تصميم الخوازيق

4th Year Civil
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 1

‫‪DEEP FOUNDATIONS‬‬
‫‪TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:‬‬
‫‪1- PILES‬‬ ‫ا‪%%‬لخوازيق‬
‫ا‪%%‬لقيسونات ‪2- CAISSONS‬‬
‫أساسات خلوية تنفذ بالتغويص والحفر‬
‫‪3- PIERS‬‬ ‫ا‪%%‬لدعائم‪%‬‬

‫أساسات الكبارى وهى خوازيق ذات قطر كبير أو قواعد ذات حجم كبير يجفف داخلها‬
‫ا ‪%‬آلبار ا‪%%‬السكندرا‪%‬نى‪4-‬‬
‫‪Wednesday, April 22, 2‬‬ ‫‪Deep Foundations‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Piles are stiff members used to transmit surface
loads to the bearing strata.
Piles are classified to two categories according
to the method of load transfer:
1- End bearing piles: ‫خوازيقارتكاز‬
Tip point carries most of the load.
.‫نقطة االرتكاز تنقل معظم حمل الخازوق‬
2- Friction Piles: ‫خوازيقاحتكاك‬
Side friction carries most of the load.
‫معظم حمل الخازوق ينتقل للتربة عن طريق االحتكاك السطحى‬

Pile Applications
Very Large Concentrated
Large Distributed Weight
Weight
Low
Weight
Soft to
Firm Clay
Dense Sand
Wednesday, April 22, 2 Strong Rock
Deep Foundations 4
Piles are used in:
1- Upper soil is weak,
compressible, or could
not support the surface
loads.
2- The loads are tension,
horizontal, or inclined.
3- Problematic soils;
Swelling soils giving
tension on the pile.
Collapsing soils, adding
down-drag forces on the
pile. 5- Temporary or Permanent
4- Scour under bridge Excavation Side Support
piers.
Types of Pile Materials
Timber Steel Concrete

Concrete Pre-cast
Pre-cast
Timber Steel Steel
Steel H
H Concrete Composite
Composite
Pipe
Pipe Concrete
Timber Steel Concrete

Timber Piles
- Relatively inexpensive
- Usually limited to short lengths [though Douglas Fir
does come in longer lengths (higher expense)]
- Low capacity.
- Advantages: Easy handling, Non-corrosive material,
If permanently submerged then fairly resistant to
decay.
- Disadvantages: May require treatment to prevent
decay, insects, and borers from damaging pile.
Easily damaged during hard driving and
inconvenient to splice.
Steel H-Piles
- Advantages: high axial working capacity.
Wide variety of sizes. Easy on-site
modifications. Fairly easy to drive, minimal
soil displacement, good penetration through
hard materials (with shoe).
- Disadvantages: high cost, potential delays in
delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy
driving, low bearing and friction areas.

Steel Pipe Piles
May drive closed or open-ended.
Advantages: May be driven empty then filled
with cheaper material (concrete). Can
provide very high capacities. On-site
modifications easy.
Disadvantages: similar to H-piles with
additional item–more difficult driving due
to soil displacement.

Precast Concrete Piles
- May be prestressed to withstand driving
and handling stresses.
- Advantages: High capacity. Usually
durable and corrosion resistant in many
environments (not marine).
- Disadvantages: Handling, splicing, and
cutting more of a problem.
Transportation difficulties.

Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
- Piles are bored using drilling rig of internal
diameter allowing for casting the concrete till
the required depth.
- Casting of concrete starts with withdrawing
the drilling rig upwards.
- Capacity of about 100 ton
- Advantages: ease of changing lengths by
cutting or slicing the shell. Material costs
relatively low. Inspection possible.
- Disadvantage: not feasible in hard soils or
rock. Voids in concrete may be created.
Splicing problems after concreting.
Cast-in-place Concrete Piles
- Holes are drilled in the soil then filled with
bentonite slurry to support the sides.
- Steel reinforcements are then lowered to the
required level.
- Concrete casting is performed from bottom to
top with pumps.
- Bentonite slurry is then replaced by the
concrete and the slurry is desanded for reuse.

