burned) burnt forsake ﯾﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ/ ﯾﮭﺠﺮforsook forsaken
burst ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ burst burst freeze ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ froze frozen
buy ﯾﺸﺘﺮي bought bought get ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ got got
can ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ could ---- give ﯾﻤﻨﺢ/ﯾﻌﻄﻲ gave given
cast ﯾﺮﻣﻲ/ ﯾﻘﺬف cast cast go ﯾﺬھﺐ went gone
catch ﯾﻤﺴﻚ caught caught grind ﯾﻄﺤﻦ ground ground
choose ﯾﺨﺘﺎر chose chosen grow ﯾﺰرع/ ﯾﻜﺒُﺮ/ ﯾﻨﻤﻮgrew grown
cling ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ/ ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ clang clung hang ﯾُﻌﻠّﻖ hung hung
24
Present
Present or Past
or Past
infinitive Past infinitive
participle
Meaning Past participle Meaning
hang ﯾﺸﻨﻖ hanged hanged say ﯾﻘﻮل said said
have / has ﯾﻤﻠﻚ had had see ﯾﻔﮭﻢ/ ﯾﺮى saw seen
have to ﯾﺠﺐ أن had to had to seek ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ sought sought
hear ﯾﺴﻤﻊ heard heard sell ﯾﺒﯿﻊ sold sold
hide ﯾﺨﺒﺊ hid hidden send ﯾﺮﺳﻞ sent sent
hit ﯾﻀﺮب hit hit set out ﯾﻐﺮب/ ﯾﺸﺮع ﻓﻲ set out set out
hold ﯾﻤﺴﻚ held held set aside ًﯾﻀﻊ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ set set
hurt ﯾﺆﻟﻢ/ ﯾﺆذي hurt hurt sew ﯾﺨﯿّﻂ sewed sewn
is ﯾﻜﻮن was been shake ﯾﺼﺎﻓﺢ/ ﯾﮭﺰ shook shaken
/ ًﯾﻨﺰف دﻣﺎ
keep ﯾﺤﻔﻆ kept kept shed ًﯾﺬرف دﻣﻮﻋﺎ
shed shed
kneel ﯾﺮﻛﻊ knelt knelt shine ﯾﺴﻄﻊ/ ﯾﻠﻤﻊ shone shone
ﯾﻀﻊ ﺣﺪوة
knit ًﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﺧﯿﻮﻃﺎ knit (knitted) knit shoe ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺎن
shod shod
ﯾﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﺴﮭﻢ أو
know ﯾﻌﺮف knew known shoot اﻟﺮﺻﺎص
shot shot
lade ﯾُﺤﻤّﻞ laded laden show ﯾﺒﯿﻦ/ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ showed shown
lay ﯾﺒﯿﺾ/ ﯾﻀﻊ laid laid shrink ﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ shrank shrunk
lead ﯾﻘﻮد led led shut ﯾُﻐﻠﻖ shut shut
lean ﯾﺘﻜﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ leant (leaned) leant (leaned) sing ﯾﻨﺸﺪ/ﯾﻐﻨﻲ sang sung
leap ﯾﻘﻔﺰ leapt leapt sit ﯾﺠﻠﺲ sat sat
learn ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻢ learned (learnt) learned (learnt) sink ﯾﻐﻮص sank sunk
leave ﯾﻐﺎدر left left slay ﯾﺴﻠﺦ/ ﯾﺬﺑﺢ slew slain
lend ﯾُﻘﺮض lent lent sleep ﯾﻨﺎم slept slept
let ﯾﺪع let let slide ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ slid slid
/ ﯾﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺤﺒﻞ
lie ﯾﺮﻗﺪ lay lain sling ﯾﻘﺬف ﺑﻤﻘﻼع
slung slung
lie ﯾﻜﺬب lied lied smell ﯾﺸﻢ smelt (ed) smelt (ed)
light ﯾﻀﻲء lit (lighted) lit (lighted) sow ﯾﺒﺬر sowed sown
lose ﯾﻔﻘﺪ lost lost speed ﯾﺰﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ sped sped
/ ًﯾﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺎﻻ
make ﯾﻌﻤﻞ/ ﯾﺼﻨﻊ made made spend ﯾﻘﻀﻲ وﻗﺘًﺎ
spent spent
may ّ ﻟﻌﻞ/ رُﺑّﻤﺎ might ---- spill ﯾﺮﯾﻖ/ ﯾﺴﻜﺐ spilt spilled
mean ﯾﻘﺼﺪ/ﯾﻌﻨﻲ meant meant spin ﯾﻐﺰل span spun
meet ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻲ/ ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻞ met met spit ﯾﺒﺼﻖ spat spat
mistake ﯾﺨﻄﺊ mistook mistaken split ﯾﺸﻄﺮ ﺷﻄﺮﯾﻦ split split
mow ﯾﺨﺰن/ ﯾﺠﻤﻊ mowed mown run ﯾﺠﺮي ran run
overcome ﯾﺘﻐﻠﺐ overcame overcome rise ﯾﺮﻓﻊ/ ﯾﺸﺮق rose risen
pay ًﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﻧﻘﻮدا paid paid saw ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر sawed sawn
put ﯾﻀﻊ put put sell ﯾﺒﯿﻊ sold sold
quit ﯾﮭﺠُﺮ/ ﯾﺘﺮك quit quit spoil ﯾﻔﺴﺪ/ﯾﺘﻠﻒ spoilt spoilt (ed)
read ﯾﻘﺮأ read read spread ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ spread spread
rid ﯾﺨﻠّﺺ/ ﯾﺰﯾﻞ rid rid spring ﯾﻘﻔﺰ sprang sprung
ride ﯾﺮﻛﺐ rode ridden stand ﯾﻘﻒ stood stood
ring ﯾﺮن rang rung steal ﯾﺴﺮق stole stolen
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Present or
infinitive Meaning Past
Past
participle
stick ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ/ ﯾﻠﺼﻖ stuck stuck
sting ﯾﻠﺪغ/ ﯾﻠﺴﻊ stung stung
stink ﯾﻨﺘﻦ stank stunk
stride ﯾﺨﻄﻮ strode stridden
strike ﯾﻀﺮب struck struck
string ﯾﺨﺒﻂ/ ﯾﺜﺒﺖ strung strung
strive ﯾﻜﺎﻓﺢ/ ﯾﻨﺎﺿﻞ strove striven
swear ﯾﺤﻠﻒ/ ﯾُﻘﺴﻢ swore sworn
sweep ﯾﻜﻨﺲ swept swept
swell ﯾﺘﻮرم swelled swollen
swim ﯾﻌﻮم/ ﯾﺴﺒﺢ swam swum
swing ﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺢ/ ﯾﮭﺘﺰ swang swung
take ﯾﺄﺧﺬ took taken
teach ﯾُﻌﻠّﻢ taught taught
tell ﯾُﺨﺒﺮ told told
think ﯾﺆﻣﻦ/ ﯾﻔﻜﺮ thought thought
throw ﯾﺮﻣﻲ threw thrown
thrust ﯾﻄﻌﻦ thrust thrust
tread ﯾﺪوس/ ﯾﻄﺄ trod trodden
undergo ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑـ underwent undergone
understand ﯾﻔﮭﻢ understood understood
undertake ﯾﻌﮭﺪ ﺑـ undertook undertaken
upset ﯾﻘﻠﺐ/ﯾﺰﻋﺞ/ﯾﻘﻠﻖ upset upset
wake ﯾﻮﻗﻆ woke (ed) woken (ed)
wear ﯾﺮﺗﺪي wore worn
weave ﯾﻨﺴﺞ wove woven
wed ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﻗﺮان/ ﯾﺘﺰوج wedded wedded
weep ﯾﺒﻜﻲ wept wept
win ﯾﺮﺑﺢ/ ﯾﻔﻮز/ ﯾﻜﺴﺐ won won
wind ﯾﻠﻒ wound wound
wring ﯾﻌﺼﺮ wrung wrung
write ﯾﻜﺘﺐ wrote written
26
1) Formation:-
I am
He, She , It is + ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل+ ing
They, You, We are
2) Usage:
•
-: ﻤﺜل،ِﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺁﺨﺭٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ.2
While she is making tea, I am reading her new book. . ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ
: ﻤﺜل،ِ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺜِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ.3
1. They are building a new school in our street. .ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺎﺭِﻋِﻨﺎ
2. The sun is shining this morning. .ﺒﺎﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺱﻁﹶﻊُ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺘﹶﺴ
:ﺴﺘﻤﺭﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺠﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴ •
27
•
ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙﹶ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ،ﻤﺜل-: .1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ) (eﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻴﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )، (ingﻤﺜل-: .2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒـ ) (eeﻓﻼ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،(ingﻤﺜل: .3
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،(ingﻤﺜل: .4
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒـ ) (ieﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ) (yﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،(ingﻤﺜل: .5
ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ )ﺃﻱ :ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ .6
ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ( ،ﻤﺜل-:
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: ﻤﺜل،(Verbs of Emotion)
: ﻤﺜل،
The Present Simple ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ •
.ﺴﺘﻤﺭﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹸﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻍ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺔٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺩﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏٍ ﺒﻼﻏﻴ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
29
4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:-
.(Verb To Be) ﺴﺎﻋﺩ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﻤnot) ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻴ1
ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ،( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلVerb To Be) ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ.2
.ﻤﻠﺔﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ
I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets: :ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ
1. Listen! They (shout - shouts - shouting - are shouting).
2. (Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)?
3. Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters.
4. Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now.
5. Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil.
6. The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment.
7. At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house.
8. I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teacher’s question now.
9. She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening.
10. . I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.
II) Correct the verbs in brackets: :ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. He (wait) for you at this moment.
2. You can’t see Ahmed now, he (have) a bath.
3. He is (drive) his car.
4. Look! it (rain) heavily.
5. Now, we (hear) very well what he say.
6. I (think) that I (know) how to use a calculator now.
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4.The Past Continuous Tense
1) Formation:
-:ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤü
2) Usage :
ü
.ﺴﺘﻤﺭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ، ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰdrive ﻭsit ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ2 ç
ç
. ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ،ً ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺍstop ﺍﻟﻔﻌل.1
.ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ، ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰdrive ﺍﻟﻔﻌل.2
:ﺴﺘﻤﺭﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺠ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴü
31
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.1ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ whileﺃﻭ asﻟﺘﻌﺒﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥِ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥِ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ،ﺃﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻌلٌ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﹶﻪ ﺘﹸﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ.
.2ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎً ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺘﺕ whenﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻤﺜل:
My mother was cooking, when I came. ﺃُﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﺦﹸ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹸ.
.3ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻨﹸﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﻤﺘﺼلٍ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓٍ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ )ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴـﻭﻡ ـ ﻜـل
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ـ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ـ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻴل ،(......ﻤﺜل:
.4ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ asﺃﻭ whileﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ.
While I was walking in the street, I saw my friend. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉِ ،ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ.
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ) (Verb To Beﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ،ﻭ ﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ .2
ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ ،ﺭﺃﻴﺕُ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ.
2. While we were having supper, all lights went out. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﹶﺎﺀ ،ﻁﹸﻔﺌِﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﺭ.
ﺨ ﹶﻠﺕﹾ ﻗِﻁـﺔﹲ The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺩ ﹶ
3.
into the room. ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔِ.
4. He was reading a book, when the bell rang. ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺱ.
ﻜﺎﻥ ُ
5. Yesterday, he was watching a good film on TV. ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺸﹶﺎﻫِﺩ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ.
ِ
32
I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets: :ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ
1. I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
2. While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
3. I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still
4.
sleeping - still slept).
5. He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
6. What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying
7.
- studies).
8. She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).
9. The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath.
She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was
10.
beginning) to cry.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) the house.
2. He (have) his dinner, while I (have) a bath.
3. She (cook) all morning yesterday.
4. As they (to work), a man (to knock) at the door.
5. As we (to play), it (rain).
6. The pupil (sleep), when the teacher (come).
7. What you (do) when I came in?
8. As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us.
9. The boy (jump) of the bus, while it (move).
10. He (watch) TV, when I (come).
He beat me and cried out, he got the start of me and complained.
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5. The Present Perfect Tense
1Formation: )
-:ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤü
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
2) Usage :
ü
: ﻤﺜل،(ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴﺏٍ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻠﱡﻡ ﻤ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ.1
We have just received this letter. .( )ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤﺽِ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤِﻬﺎ.ﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﹰﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴ
Maged has learnt English recently. .( )ﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻌﻠﹸﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻪِ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﹸّﻤِﻬﺎ.ﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ
: ﻤﺜل،ِ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻨﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡِ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ.3
We have already written the letter.
.(ﺴﺎﻟﺔ )ﻨﹸﻨﻭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ.ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﻼﹰﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺭ
Or: We have written the letter already.
: ﻤﺜل،ِ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ.4
:ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠü
34
•
.1ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺴﺒﻕﹸ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻗﺩ( ﺃﻭ)ﻟﻘﺩ(.
.2ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ justﺃﻭ alreadyﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺘﻡ ّﻤﻨﺫﹸ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴﺏٍ ،ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ justﻗﺒـل
ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ alreadyﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
.3ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) yetﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻤﺜل-:
He has not received the money yet. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ )ﺒﻌﺩ(.
