Ol Geotechnical Investigation's Tunnels

Character materials
Any

of

1 Hard rock

rock

2
Soft

3 Soft soil

Hard Rock

67 Rocks sufficient coehesion

having
to stand when cut

vertically
to
any depth

b
Many Primary rocks Granite
Feldspar Basalt belong to this class

C Hard rocks further divided

into 2 Subclasses

Affected by Not affected

atmosphere

d Distinction enip for determining

regent of a
lining

Rocks
Soft

Cod Force of coehsion is less than

hard rocks


He

attacks to breakdown their

structure

original

c
Always affected by the

atmosphere

Cd Sandstone Laminated day

shells some volcanic rocks

e Read to be
supported

by timbering during

excavation to prevent

all of

f fragment

soils

Soft

a Composed of detrital materials

having little coehsion

be excavated

They may

without ene of explosives

Tunnel excavated through

soils must be strongly

timbered to support vertical

premise prevent caving

Gravel sand clay peat

are commonly encountered

soft soils

Method of Investigation

Drilling holes along proposed route and

securing samples

a Holes should be drilled at least to

bottom of proposed tunnel

spacing of holes can be greater if

formation is free of faults

u
irregularities

Tj finn is soft holes

may

be
drilled with earth augers

split tubes

47 Tj frm consists of unconsolidated

like small gravel sand

mbts
may be jetted with water

holes

6 wash be done
drilling may

Et Diamond drills can work

in H2 or vertical

any angle

Ay classification of Tunnels

Based

on USE

a
Traffic Tunnels
in Railway tunnels

d
Highway tunnels

4 Pedestrian tunnels

Iv Navigation tunnel

subway tunnels

b
Conveyance tunnels for utilities

Hydro electric power tunnels

i

C Water supply tunnels

CID Tunnels intake

for S

conduit of public utilities

Iv Sewer tunnels
a Transporting tunnels in

Industrial plant

Based on mtols

a Tunnels in Hard rocks

b Tunnels in Loose sand

Tunnels in quicksand

d cut tunnels

open

e submarine tunnels Tunnels

in river bed

Based on
position a Alignment

a Saddle S Base tunnels

Along natural

slope

Spiral tunnels

IN narrow
valleys

c
off spur tunels
made to short cut minor
obstacles
d slope tunnels
ensuresafe operations protection
to s highway routes
railway
in steep mountains

Q of centre line tunnels

Mkg of for
short s
long tunnels
Arf g Locating centre line on
ground
a Short Tunnels
cis 4L may be located with a

theodolite
917 Wooden stakes are employed
to mark the point
his Observations are checked s rechecked
Civ wooden stakes are then rept
aced
by
permanent
monuments stone concrete

b Tunnels
Long
i Excavated ein high mountain
More elaborate methods used
u Theodolite must be of
Micrometer transit
large size
theodolite
1113 Line is located by
triangulation
in various operations performed
with great accuracy to
reduce error
V
 Center is
monuments
permanent

Q Types
of shafts
Tunnel shafts Shafts are vertical wells
or the line
passages sunk
along
of tunnel at several points
at the same time

µ shafts expedite constr works

provide opening for removal of
excavated mtrts or water
and ventilation

3 to
shafts provide entrances
constr workers tools machinery etc

2 faces of attack
Additional faces provided by shafts
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAFTS

D Indie Shafts
Gravity is used to remove
muck by being suitable
of 45 or less
gradient
Used when depth is small

2
Verticalshaft
Eareirca s
cheaper to
excavate than enclerie shafts
b
May be preceded by
driving a pilot shaft
first before full
excavation
by blasting
Csl
Temporaryshat
a
Shafts which are
filled
in after construction of
channel is complete

4 permanent shafts
 a Shafts those are left
open otter constr of
tunnel is over to provide
ventilation in tunnel

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE

G Circular shafts
a Suitable if it is lined
with pressed steel plates
or concrete
b Permit shafts are
usually
circular in shape

2
Rectangular shaft
a when sunk for temporary me
only shafts are made
usually rectangular and
strutted with timber

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON POSITION

1 Shaft over centre lines

 Made directly over 4L
majority
2 Side shafts
one side
shaft shined to
transverse
requiring a
the
gallery connecting with
tunnel

G Drilling eqpts

Arf 1 PERCUSSION DRILLS Breaks rock by

compact from repeated blows

a
Jackhammers
Air operated percunion type
drill
portable hand operated
For holes
drilling vertical
Best suited for shallow work

b Tripod drills
Similar to Jack hammer
can be mounted on a

tripod for stability

 Not much in use except very
hard rocks

C stop hammers
Modification of Jackhammer
with thrust end to
hold the drill against
the work
feeding may be automatic or
by hand

da bikers
a very large requires mechanical
mounting
CHI
Extensively used in tunnel work
Cim Used for drilling down
H2 or up holes
 e Churn Drills
Also called well drills
b Reciprocating type
drill wilt long steel
percussion
bit
c downwar
Used only vertically
in rock of any hardness