Choice of Pile Type
The pile type is chosen according to:
- Load Capacity & Pile Spacing
- Constructability
- Soil stratigraphy
- Need for splicing or cutting
- Driving vibrations
- Driving speed.
- Performance
- Environmental suitability (corrosion)
- Availability
- Cost
Pile Load Transfer Mechanism
- Fairly complicated, though understandable.
.‫ توزيع الحمل معقد وغالبا ً غير منتظم‬-
- Changes with changes in load because friction along
shaft is fully mobilized when pile has displaced only
5-10 mm whereas maximum point resistance is not
fully mobilized until a movement of 10% of the pile
diameter (or width) for driven piles or even higher
in bored piles.
‫ مم) ويصل‬10-5( ‫ الحمل األقصى فى االحتكاك السطحى يتحقق عند‬-
‫ من قطر الخازوق أو‬%10 ‫الحمل األقصى عند نقطة االرتكاز فى حدود‬
.‫عرضه‬
Mobilization of Base and Shaft
Resistance
Load
10 - 20% diam
2 - 5mm
Total
Base
Shaft
Shaft ??
Displacement
Pile Failure Surface
Pult
Ground Surface
Failure Surface
Along the Shaft
B
Arching Action
Df
Zone of
Shear & PO = Df Df
Volume
Decrease

End Bearing Piles

End bearing piles:
Pile Load, P
Transmit most of their
loads to the load bearing
layer (dense sand or
rock). Most of the pile
capacity inferred from
the end bearing point.
‫ ينقل الجزء األكبر من الحمل عن‬Side Friction
‫طريق نقطة االرتكاز وهى‬
‫الخوازيق التى ترتكز على الرمل‬
.‫الكثيف أو الصخر‬
End Bearing Pbase
Friction Piles:

Friction Piles:
Transmit most of their Pile Load, P
load through the layers
through which the piles
pass, i.e., mostly through
the surface friction with
the surrounding soils.
‫ ينقل معظم الحمل عن طريق االحتكاك‬Side Friction
‫السطحى مثل الخوازيق المنفذة‬
.‫فى التربة الطينية الصرفة‬
End Bearing Pbase

Individual Pile Capacity
Methods of Estimating Pile Load Capacity:
1- Static Analysis from the Shear Strength Parameters
.‫ تحديد قدرة تحمل الخوازيق من خواص القص فى التربة‬-1
2- Dynamic Driving Formula
.‫ تحديد قدرة تحمل الخوازيق من صيغة دق الخوازيق المستخدمة‬-2
3- Pile Load Test
.‫ تحديد قدرة تحمل الخوازيق من اختبارات تحميل الخوازيق‬-3
4- Field Tests: SPT, CPT, etc.
.‫ تحديد قدرة تحمل الخوازيق من االختبارات الحقلية‬-4

PILE CAPACITY
1- Bearing capacity of piles from soil parameters:
Static Formula Method (Qu = Qb + Qs)
Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Qs = fAs
f = Unit Frictional Resistance

Embedded AS = Shaft Area (Pile surface area)
Length =D
qb = Unit Bearing Capacity
Ab = Area of Pile Base
Wednesday, April 22,Q

2b = qbAb Deep Foundations 22
Base Resistance
Qb = Ab [cbNc ] for Clay
Qb = Ab [P'ob Nq] for Sand
Ab = Area of Pile Base