?Have you ever travelled by air )ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( ﻫل ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ؟
Yes, I have travelled by air. )ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ( ﻨﻌﻡ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ.
No, I have never travelled by air. )ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ( ﻻ ﻟﻡ ﺃُﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ.
.7ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) recentlyﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ) (P.Pﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻤﺜل-:
I have recently written a new book. ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
Recently, I have written a new book. ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ.
ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل. .9ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) forﻟِﻤﺩﺓ(
for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years …..etc
She has been in London for seventeen years. ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﻟﻤﺩﺓِ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﺎً.
.10ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ sinceﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ.
I have come here since you left. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﺩﺭﺕ.
35
ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ،( ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـلhas ﺃﻭhave ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ:ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤü
.ﻤﻠﺔﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ
*) Correct the verbs in the following sentences: :ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺼﺤ
1. I ………………. (not, see) my friend since last month.
2. Hatem ………………. (already, eat) his breakfast.
3. Hassan …………….. (never, be) to Jordan.
4. I and Ali ……………. (finish) the work yet.
5. She ………….. (not, meet ) him since she was in Paris.
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6.The Past Perfect Tense
2) Usage:
، ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ،ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠü
.ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ
:ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ ﻓﺈﻥ،ﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠü
•
.( ( )ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺒلbefore Before) ﺃﻱbefore ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ.1
.( ( ) ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩafter After) ﺃﻱafter ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ.2
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. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ:ﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ.3
ﺩ
1. After I had done my home work, I played football. . ﻟﻌِﺒﺕُ ﻜﹸﺭﺓﹶ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕُ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ
2. I had washed my face before I came to school. .ِ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺁﺘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ،ﻠﹾﺕﹸ ﻭﺠﻬﻲﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻏﹶﺴ
*) Correct the verbs between brackets: :ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. Mazen …….. (drink) much tea before he ……… (finish) his supper.
2. After Nadia …….... (cook) the food, her father …… (come).
3. They ………… (leave) Rafah before I …………. (reach).
4. Samy ……. (go) to school after he ……. (take) his breakfast.
5. She ……….. (thank) him because he (save) her daughter.
6. The police ………… (arrest) the thief who ………… (steal) the bag.
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|
: ﺃﻱWe ﻭI ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠshall ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ.1
(I , We shall + Infinitive)
2) Usage:
•
.ﺴﺘﻘﺒلﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺒﺅ ﻋﻤ.1
:ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ ﻓﺈﻥ،ﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠü
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
.(shall ﺃﻭwill) ﺴﺎﻋﺩ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤnot) ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﻭﻀﻊﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ ü
ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلshall ﺃﻭwill ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ ü
.ﻤﻠﺔﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ
|
.ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ'( ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤll ) ﺇﻟﻰshall ﺃﻭwill ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻴ.1
.( )ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥshan't shall not ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ Ÿ
.( ) ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥwon't will not ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ Ÿ
: ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ،ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ،ﺴﺘﻘﺒلﻌﻴﻥٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁٍ ﻤ،ﺴﺘﻤﺭﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻴ.2
40
I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:- :ﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺼ
1. They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house.
2. He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow.
3. We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week.
4. Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea.
5. Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future.
II) Correct the verbs between brackets:- :ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. She (clean) the rooms tomorrow.
2. We (see) him next Friday.
3. Ahmed (visit) us in the next Monday.
4. My father (be) forty next May.
5. I (take) the exam next Tuesday.
6. Mazen's father (arrive) to Gaza tomorrow.
7. Nadia (study) at home tomorrow.
8. We (meet) Ali next week.
9. When you (meet) them? I (meet) them at 7:00 o'clock.
10. He (leave) in a few days.
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I) Correct the verbs between brackets:- :ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. He usually (visit) us once a month.
2. I (make) few mistakes but she (make) many mistakes.
3. He (live) in England since 1985.
4. We (finish) the project by the end of the year.
5. Many planets ( to move) round the sun.
6. He (travel) to France next week.
7. If you think it over, you (see) I am right.
8. The doctor (examine) him and (give) him some pills.
9. After I (work) for some time, I (hear) a knock at the door.
10. I (wait) her till she comes back.
11. I (wait) her till she came back.
12. Samy (come) tomorrow.
13. My uncle (become) better.
14. She (leave) London before we (reach).
15. I (not see) my friend since his absence.
16. I (see) you yesterday; you (sit) outside a café.
17. The pupils (learn) English grammar now.
18. Yesterday, I (visit) my uncle Khalil.
19. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) many accidents.
20. Before I (come) to school, I (eat) my breakfast.
21. They (buy) some fruits now.
22. A policeman always (direct) traffic there.
23. Rain (fall) heavily tonight.
24. He (travel) in Europe when he (meet) Mary in France.
25. She (see) the accident before she (go) to school.
II) Choose the correct answers between brackets: :ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ
1. I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
2. My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980.
3. Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.
4. After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
5. While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
6. I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
7. Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?
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8. Have you (did - do - done) your work?
9. She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet.
10. Generally, I (think - am thinking - thought) the story is not bad.
11. Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave).
Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - was
12.
receiving) a telephone call.
13. We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon.
14. They (visit - will visit - had visited) the farm tomorrow.
15. Have you (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem?
16. I have (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem.
17. Samy always (go - goes - went) to school on foot.
18. While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend.
19. Look! He (jumps - was jumping - is jumping).
By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang -
20.
rung).
As soon as he (had finished – finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang -
21.
rung).
22. She (writes - writing - write) to her parents on Fridays.
23. What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher entered?
24. I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy.
25. He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes.
43
44
.ﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ
45
:ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ 1) I had met Ali.
had + not + P.P Had + ﻓﺎﻋل+ P.P …..?
had + P.P .ﺎﹰﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ
1) I had not met Ali. 1) Had you met Ali?
The Past 2) She had cooked the food.
.ﺎﹰﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴ ﺎﹰ؟ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹶ ﻋﻠﻴ
Perfect .ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ ﹶﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ
2) She had not cooked the food. 2) Had she cooked the food?
3) You had done the work.
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻁﺒﺨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ؟ ﹶﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ
.ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
3) You had not done the work. 3) Had you done the work?
.ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟
.