Drill
f Piston
17 Drill rod travels full length
of piston stroke
Cis strokes a rotation of piston
is
adjustable

Wagon Drills
1 Is drifter mounted on

mast supported by 2 or
more wheels for
portability
2 than
Permformane better
Jack hammers

2 ABRASION DRILLS
These drils mock in to
small
grind
abrasive
 I 1 es ugh
action
of a rotating bit unahole

a Shot drills
Rotary abrasive type drills
have steel pipe bits
with rough surface at bottom
Bit rotates under
pressure

Cos Diamond Drill

Rotary abrasive type drills

Bits are of metal matrix
embedded with large hum of
diamonds
As drill rotates the diamonds
disintegrate rock

FUSION PIERCING

a Drilling holes for blasting

purpose
b
Produce by burning a mixture

of oxygen and a flux

 army 1
fuel blow
at end
of pipe
c Flame is directed against
the rock
a
temperature soooo
high
F comes to Spall
prock

a TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES

long Two types

17
High Explosive or Detonating
Explosive
Instated by detonators and
are extremely rapid almost
instantaneous proves

2
Low Explosives or
Deflagraking
Explosives
They have low velocity of
burning and produce pressure
by progressive burning
a
releasing energy for
period of tinie
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES

1 Powder explosives
2 Disruptive explosives
3
Liquid air

1 Powder explosives
a
Blasting powder
It is slow burning
low expt made from
Potash Nitrate
65 7 sa
sulphur 8 15 and
charcoal lo est
b Nitrate Explosives

It is similar to blasting
powder except that
potash nitrate is
Substituted by sodium
Nitrate

c
Nibamum
2 Disruptive explosives
mum
Avail in various grade size
and strength

a
Straight Dynamite

It is type of explosive
made
first
with all
high expl
Compared for strength
highly water resistant
sensitive and sensitivity
very
increases with strength

b Ammonia Dynamite

Contains equal parts of

nitroglycerine and nitrate
of ammonia
suitable soft rocks
and
for
are
fairly water
resistant

c Gelatin Dynamite They

are 2
 orgy of
gelatin e
CD straight
2 Extra or special
d Semi Gelatin.es

Recent development consisting

principle g nitrate of
ammonia with some

gelantinised Nitro glycerine

and Nitro cotton

LIQUID AIR

which contains
Air is liquified
95 t 02 at a temp of
191 C

It is stored eri a

special vessel
Liquid air is not
popular in rock
tunelling
Manufacturing S transportation
 requ q
a Transports handling of explosives

Avg 17 Prevalent safety rule

applicable to expl must be
followed
2
They should be handled
and Non
rightly properly
metallic tools should be
used to open the boxes
Boxes should not be thrown
or dropped

3 Dynamite and detonator or

should be
blasting Cape
kept separety when storing
Vets carrying explosive should
carry a
warning sign
such as explosives or

danger and must be operated

with care

on
 ring I us
should
f for be moving explosives
heavily insulated
and be
overloading must
avoided

Explosives be stored in dry

6J ventilated 1 bulletproof s

fire resistant magazines

away from building s

roads

I safe dist from locating

etc
magazines from buildings

Dynamite
and exploder should not
be Stored together
Floors of vehicle carrying expl
be
must
tight
only authorized should ride
on the vehicle Smoking
or matched and
carrying of
etc
light
 Blasting and Drilling Theory

day Theory of Deriving a Blasting

D A drill hole normal to face

when exploded with proper
charge will break out a

inclined at approx 450

gap to the
face
121 If 2 similar holes are kept
side by side and fire
will break the
together they
ground

with increased men of holes

the qty rock displaced
of
considerably increases

4 Inclined cut hole is more efficient

as expl acts normal to
axie of hole

1111111112
 450

Fg Drill hole Normal to face

E F

Two drill holes side

by side

xx A x n

4
11,1 1
named drill
hole

A Tunelling in Hard Skate or

Rocks

in differ from
Any Tunneling nooks
in
tunnelling soft ground in
 I g l

17 Tunnelling rocks is costly

2
Slighest deviation will involve
waste of money

G To operate the machinery it

requires establishment of
power plant
4 Rocks being self supporting require
lesser timbering for supporting

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

size of tunnel
Type s

a Method of attacking the

excavation
3
Type of fmri encountered
OPERATIONS IN TUNNEL DRIVE
THROUGH ROCK
C ly v n
uy l
elling
2 Loading holes and shooting 0 75
explosives
G Ventilation x removing dust
Co 75
from the explosion
47 5
4
loading a
hauling muck
G Removing ground water
6
Erecting supporting timbers for
sides and roofs if necessary
7
placing reinforcing steel

a Plain concrete lining

Methods of Tunnelling in Rocks

1 Full face method

2 Heading a Bench method
3 Drift method

full face method

a Whole section of tunnel
is attacked at the
Same time
suitable small cross
for
 Section area
upto 3M
diameter

Heading A Bench Method

a This method involves

deriving the
of top portion
in advance
of the bottom
portion

i
x
Bottom xx
X
7
heading X
tt et
Cross section
5 I

Drift method
Rock
tunnelling sometimes carried
out first in smaller section
of proposed tunnel s then
 I n