Qb Nc = 9 for Piles in Clay
Nq = Given in Tables

Shaft Resistance
Due to cohesion or friction or both As

In cohesive soils : Qsc = As . ca
In friction soils: Qsf = As .KHC P'ob tan d

P'ob
As = Pile Surface Area
KHC.P'ob

Total Pile Resistance
Qu = Q b + Q s
Qu = Ab [cb Nc] + As [ca ] For Piles in Clay
Qu = Ab [P'ob Nq] + As [KHC P'ob tan d ]

for Piles in Sand

Piles in Sand
Qu = Ab [ P'ob Nq ] + As [ KHC P'ob tan d ]
Qu = Ab P'ob Nq + As KHc P'ob tan d
d = 20o for Steel

= ¾ f for Concrete
= ¾ f for Timber

Tension Piles in Sand
Qu = As [KHT P'ob tan d ] + W
W = Pile Weight
Table (1): Values of KHC and KHT from the Egyptian Code
Pile Type KHC KHT

H-Section Pile 0.5 – 1.0 0.3 – 0.5
Displacement Pile 1.0 – 1.5 0.6 – 1.0
Displacement Pile, Variable Section 1.5 – 2.0 1.0 – 1.3
Displacement Pile, with Water Jetting 0.4 – 0.9 0.3 – 0.6
Bored Pile (D < 60 cm) 0.7 – 1.5 0.4 – 1.0

Piles in Clay
Qu = Ab [cbNc] + As [ca]
Qu = Ab cbNc + As ca

Tension Piles in Clay
Qu = As [ca] + W W = Pile Weight
Table (2): Adhesion on Piles in Saturated Clay (Egyptian
Code)
Pile Soil Cohesion, c Adhesion, ca
Material Consistency (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Very Soft 0.0 – 12.50 0.0 – 12.50
Timber Soft 12.50 – 25.0 12.50 – 24.0
or Medium Sitff 25.0 – 50.0 24.0 – 37.50
Concrete Stiff 50.0 – 100.0 37.50 – 47.50
Very Stiff 100.0 – 200.0 47.50 – 65.0
Very Soft 0.0 – 12.50 0.0 – 12.50
Soft 12.50 – 25.0 12.50 – 23.0
Steel Medium Sitff 25.0 – 50.0 23.0 – 35.0
Stiff 50.0 – 100.0 35.0 – 36.0
Very Stiff 100.0 – 200.0 36.0 – 37.50

Overburden Stress P'ob
Qu = [Ab P'ob Nq] + [AsKHC P'ob tan d]
Meyerhof Method : P'ob = g'z
Vesic Method : critical depth, zc

for z < zc : P'ob = g'z
for z > zc : P'ob = g'zc
zc/d is a function of f after installation
Suggested value = 20 d
Max Limit on End Bearing?
Some suggest a limit on end bearing to
match experience.
Problems with that approach:
more complex than that; need to
consider both strength and
compressibility of the soil
friction angle varies with effective
stress
Over-consolidation causes changes in
bearing capacity