46
always ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ yesterday ﺃﻤــﺱ now ﺍﻵﻥ while ﺒﻴﻨـﻤﺎalready ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل/ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ after ﺒـﻌﺩ tomorrow ﻏـﺩﺍﹰ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻀﺭ
usually ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ one day at this moment ever as soon as in the future
as ﻁـﺎﻟﻤﺎ/ ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫِﻩِ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ (ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤـﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺤـﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﻘﺒلﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ
sometimes ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎﹰ just now ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ Look! ! ﺃُﻨﻅﹸﺭstill never ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻤ/ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ until ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ tonight ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﻠﺔ
ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل/ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل till ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ
generally ﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰﻋ ago ﻨـﺫﹸﻤ Listen! !ﺍﺴﻤﻊ yet ﺒﻌـﺩ/ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥby the time next … ... ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻟﻲ
ﺤﻴـﻨﻤﺎ
every….. …. ﻜﹸـلin olden times Smell! !ﺃﺘﺸﹸﻡ since ﻨـﺫﹸﻤ (next month, year,
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ
47
frequently in the past ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ while ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ recently ﺤﺩﻴـﺜﺎﹰ day…)
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ/ ﻤِـﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴ،ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻟﻲ
(.. ، ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ،ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ
never last …. .... ﺴﺎﺒﻕﹸas ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ/ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ lately ﺅﺨﹼـﺭﺍﹰﻤ
ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ/( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕlast month, year, day….)
still ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل
rarely ﻨـﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ as long as ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ for ـﺩﺓﻟﻤ
48
1) Form:
if + Present Simple Present Simple
ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﻤ ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﻤ
2) Usage:
100 ﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺩü
ﻤﻠﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁِ ﺍﻟﺠif) ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻤ،ِﻤﻠﺔﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ, ) ( ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔif) ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ u
.ﻓﻼ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. If water freezes, it turns into ice. ( )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ.ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﺘﺤﻭ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ،ﻟﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ
2. If we put sugar in water, it dissolves. ( )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ. ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ،ﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀﻟﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴ
3. If we heat iron, it expands. ( )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ. ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ،ﻟﻭ ﻨﹸﺴﺨﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ
1) Form:
if + Present Simple Future Simple
ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁﻤ
shall / will + ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ
.will ﺃﻭshall ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥcan ﺃﻭmay ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ×
49
2) Usage:
.(Probable) (ﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘـﻕ )ﺃﻱﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠü
50
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1) Form:
if + Past Simple should / would + ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲﻤ
Improbable
10
If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.
.( ﺴﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓﺢ ﺃﻨﹸﻪﺭﺠﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ) ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ. ﻓﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ، ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺴﺏ/ ﺇﺫﺍ
If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.
1.
.( ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺩﻕ، )ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ.ِ ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ
If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. . ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺩﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ،ﺎﹰﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﻨﻴ
2.
.( ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ: )ﺃﻱ.ﻤﻜﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ( ﻟﻨﹸﺒﻴI ) ( ﻤﻊwas) ( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥwere) ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ♦
3. If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. . ﻷﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ
. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ )ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ( ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ،(I, He, She, It) ( ﻤﻊwas) ( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥwere) ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ u
50
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
1. If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. .( ﻟﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ،ٍ ﺒﺠﺩﺱﺭﻟﻭ ﺩ
2. If I met a lion, I would climb a tree. . ﻓﺴﺄﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ،ﻟﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﺴﺩﺍﹰ
3. If I were you, I'd take the money. . ﻷﺨﺫﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ُﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ
4. If I were a car, I would be Mercedes. . ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉِ ﻤﺭﺴﻴﺩﺱ،ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ
5. If you found a snake in your room, you should run away. . ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺭﺏ،ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺘِﻙ
1) Form:
if + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P
ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲﻤ
.would have ﺃﻭshould have ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥcould have ﺃﻭmight have ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ü
2) Usage:
ﺙ ﺃﻭ( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤـﺩImpossible) ﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺠ ×
0 .ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ
Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
If I had listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗـﺩ،ٍﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻪ
3.
the money. .(ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ) ﺘﹸﻌﺒ.ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ
4. If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. . ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻟِﺩﺕﹸ،ﺠﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻭﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ
5. If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. . ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺫﺭ،ًﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻤِلَ ﺨﻁﺄ
51
u
If
ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﻭﺀﺓﹰ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ،( if ) ﺫﻓﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔﹰ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴ ü
ﺅﺍل( )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ( ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠShould - Had - Were) ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓﺍﻟﻤ
.ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ،(ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
.ﺔﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠshould) ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎif ) ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ( ﻴ1
.ﺔﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠwere) ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎif ) ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ( ﻴ2
.ﺔﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﺠHad) ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎif ) ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ( ﻴ3
. ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎhad ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ü
. ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌلhad ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ü
unless = if…..not
II) Correct the verbs between brackets: :ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
1. If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
2. Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
3. If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
4. Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
5. If he played well, he (win) the match.
53
If
Time
Form Examples
Usage
Probability
percentage
The Zero
Conditional if + Present Simple Present Simple any time
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺤﻘ ﺎﺋﻖ If water freezes, it turns into ice.
If %100 ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣُﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ .ًاﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ .( ﻓﺈﻧّﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮّل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞٍ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ،ﻟﻮ ﯾﺘﺠﻤّﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء
1) If you clean my bike, I'll give
The First
you a dollar.
Conditional ٍﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﺷ ﻲء future .ً ﻓﺴﺄُﻋﻄﯿﻚ دوﻻرا،ﻟﻮ ﺗُﻨﻈﻒ دراﺟﺘﻲ
if + Present Simple Future Simple
If %50 ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺤُﺪوث
.()ﻣﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ 2) Should he studies hard, he will
ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ succeed.
(will, shall + )ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ . ﻓﺴﯿﻨﺠﺢ،ٍﻟﻮ ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ
1) If he won the prize, he would
The Second buy a car.
conditional if + Past Simple should, would + ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ future .ً ﻓﺴﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرة،إذا ﻛﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲ ٍء
If %10 ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ .ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗُﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ 2) If I were a bird, I would fly.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ،ًﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔُﻮرا
3) Were I a bird, I would fly.
. ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ،ًﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔﻮرا
1) If he had studied hard, he
would have succeeded.
The Third if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P ٍ* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء . ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ،ٍﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ درس ﺑِﺠﺪ
Conditional past
ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ .ﻣُﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع
If %0 * ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺪم
أو اﻷﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
2) If I had listened to his advice,
3) I would not have lost my
money.
.ﺣﺪث
ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ،ِﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖُ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﮫ
ﻓﻘﺪتُ ﻧُﻘﻮدي
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.( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلsubject) ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀActive Voice) ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ.1
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.( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلObject) ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ( ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀPassive Voice) ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل. .2
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ل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ، ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ، ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل،ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل* ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ
.ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ
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ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل.
ﺏ( ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل.
ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ،ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل) .ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ(.
.2ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ byﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻨﹸﺠﻤـل
ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ activeﺇﻟﻰ -:passive
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
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:ﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭلِ ﻴ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ( ﻓﺈﻥDefective Verb) ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺠ.1
×
will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must - ought to (had to).
.(Passive) ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭلVerb To Be ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ.4
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They have not met Ali. Ali has not been met by them.
3.
.ﺎﹰﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻟﻡ ﻴ .ﺎﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻴﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴ
She won't write the letter. The letter won't be written by her.
4.
.ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏَ ﺍﻟﺭ . ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻜﹾﺘﹶﺏﺍﻟﺭ
( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨـﻲPassive) ( ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﻜﻔﻌلٍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰVerb to Have) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل.5
-:ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل
ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻑ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟـﺙ ﻓﺈﻥ،ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠAdverb of Manner) ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ.6
.ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰﻤ
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌلِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻅل ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ،( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلPreposition) ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩ.7
.ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭلﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ
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ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓٍ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلِ( ،ﻭﻤﻔﻌﻭلٍ ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀـﻤﻴﺭ
ٍ .8ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭلٍ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ
ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓٍ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلِ(.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ §
ﻓﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل.
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ toﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ }ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ §
)ﺍﻟﹸﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ( ﻨﻀﻊ toﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ({.
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻷﻭل( ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ. §
.10ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ،(to +ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻴﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬـﻭل ،ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ
)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ (to +ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟِﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺜل-:
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-:ﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻴ §
ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻤﺠﻬـﻭل ﻓﺎﻋـل ﺍﻟﺠﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻴ،ﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻴﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ.11
-: ﻤﺜل، (Passive) ﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ،(ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻴﺔ
People say ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ Scientists know ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ One newspaper reports ﺤﻑ ﺘﻨﺸﺭﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼ
Doctors believe ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ People think ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥThe police allege ﻋﻲﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
( ﻴﻌﻭﺩReflexive Pronoun) ﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻤ،(َلﻌﺠ ﻴ/ ﻉﺩ )ﻴLet ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ، ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.13
-:ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
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2.Order
.ﺔﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ ﺇﺫ ﻴﻐﻠﹸﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠ،ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ ﺒﻨﺎﺀﺇﻥ §
-:ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺠ ﻓﺈﻥ،ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ §
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3. Question
ç
Question
(Yes, NO question) ç
.( ﻭﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟،ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ، ٍﺔﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺅﺍل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻭ ﻴ.1
.( ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕPassive ) ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭلﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ.2
ﻭﺍﻥ،ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ،ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔِ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ.3
.ِﻤﻠﺔﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ
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Have they painted the walls? 1. They have painted the walls.
ﺩﺭﺍﻥ؟ ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠ2. The walls have been painted by them.
5. 3. Have the walls been painted by them?
ﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ؟ﻫِﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻫل ﻗﺩ ﺩ
Why are you making a fuss? 1. You are making a fuss.
ﺔﹰ؟ﻠﹶﺒ ﺠﺩﺜﹸﻭﻥ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺤ2. A fuss is being made by you.
6. 3. Why is a fuss being made by you?
ﺔﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻜﻡ؟ﻠﹶﺒﺙﹸ ﺠﺩﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺤ
Will Ali write the lesson? 1. Ali will write the lesson.
ﺭﺱ؟ ﺍﻟﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫل ﺴﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ2. The lesson will be written by Ali.
7. 3. Will the lesson be written by Ali?
ﺭﺱ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺎً ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ؟ﻫل ﺍﻟﺩ
Where did she hide it? 1. She hid it.
؟ـﺄﺘﻪ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺨﺒ2. It was hidden by her.
8. 3. Where was it hidden by her?
ﺊ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟ﺃﻴﻥ ﺨﹸﺒ
Who killed the cat? 1. The cat was killed.
ﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﺘﹶلَ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟2. Was the cat killed?
9. 3. By whom was the cat killed?
ﻗﹸﺘِﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟ﻥﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ
Who will carry out the project? 1. The project will be carried out.
ﻨﻔﹼﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟ ﺴﻴ ﻤﻥ2. Will the project be carried out?
10. 3. By whom will the project be carried out?
ﻨﻔﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟ ﺴﻴﻥﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ
Whom did you meet? 1. I met someone.
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺕ؟
َ ﻥ ﺒﻤ2. Someone was met by me.
11. 3. Was someone met by me?
4. Who was met by you?
ﻗﹸﻭﺒِلَ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻙ؟ﻥﻤ
.
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24. I have looked up this word. .ِﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕﹸ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ
25. People say that she is innocent. . ﻴﻘﹸﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ
26. People said that she is innocent. . ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ
27. Bring all necessary things. .ﺔﺭﻭﺭﻴﻀِﺭ ﻜلَ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺃﺤ
28. Where have you left my car? ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺕﹶ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻲ؟
29. Do people speak English all over the world? ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ؟ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﻫل ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ
30. Will they allow us five minutes break? ﻫل ﺴﻴﺴﻤﺤﻭﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﺨﻤﺴﺔِ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔِ؟
31. Did you buy any spare parts? ﻗﻁﻊ ٍ ﻟﻠﻐﻴﺎﺭِ؟ﻫل ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹶ ﺃﻱ
32. Who asked both boys to leave? ﻟﹶﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭﺍ؟ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻤﻥ
33. Who showed him the way? ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕِ )ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔِ(؟ ﺃﺭﺸﺩﻩﻤﻥ
34. Who has cooked the food? ﺦ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ؟
ﹶ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒﻤﻥ
35. Who told this story? ﺔ؟ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻤﻥ
36. When did they find the ring? ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻡ؟
37. Is Ali writing the letter now? ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ؟ ﺍﻟﺭﻫل ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ
38. Has anybody answered your question? ﻤﺎ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻙ؟ﻫل ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ
39. Do they gain much money? ﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ؟ﻫل ﻴﺭﺒﺤ
40. Why did not they tell me the truth? ﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ؟ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ
.
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ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ ﻭﻴ، ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ-:() Direct Speech ç
.(ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ
ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻴ ﻭﻫ، ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻓﺤﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ-:() Indirect Speech ç
.ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ
-:ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ٍﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺍﻟﺠ 7
Sentences
1. Statement
indirect(direct) 7
:ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ: ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﺃﻱ1
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.2ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) (thatﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺃﻥ (ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ.
.3ﺘﹸﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭٍ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ.
.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟـﺯﻤﻥ
ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ.
.5ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴـﺭ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ-:
ﺸﻜل )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ( ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﻲ. had + been + + ing : ×
.6ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ )ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ( ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗـﻭﺍﺱ )ﻓﻌـل
ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﻤـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤـﺴﺘﻤﺭ
ﺃﻭ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ-:
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.ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰﻤﻥ )ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ ×
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Examples ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ
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.ﺒﺎﺸﺭﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭلِ ﺍﻟﺠﻪﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻀﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡِ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ.1
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ـﺭ( ﻓﺤﻴﻨﺌﺫٍ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴshall say ﺃﻭsays to ﺃﻭsay to ﺃﻭsays ﺃﻭsay) :ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ﻤِﺜل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ.2
.ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ
-:ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ) ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺜلﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ.3
.ﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻴ.4
ٍ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠـﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ،ﻤلﺔٍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠ.5
( ﻭﻨـﻀﻊ... ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﻭﺃﻥthat ( ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﹼﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔComma) (ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺸﻭﻟﺔ )ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔﻔﹾﺼِل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺠﻭﻴ
.ﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠand added that) …( ﺃﻭand that …)
.ﺒﻌﺩﺌﺫٍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ". the day before and that (and added that) the
2. "ﻏﺩﺍﹰ ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻓﺭ.ﺯﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ" ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺠﻬnext day she would travel abroad.