Side Arch Kniber

drift

3
xxxx
i
i

B C

Top drift
A F E
2

Bottom Pritt method

For
 I 5 s e
I c f
4411111 14 y y T

with heat the

a Explain figure
fwg other methods of
tunnelling
a Shield method
Compressed Air method
Also write merit and demerits

Avg Shield method

A shield is a
frame which
movable

supports the face of a tunnel

and ground immediately
behind the face and provides
protection under which the
both the
tunnelers carry out
excavation of faces erection of lining
d Main components are

in The skin
2 The cutting edge
 C role by Jay
9 The hood
The tail
6
port holes
Hydraulic Segments
Ramps g
magma
Eurn EEE I l l
door monorail Hoist
en

a lo
f
r
Kyes
In obey Oo s
r
Muck
t l Belt
shshtner
If Muckpil

r n y WIT I I I

Hydfantic ramps

Longitudinal section through

a shield

c
 M 1 Tunnel section can be advanced with

full dimensions
offers moving conetant support
to advanced tunnel
omission of temp sp is any
compensated by immediate
installation of permanent
tunnel
can be used
lining
under water channels

Demerits very costly

COMPRESSED AIR TUNELLING METHOD

l useful in soft s water bearing soils

d
support is provided by compressed
enclosed
air into space to
prevent collapse of roof in
sides of tunnel

7 air is weed in confection

Usually
with a shield
4 Egypt reqd
Air locks s accessories

b Bulk head to fix air

lock
a Safety measures
d air compressor
bae trap
s W1 of air reqd 2ocutt
air
free
per minute
for each sq ft area
Merits No timbering is read
inside tunnel
can be used below water
table levels

Demerits
Health risks associated
with compressed air
like decompression sickness
bone necrosis etc
 sull M

l
t

Breast
I r
board
Compressed
Permit

1
air 1 lining
L Ltd
t I

a Types of Locks
MATERIAL LOCK
Used in paving cars s materials
in or out of tunnel
b
Length depends on neem
Cars Removable track is
placed close to door
Diameter varies from 1 810
3M
length 8 to 25 m

5 can allow entire brain

with locomotive

MAALOX
 a 1.8 m dia fitted with plank
seats along both sides
b decompreuions
During long
lock becomes foggy
Cold therefore electric healers

provided
c should be well lighted
with non absorbent flooring
d Decompressing docks prenure
essential
gauges
e Telephone necessary

EMERGENCY LOCK
a Extra lock for emergency purpose
Cdb Dia 2 to 3 m

Equipped with external

c

internal valves
d seals
Lighted but have no or

heaters

ESCAPE LOCKS
a
Differs from emergency
locks
b Have independent connection
to the
 I
c In sewers manholes are
used for escaping
d
Capacity is limited as the
man should climb the
ladder during decompression
G Inner door kept open at
all times

Medicallockx
Ca Recompression is only cure
for caisson disease
air
premise exceeds
b when
15 PSI medical look
installed in tunnel
c
May be welded or

riveted construction
d
patient is kept in inner
compartment
e Pressure kept equal to
working condition of
person

Q Bulkhead
 0 I tyn dy ag en
air lock
which is
fixed
Divides working face from
the
completed outside section of
tunnel

Partition walls
experience very
heavy pressures and hae
to designed to withstand it

constructedof thick concrete

or steel

well keyed to arch lining to protect

against slipping
Thickness varies 0.5 to
from
0 4
of tunnel diameter

G Mucking
Mucking ti operation removing
g s
excavated material dumping
it at a suitable place
 For shafts hand mucking
is done
by hoisting muck
by bucket of 9 cubic meters
capacity

Hoisting also be done by

can
mechanical devices

Two buckets one being

loaded when other is
being raised are used

Drilling Pattern

Ad In Horizontal wedge cut

height of tunnel is
O O O O
when
than its width
Too greater
Y 112 Vertical Wedee cut
This is best cut whey
Ofpill of
1 drilling columns
columns
from
i 3 Bottom cut
Commonly used in mining
4
pyramid cut

Used
for circular horse shoe
shape of a tunnel

5
Buster cut
occasionally used when
drilling unusually deep
holes

six
ay a a

D o

S a
8
O
a a
a

German cut
for small cross section
of tunnel only
 Italian cut

Burn cut resembles

cut
german

A Carchangers
CAR Changer techniques
a acks
Pasurigh A side track is
provided for empty cars
Die advantage of this system is
difficulty s
delay in moving the
passing track forward
as tunnel work Eadvances
Track for
p storing empty
em
we
Track for movement
of loaded areas
G
CaliforniaCrossing
Consists of a short
double
track assembly completely
welded into a unit with
and switches
frogs
slide along top of single
main track

Track for emptyCars

gµ
C
Track for loaded cars
µ
3
California switch

Grasshopper Large house frame

on which empty cars are
stored in an overhead trade
and loaded cars
pass
out underneath