Nq from the Egyptian Code
Table (3): Nq Values Vs f for Sand, Egyptian Code.
o
 25 30 35 40
Nq 15 30 75 150
f for Displacement Pile = (f (before construction) + 40o)/2
f for Bored Pile = f (before construction) – 3o
Nc for Clay
Nc = 9.0 for calculating the end bearing
resistance of piles in clay.
EXAMPLE Medium stiff clay:
C = 30 kN/m2
Ca = 25 kN/m2
Determine the allowable gsat = 18 kN/m3
capacity for the concrete 12.00 m
bored pile shown in
Figure.
Pile Diameter D = 0.50 m
Pile Length L = 14.0 m
Dense Sand:
f = 40o 2.00 m
gsat = 19 kN/m3
Wednesday, April 22, 2
Nq Foundations
Deep
= 150, KHC = 1.0
33
SOLUTION
Side Friction:
Qs = As [ca + K P'ob tan d ]
HC
qs in clay: 10.0 m
qs-c = ca = 25 kN/m2
Lc =
Qs-clay = ca [pDLc] 12.0 m
= 25 [p*0.50*12.0]
= 25 *18.85 = 471.25 kN
qs in sand:
qs-s = KHC P'ob tan d Ls =
Critical depth 2.0 m
Zc= 20 * 0.50 = 10.00 m
Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations
2 P'bo distribution
SOLUTION
d = 3/4 f = 30o
Qs-s = 1.0 * 80 * 0.578 = 46.24 kN/m2
Qs-s = qs [pDLs]
= 46.24 [p*0.50*2.0] = 145.27 kN
Total side friction:
Qs = Qs-c + Qs-s = 471.25 + 145.27 = 616.52 kN
End Bearing Resistance:
qb = P'ob Nq = 80 * 150 = 12000 kN/m2
Qb = qb * Ab = qb * pD2 = 12000 * 0.196
= 2356.2 kN
Ultimate Pile Capacity = 616.52 + 2356.2 = 2973 kN
SOLUTION
Ultimate Pile Capacity
Qult = 2973 kN
Allowable Pile Capacity
Qall = Qult/F.S.
Qall = 2973/3.0 = 991 kN
= 99.10 ton
Check of Concrete Capacity:
Pc = fc (Ac + 1.14 * n * As)
= 5000 (0.196 + 1.14 * 10 * 0.00196)
= 5000 * (0.218) = 1090 kN
= 109 ton > 99.10 Deep
(QFoundations
all-soil) (O.K.) 36
Pile Driving

Closed
End
Diesel
Hammer

The Fundamental Pile Driving Formula
Hammer Energy  Work of Soil Resistance

W h Rs
Wh
R
W s
h
R
S
Single Acting Double Acting
Diesel Hammer Vibratory Hammer
PILE CAPACITY
2- From Pile Driving Formula
Engineering News Formula (F.S. = 6):
1000 Wr .H
Qall 
6  S  C
Where:
Qall = Allowable pile capacity, (kN);
Wr = Weight of hammer, kN;
H = Height of hammer fall, m;
S = Amount of pile penetration/blow, (mm);
C = Constant = 25 for drop hammer
= 2.50
for steam hammer.
Deep Foundations 42
PILE CAPACITY
2- From Pile Driving Formula
Example:
Determine the allowable pile capacity for a pile of
diameter D = 0.30 m, driven by a steam hammer,
knowing that:
Average penetration per blow = 17 mm
Hammer rating Wr.H = 40 kN
Solution:
1000 * 40
Q all   341.9 kN  34.2 ton
6  17  2.50
PILE CAPACITY
3- Static Pile Load – Test Setup
Reaction
Stiffeners
Beam
Plate
Load Cell
Spherical Bearing
Ram
Hydraulic Jack
Bourdon Gage
Dial Gage
LVDT
Mirror
Bracket Attached to Pile
Wire Grade
Scale
Test
Pile
Typical Arrangement for Load
Testing a Pile or Drilled Shaft
Reaction Beam
Dial
Dial
Gage
Gage Jack
Jack
Support
Beam
Beam
Test Pile or Anchor Pile or

Drilled
Drilled Shaft
Shaft Drilled Shaft
Shaft
Pile Static Load – Test Setup

Pile Static Load – Test Setup

Pile Capacity from Static Pile
Load Test
Loading is performed up to a test load of 150%
(or 200%) of the pile design load, with steps of
25% of the design load. The ultimate capacity
is determined by many methods, for example,
the Modified Chen Method.
‫ (أو‬% 150 ‫وق عند حمل اختبار يساوى‬N‫ الخاز‬N‫يتم اختبار‬
‫ كل‬N‫) من الحمل التصميمى وذلك على خطوات مقدار‬%200
‫ ويتم تحديد أقصى قدرة‬.‫ من الحمل التصميمى‬%25 ‫خطوة‬
.‫ المعدلة‬Chen ‫تحمل للخازوق باستخدام طريقة‬
Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Load-Settlement Curve