ِﺎﺒﻕﺯﺕ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺠﻬ
."ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ
.ِﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ
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Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
late. I was about to leave when I saw you". and that he had been about to leave when he
3. ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ. "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺕﹶ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ:ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل ﻷﺤﻤﺩ had seen him.
ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻤ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻪﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺨﺒﺭ
." ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻙﺃﺨﺭﺝ
.ﺝ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺁﻩﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭ
.ِﻤﻠﺘِﻪ( ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜل ﻓﺎﻋل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺠand) ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒـ،ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺠ.6
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''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he "ﺴﺄُﺤﻀِﺭ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻨـﻭﺍ ﻗـﺩ
1.
said to them. .ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﺘﻡ" ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ
2. I said to her, ''I have something to show you''. ." ﻟﻙﻪ "ﻤﻌﻲ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻷُﺭﻴ:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻬﺎ
3. She said to him, ''I lost my keys yesterday''. ."ِ "ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
4. He says, ''Adel has written me a long letter''. ." "ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﺩل ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ:ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل
5. She said, ''It is foggy today as it was yesterday''. ."ِ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ "ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭِ ﻀﺒﺎﺏ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk ﻜﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻥ ﺃﺠﺩ، "ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ:ﺤﺴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل
6.
beside my bed". ."ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺴﺭﻴﺭﻱ
She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our house
7. ." "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﻜﺜﺕﹸ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﻲ ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
this morning''.
8. He said to us, ''The sun shines every morning". ." "ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﺸﺭﻕ ﻜلّ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ
9. He said," I must go again next week". ." "ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷُﺴﺒﻭﻉِ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ:ﻗﺎل
10. He said, "I hope to go there''. ."ﻨﺎﻙ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ:ﻗﺎل
11. He says, "I am busy today"." I have bought a new book". ."ً "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ." "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻐﻭلٌ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ:ﻴﻘﻭل
12. She said, "Iron is heavier than gold". ." "ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺏ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year". ."ﻨﺔﺒﻴﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺼﻭلِ ﺍﻟﺴ "ﺍﻟﺭ:لﺠﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭ
She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ. "ﻻ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
16.
you pay 300.000 dollars for me now". ." ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ300.000 ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻲ
17. She said to him, "My bag was full of money". ."ِ " ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻋِﺭﻙ.ﻙ "ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ
18.
books. I have many useful books on this subject". ."ﻔﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻨﺩﻱ ﻜﹸﺘﺒﺎﹰ ﻤ.ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﺏ
19. He said to me, "I have phoned you twice''. ." "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﱟﺼﻠﺕﹸ ﺒﻙ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
He says, "We are living in a house near to my school. "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﻴﺵ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨـﺯلٍ ﻗﺭﻴـﺏٍ ﻤـﻥ:ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل
I needn't to take the bus. I can reach my school in
20. 5 minutes". ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ. ﻻ ﺃﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻷُﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ.ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ
." ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ5 ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ
74
2.Questions
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
He said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?". (Direct) ." "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹶ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
1.
He asked me where I had gone the day before. (Indirect) .ِﻫﻭ ﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ
Salem said, "Are you staying long, Nabil?''. (Direct) ." "ﻫل ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺒﻴل؟:ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻗﺎل
2.
Salem asked Nabil if he was staying long. (Indirect) .ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﺴﺄل ﻨﺒﻴل ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ
Indirect Direct ç
ask ﻴﺴﺄل
enquire ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ
saysay to ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ/ ﻴﻘﻭل
want to know ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
question ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻭﺏ/ ﻴﺴـﺄل
asks ﻴﺴـﺄل
sayssays to ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ/ ﻴﻘﻭلenquires ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ
wants to know ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
asked ﺴﺄل
said / said to ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ/ ﻗﺎلenquired (inquired) ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻋﻥ
wanted to know ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ
shall say ﺴﻴﺴـﺄل
shall say ﺴﻴﻘﻭل
shall enquire ﺴﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ
.( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﻋﻼﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ.3
75
.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻔﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ )(Defective Verbs - Verb to Have - Verb to Do - Verb to Be
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ifﺃﻭ whetherﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ (...ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ٍ
ﺭﺒﻁ.
.5ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡٍ ،ﻤﺜل:
When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much … etc
ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ،ﻭﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ )ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ(.
.6ﻨﹸﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ :ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔٍ )ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(.
.7ﻨﹸﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ(.
.8ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )?( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺠﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔﹰ ).(.) (Full stop
.9ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ:
ﺃ( ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.
ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺘﹸﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ.
76
I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to
11. London?" London.
" "ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ؟:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ .ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﻴ
"Who has finished his work?" said the man. The man asked who had finished his work.
12.
.لﺠ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ؟" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻥ"ﻤ .ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪﺠﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﺭ
He said to Adel, "Where do you learn English?" He asked Adel where he learnt English.
13. "ﺔ؟ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻌﺎﺩل .ﺔﻫﻭ ﺴﺄل ﻋﺎﺩل ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ
|
ل ﻭﻨﺤـﻭ،told ﺃﻭsaid ـﺔﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠ،asked ﺅﺍل ﻓﻨﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺴ،ﺔﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻭﺠ.1
.ﺔﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠ ﻭﻨﺤﻭ،ﺅﺍلﺅﺍل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴﺍﻟﺴ
|
:ﻎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺼِﻴ.1
؟( ﻫـﺫﻩ... ) ﻫل ﺴـWill you...? / (؟.... )ﻫل ﺴـWould you…? / (؟.... )ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕCould you ...? .2
.ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺒ
ٍل ﻜـﺴﺅﺍلٍ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻭ،asked …. to ل ﺇﻟﻰ؟( ﺘﺤﻭ.... ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ، ؟...... )ﻫل ﺘﹸﻤﺎﻨﻊWould you mind….? .3
.(if ) ﻭﺘﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔ ﺒـ
77
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
78
He said to her, "How did you come here?" "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ؟" "ﻫل ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ:ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ
7.