Modified Chen Method
b
y = 3.70
1
x = 6.80

Modified Chen Method
Ultimate Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Using Modified Chen Method:
The loading curve is drawn as follows:
Horizontal axis = measured settlement (d);
Vertical axis = measured settlement (d) /load (P).
1
Q ult 
1.2 b
Where:
Qult = Ultimate pile capacity, (kN);
1.2 = Safety factor
b = Slope of the d/Load Vs. d curve.
Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
Three conditions should be satisfied from the pile
load test:
I- Qult ≥ 2.00 Qall (D.L. + L.L.)
Dead + Live Loads
Qult ≥ 1.75 Qall (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.)
Dead + Live + Wind Loads
Qult ≥ 1.50 Qall (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.+Eq.L.)
Dead + Live + Wind + Earthquake Loads
II- Measured d at 1.25 test load ≤ 1.50 d at Qall
Settlement at 1.25 Q all
 1.50
Settlement at Q all
III- Measured d ≤ dmax
PL
 max  0.02 D  0.50 *
EA
Where:
dmax = maximum pile settlement, (m);
D = Pile diameter, (m);
P = Pile test load, (ton);
L = Pile length, (m);
E = Modulus of elasticity of concrete, (t/m 2)
A = Pile cross-section area.
Example: Settlement (mm) Avg.
Load
Determine the Date
(kN)
Sett.
S1 S2 S3 S4 (mm)
ultimate pile
Loading
capacity for a pile 9/9/04 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of diameter D = 250.0 0.59 0.66 0.56 0.58 0.60
500.0 0.88 1.00 0.89 0.93 0.93
0.60 m, and 750.0 1.85 1.98 1.86 1.92 1.90
1000.0 3.12 3.28 3.20 3.26 3.21
Length L = 10.50 1250.0 4.16 4.34 4.27 4.37 4.29
m, with the test 1500.0 10.11 10.46 10.21 10.41 10.30
results shown in Unloading
10/9/04 1250.0 10.11 10.46 10.41 10.21 10.30
the table, 1000.0 10.01 10.29 10.07 10.27 10.16
750.0 9.70 9.97 9.80 9.99 9.87
knowing that the 500.0 9.20 9.45 9.35 9.03 9.26
design load is 250.0 8.53 8.78 8.79 9.97 8.77
0.0 6.65 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.79
1000 kN, test load
= 1500 kN.
Solution:
Qult using modified Chen Method:

1 6.80 * 1000
Q ult    1532 kN
1.2 b 1.20 * 3.70
I- Qult 1532 > 1.50 Qall (1500 kN)
II- Measured d at 1.25 test load ≤ 1.5 d at Qall
Settlement at 1.25 Qall 4.29
  1.34  1.50
Settlement at Q all 3.21
III- dmax ≤ d at maximum test load:
PL
 max  0.02 D  0.50 *
EA
E = 140 t/cm2 = 140 * 104 t/m2
150 * 10.50
 max  0.02 * 0.60  0.50 * 4
140 *10 * 0.283
dmax = 0.012 + 0.002 = 0.014 m = 14 mm
d at test load = 10.30 mm < 14.0 mm (dmax) O.K.

PILE CAPACITY
4- In-Situ Soil Test Methods
The pile capacity can be determined from
the field tests as follows:
1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT).
2- Cone Penetration Test (CPT).

Pile Capacity from SPT
Qall = 90 N (p R2) + N' (2p RL), (kN)
Qall = Pile working load, F.S. = 2.5 for end bearing
and 2.0 for side friction.
N = Average SPT, 2R below tip and 6R above tip,
N ≤ 50 (Preferably ≤ 30).
N' = Average SPT in sand layers, along the pile shaft.
R = Pile radius, (m).
L = Pile length within the sand layers, (m).
For bored piles, Qall = 50 up to 100% of that values according
to the pile type and construction method.
Pile Capacity from SPT D SPT
Example: 1 8
Determine the Clay
2 11
allowable pile 3 14
capacity for a bored
pile constructed in 4 23
the soil log shown in 5 28
the table. Knowing Sand 6 31
that the pile diameter 7 33
is 50 cm, and the pile
8 36
length is 9.0 m.
9 41
10 53
11 55
Pile Capacity from SPT D SPT
Solution: 1 8
Clay
2 11
Qall = 90 N (p R2) + N' (2p RL), (kN)
3 14
N = (N8+N9+N10)/3
4 23
= (36+41+50)/3 = 42 5 28
N' = (N4+N5+N6+N7+N8+N9)/6 Sand 6 31
= (23+28+31+33+36+41)/6 = 32 7 33
Qall = 90 N (p R2) + N' (2p RL), (kN) 8 36
9 41
= 90*42*0.196+32*(2*p*0.25*6)
10 53
= 740.9+301.6 = 1042.5 = 104 ton
11 55
CPT Correlations
The CPT is very similar to driving piles
therefore this test is a good predictor of
capacity.
Pile capacity is determined from correlations
based on CPT, as presented in the Egyptian
Code.

Pile Capacity from CPT
Qall = 1/3 a qc (p R2) + ½ fc (2p RL), (kN)
Qall = Pile working load, F.S. = 3.0 for end bearing and 2.0 for
side friction.
qc = Average CPT tip resistance, 6R below tip and 12R
above tip, qc not exceeding 150 kg/cm2.
a = Factor relating the pile diameter to the cone diameter,
assumed = 0.70.
fc = Average CPT side friction along the pile, not exceeding
1.0 kg/cm2.
R = Pile radius, (m).
For bored piles, Qall = 50 up to 100% of that values according
to the pile type and construction method.
Pile Groups
Piles are usually arranged in groups under the columns.
The number of piles in a group is determined as follows:
Pc *1.10
N
Qall
Where:
N = No. of piles;
Pc = Column Load;
Qall = Allowable load of
a single pile.

Arrangement of Pile Groups
The spacing between piles in a group can be
assumed based on the following:
1- Driven piles need higher spacing than
bored piles.
2- Friction piles need higher spacing than end
bearing piles.
3- Minimum spacing (S) between piles is 2.5.
4- Maximum spacing (S) between piles is 8.0.

4 Piles 5 Piles
S
S
S S
2 Piles 3 Piles S
S 7 Piles
S S
6 Piles
Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations S S 65
S
S
S
S S S S
8 Piles 9 Piles

Negative Skin Friction
Original
Ground Q
Downdrag force occurs when the
Surface
soil surrounding the pile settles
more than the pile itself.
Granular
Fill L1
Occurred in the following
Fg
conditions:
1- Recent fill over very soft soil.
2- Soils undergoing consolidations. Soft
3- Lowering of ground water table Clay
may cause subsidence and L2
consequently –ve skin friction.
Fc
Rock
Negative Skin Friction
Negative Skin Friction is calculated as follows:
:‫يتم حساب االحتكاك السلبى بين التربة والخوازيق كالتالى‬
-ve skin friction = Weight of soil bounded within the soft layers;
+ Pile group surface area of the soft layers * pile-soil
adhesion (Ca)
+ ‫االحتكاك السلبى = وزن التربة المحاطة خارجيا ً بمجموعة الخوازيق‬
‫المساحة السطحية لمجموعة الخوازيق المالصقة للطبقات الضعيفة‬
‫* معامل االلتصاق بين الخوازيق والتربة المحيطة بها‬
The negative skin friction per pile should not exceed the pile
skin friction value.
.‫بحيث ال يتعدى االحتكاك السلبى للخازوق الواحد قدرة االحتكاك السطحى لذلك الخازوق‬

Efficiency of Pile Groups
(n - 1) m + (m - 1) n
Ge = 1 - 
90 m n
Where:
Ge = Group efficiency;
q = tan-1 (D/S) in degrees;
D = Pile diameter (m);
S = Pile spacing (m);
n = Number of piles in a row;
m = Number of pile rows