"Did you come here on foot?". ."ﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡِ؟ﻫ
8. She said, "Why do you blame me?". ." "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﻭﺒﺨﻨﻲ )ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻨﻲ(؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
9. Mohammed said, "Is the flat cheap?". ." "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻘﹼﺔ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ؟:ﻗﺎل ﻤﺤﻤﺩ
10. "Could you wait a moment?" he said. ." "ﻫل ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ؟:ﻗﺎل
"Would you like a lift?" Tariq said, "Which ٍ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻱ: ﻗﹸﻠـﺕﹸ." "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﺔٍ؟:ﻗﺎل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ
11.
way are you going?" I said. ."ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ؟
She said to me, "Can you do it before
12. ." "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻏﺩٍ؟:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ
tomorrow?"
13. Her husband said, "What is a suitable dress?". ." "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺴﺘﺎﻥٍ ﺠﻤﻴل؟:ﻗﺎل ﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ
"Why are you looking through the keyhole?"
14. ."ﻔﺘﺎﺡ؟ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺜﹸﻘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤ:ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ
said to him.
"Where were you last night, Mr. Hazem?"
15. ." "ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﺯﻡ؟:ﻗﺎل
he said.
She said, "Need we go to the shops in order to "ﻫل ﻨﺤﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕِ ﻟﻨﺭﻯ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
16.
see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices?". ."ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ؟ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ
"How long are you staying in Gaza, Khalil?"
17. ." "ﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻴﺎ ﺨﻠﻴل؟:ﻗﺎل ﺤﺴﺎﻥ
Hassan said.
18. He says, "Is the weather good today?". ." "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟:ﻴﻘﻭل
19. He said, "Is the weather good today?". ." "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟:ﻗﺎل
He said to me, "Did you answer this
." "ﻫل ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹶ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺭﻴﻥ؟:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
exercise?".
20. I replied, "Yes". ." "ﻨﻌﻡ:ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ
Or: I replied, "No". ." "ﻻ: ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ:ﺃﻭ
79
.1ﻤﺜل-:
The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor". )(Direct ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ" :ﻨﻅﹼﻔﹸﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ."
The teacher ordered us to clean the floor. )(Indirect ﺃﻤﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻨﻨﻅﹼﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ.
.2ﻤﺜل-:
My father said to me, "Don't be late". )(Direct ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ" :ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ".
My father advised me not to be late. )(Indirect ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻ ﺃﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ.
ﻤﺜل-:
1. "Give me your pen, please, Omar "said Mazen. ﻗﺎل ﻤﺎﺯﻥ" :ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ ،ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋﻤﺭ".
2. Mazen asked Omar to give him his pen. ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﻪ.
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Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
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،that ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ،ـﺔﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻭﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻓﺈﻥ،(ﺔﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺠ.1
.asked ﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺃﻱ،ﺅﺍلل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻭ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻴ،ﺔﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠﺔ( ﺘﹸﺤﻭﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻭﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺍﻟﺠ
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.( )ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡsuggest ل ﺇﻟﻰ( )ﺩﻋﻨﺎ( ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻌﺒِّﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻗﺘِﺭﺍﺡٍ ﻭﺘﹰﺤﻭLet us) Let's .2
suggested thatshould
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
3
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1. He said to his friend, "Lend me your camera". ." "ﺃﻋﺭﻨﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ:ِﻗﺎل ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ
The officer said to the soldier, "Bring me
2. ." "ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﻟﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹶ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ:ﻨﺩﻱﺎﺒﻁ ﻟﻠﺠﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻀ
the bag of maps".
Heba said to Latefa, "Give me your English
3. ."ﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ:ﻫِﺒﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟِﻠﻁﻴﻔﺔ
book".
4. The father said to his son, "Don't go alone". ." "ﻻ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻭﺤﺩِﻙ:ِﺍﻷﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻻﺒﻨﻪ
5. She said, "Forgive me". ." ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻨﻲ/ "ﺍﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﹼﻲ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
6. "Go on, Nagi, hit him", she said. ." ﺍﻀﺭﺒﻪ، "ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ:ﻗﺎﻟﺕ
"Please, don't smoke", said the lady to the
7. .ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻠﺱ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺒﻬﺎﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﺠ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ:" ﻻ ﺘﹸﺩﺨﹼﻥ،"ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ
man sitting beside her.
"Wait for me at the bridge, Can you bring ﻫـل ﺘـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ.ـﺴﺭ "ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ:ﻗﺎل ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ
8. this bag with you?" said my friend.
."ﺘﹸﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻙ؟
Nader said to me, "Go and tell my father "ﺍﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﻗﹸل ﻷﺒـﻲ ﺒـﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺃﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ:ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ
9.
that I cannot come home tonight". ."ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯلِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ
He said to her, "Don't waste our money in
10. ."ﻌِﻲ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻘﺎﺀ "ﻻ ﺘﹸﻀﻴ:ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ
this foolish way".
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ﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﻔـﺱﻁﺒ ﻭﻴ،ﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺤﺔﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻀﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﻭﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠ ç
.ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ
ﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠhow , what : ﻤﺜل، ç
: ﻤﺜل،ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠ ،(!) ﻤﻠﺔﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ
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.ٍﺒﻁ ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺭthat ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ.1
-: ﻤﺜل،لُ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﹶﺘﺩﺠ ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱠﻌ.2
1. say, cry, exclaim with joy …. .... ٍﺏ ﺒِﻔﺭﺡ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
2. say, cry, exclaim with anger …. .... ٍﺏ ﺒِﻐﻀﺏ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
3. say, cry, exclaim with sorrow …. .... ٍﺏ ﺒﺄﺴﻑ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
4. say, cry, exclaim with admiration …. .... ٍﺏ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
5. say, cry, exclaim with sadness…. .... ٍﺯﻥﺏ ﺒِﺤ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
6. say, cry, exclaim with regret ….. .... ٍﻡﺏ ﺒِﻨﹶﺩ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
7. say, cry, exclaim with horror ….. .... ٍﺏ ﺒِﻔﺯﻉ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
8. say, cry, exclaim with pleasure …. .... ٍﻭﺭﺏ ﺒِﺴﺭ ﺘﻌﺠ/ ﺼﺎﺡ/ ﻗﺎل
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
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He said, "How foolish I have been!". He said with regret that he had been foolish.
3.
." "ﻜﻡ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ:ﻗﺎل . ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰﻗﺎل ﺒﻨﺩﻡٍ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ
Fadi said, "What a great idea". Fadi said with admiration that the idea was
4. ."ٍ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓٍ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ: ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱvery great.
. ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏٍ ﺒﺄﻥ
5. He said, "Thank you". ." "ﺸﹸﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻙ:ﻗﺎل He thanked me. .ﻨﻲﺸﹶﻜﹶﺭ
6. He said, "Congratulation". ." "ﺘﻬﺎﻨﻲ:ﻗﺎل He congratulated me. .ﻨﹼــﺄﻨﻲﻫ
7. He said, "Liar". ." "ﻜﺫﺍﺏ:ﻗﺎل He called me a liar. .ﺎﻨِﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺫﹼﺍﺏﻋﺩ
Do as you would be done.
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Adjectives
.1ﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺭﺍﹰ ..... ،ﺍﻟﺦ.
.2ﻗﺩ ﻴﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ.
.3ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻤﻌﺎﹰ ،ﻤـﺫﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺅﻨﺜـﺎﹰ )ﺃﻱ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺼـﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩ
ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ )ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺘﹸﺠﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﹶﻜﹼﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻨﹼﺙ(.
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ Examples
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.1ﻗﺩ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ theﻭﻴﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻭﺘﹸﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ،ﻤﺜل-:
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Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
.ﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤِﺜﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺒ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ
×
.(How many...?) ﺅﺍل( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴnumerous) ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ.1
.(Which…?) ﺅﺍل( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴthese) ﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ.2
.(What sort…?) ﺅﺍل( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴreliable) ﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ.3
Comparison of adjectives
ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ،ﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼ 7
-:ﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ )ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ
7
ٍ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤـﻥ ﺼـﻭﺕِ ﺤـﺭﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ .1
-: ﻤﺜل،(ٍﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ
expensive ﻏﺎﻟﻲdangerous ﺨﻁﻴﺭwonderful ﺭﺍﺌﻊ
beautiful ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ/ ﺠﻤﻴلimportant ﻬِﻡ ﻤvaluable ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ/ ﺜﻤﻴﻥ/ ﻡﻗﹶﻴ
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،( ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺕِ ﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻓﻘـﻁﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ .2
-:ﻤﺜل
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. ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎthan ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼmore ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ
.ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻭﻴﻠﺔ )ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼthe most ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ
-: ﻤﺜل،ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ ü
1. Water is the most important thing in our life .ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ
2. Beesan is the most beautiful girl in the class. .ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺠﻤل ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
1. Arabic is more difficult than English. .ﺔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ
2. Ibrahim is wearing the most expensive jacket. .ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻴﺭﺘﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻜﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻏﻼﺀ
3. Ahmed is more intelligent and more careful than Ibrahim. . ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺫﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺫﻜﺎﺀ
4. The earth quake is more dangerous than the volcano. .ﺭﻜﺎﻥﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓﹰ )ﺃﺨﻁﺭ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒ
ç
.ﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼthan ﺜﻡ ﻨﹸﻀﻴﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ،ﻔﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼer) ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺸﻴﺌﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﻥ ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ
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er than
er
-: ﻤﺜل،ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ ü
.ﻔﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼest) ﻔﺔ ﻭﻨﹸﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼthe ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤ
the + est
1. Sameer is the tallest pupil in the class. .ِﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻁﻭلُ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
2. Huda is the cleverest girl in the class. .ِﻫﺩﻯ ﺃﺫﻜﻰ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
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(er) ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ:ﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ )ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤ،ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻀﻌﻗﺩ ﻴ .1
-: ﻤﺜل،(ﻔﺔ( ﻟﻠﺼest) ﺃﻭ
ﺃﻱ،ﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ ﻓﻘـﻁ( ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤer) ( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥr) ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎe) ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑﺍﻟﺼ .2
ﺃﻱ،ﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤest) ( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥst) ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ،( + r + than)
-: ﻤﺜل،(the + + st)
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large (ﻜﺒﻴﺭ )ﻭﺍﺴﻊ larger than the largest
nice ﻟﻁﻴﻑ nicer than the nicest
simple ﺒﺴﻴﻁ simpler than the simplest
fine ﺠﻤﻴل finer than the finest
(er) ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔi) ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ( ﻴy) ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ ﻓﺈﻥ،( ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥy)ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺭﻑﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ .3
-: ﻤﺜل،ﻔﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼest) ﺃﻭ
ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻋﻥ ﻜﹸـل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋـﺩﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻫ ç
-: ﻤﺜل،ﺎﹰﺎﺒﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺫِﻜﺭ ﺸﹸﺫﻭﺫﺍﹰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﻤﺍﻟﺴ
Examples ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ
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-:ﻔﺔﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺒﻴﻔﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ.1
as ++ as
-:ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ،ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼ.2
1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah. .ﺼﻌﺏ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲﻤ
2. She is not so tall as me. .ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ ﻤِﺜﻠﻲ
ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼـﻔﺔﻜﺔ( ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻔﻅﻴﻴﻥ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼ.3
: ﻤﺜل،ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ
، ﻟﻸﻤﺎﻜﻥin ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰً ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﹸﺼﻭﻯ( )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺒﻌﺩ.4
: ﻤﺜل، ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎof ﻭﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ
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1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class. .ِﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒِﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﺠﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
2. Khalil is the cleverest of them all. .ﺨﻠﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺫﻜﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ
3. He is the tallest man in our house. .ل ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺘﻨﺎﺠ ﺍﻟﺭﺇﻨﹼﻪ
( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔest) ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭer) ﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ( ﻴow) ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒـ ﺍﻟﺼ.5
: ﻤﺜل،ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ
.
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I) Correct the words between brackets: :ﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱﺼﺤ
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Answers
I 1. is 2. am 3. are 4. is 5. are
II 1. was 2. were 3. were 4. were 5. was
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1. have not seen 2. has already eaten 3. has never been 4. have not finished
5. has not met
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I 1. are going 2. will study 3. shall start 4. shall swim 5. will build
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98
29. Is English spoken all over the world?
Shall we be allowed five minutes break?
30.
Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?
31. Were any spare parts bought by you?
32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?
By whom was he shown the way?
33.
Or: By whom was the way shown to him?
34. By whom has the food been cooked?
35. By whom was this story told?
36. When was the ring found?
37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?
38. Has your question been answered?
39. Is much money gained by them?
Why was not I told the truth by them?
40.
Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?
1. He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
2. I her that I had something to show her.
3. She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
4. He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
5. She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
6. Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
7. She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
8. He told us that the sun shines every morning.
9. He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
10. He hoped to go there.
11. He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
12. She said that iron is heavier than gold.
He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped
13.
to reach an agreement.
14. She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.
15. The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.
She did not agree telling him that she couldn’t sign that contract unless he paid 300,000
16.
dollars for her at once.
17. She told him that her bag had been full of money.
She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had
18.
many useful books on that subject.
19. He told me that he had phoned me twice.
He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus
20.
and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.
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100
1. He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
2. He wished me a happy Christmas.
3. The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
4. She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
5. She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
6. He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
7. She exclaimed with disgust ( )ﺍﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯthat it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
8. Khalil said with joy that he hadn’t seen me sine we had been in Paris.
9. He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
10. He said with sorrow that he wouldn’t recover ( ) ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺩhis money.
She told him that she hadn’t found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.
1. She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would
come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means
2. to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not
to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.
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