Example
Determine the number, arrangement, and group
efficiency of a pile group to support a column load
of 520 ton, knowing that the pile capacity is 110
ton, the pile diameter is 60 cm.
Solution:
No. of Piles = (520 * 1.10)/110
= 5.20 take 6 piles
Assume that the pile spacing S
= 4 D = 2.40 m S S
q = tan-1(D/S ) = tan-1(0.25) 6 Piles
=14.04o
Example
n = 3 ‫حد‬N‫لوا‬NN‫لصفا‬NN‫ىا‬NNN‫لخوازيقف‬NN‫دد ا‬N‫ع‬
m = 2 ‫يق‬N‫لخواز‬NN‫وفا‬N‫ف‬N ‫دد ص‬N‫ع‬
(3 - 1) 2 + (2 - 1) 3
G e = 1 - 14.04
90 * 3 * 2
 1 - 0.182  0.818
Pile group capacity:
Qg = N * Qall * Ge
Qg = 6 * 110 * 0.818 = 539.88 ton S S
≈ 540 < 570, considered O.K. 6 Piles

Pile Groups Under Eccentric
Loads

V R
H
Pile groups under

eccentric loads
ex
ey

V V.e x .x V.e y . y
Pv   
n  x2 y 2
Where:
V = Total vertical force on the group
ex = Eccentricity in the x-direction
ey = Eccentricity in the y-direction

Settlement of Pile Groups in Sand
(After Skempton)
Single
Single Pile
Pile
Load
Load Test
Test Foundation
Foundation
Ground
Ground
Prestressed
Prestressed by
by
Pile
Pile Driving
Driving
Zone
Zone of
of
Settlement
Settlement

Settlement for End Bearing Pile Groups
nQa
L nQa Soft Clay
BA
H1 Sand 1H:2V
Hc Soft Clay
A, B = Pile Group Dimensions

Settlement of Friction Pile Groups
B, A = Pile Group Dimensions nQa
2
3
L
L
nQa 1H:2V
H
B* A

Pile Group Settlement Analysis
Cc Po  ΔP
ΔH  Hc Log
1  eo Po
Where:
H = Settlement
H = Layer thickness
Cc = Compression Index
eo = Initial voids ratio
PO = Overburden Pressure at the middle of the
consolidating layer.
P = Change in Pressure at the middle of the
consolidating layer
Structural Design of the
Pile Cap

Design of the Pile Cap
Failure Modes in the Pile Cap

1- Punching, column or pile.
2- Flexural, due to high tensile stresses.

Punching
Failure by
stresses
Minimum thickness of the pile cap = high tensile
Failure due to
80 cm to assure even distribution of
settlements over the piles, or 2.25 pile
diameter D.
d/2 d d/2 1:1 1:1 d
for Moment for Shear

Critical Sec. Critical Sec.
The concrete section and area steel are determined

from the max. moment, then check of shear and
punching is performed.

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4th Year Civil

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 1

‫‪3- PIERS‬‬ ‫ا‪%%‬لدعائم‪%‬‬

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 3

Timber Steel Concrete

Timber Steel Concrete

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 8

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 9

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 10

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 12

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 16

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 17

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 19

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 20

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 21

f = Unit Frictional Resistance

Wednesday, April 22,Q

Qb = Ab [cbNc ] for Clay

Qb = Ab [P'ob Nq] for Sand

Ab = Area of Pile Base

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 23

Due to cohesion or friction or both As

In friction soils: Qsf = As .KHC P'ob tan d

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 24

Qu = Ab [P'ob Nq] + As [KHC P'ob tan d ]

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 25

Qu = Ab P'ob Nq + As KHc P'ob tan d

d = 20o for Steel

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 26

Pile Type KHC KHT

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 27

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 28

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 29

Qu = [Ab P'ob Nq] + [AsKHC P'ob tan d]

Meyerhof Method : P'ob = g'z

Vesic Method : critical depth, zc

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 31

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 37

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 38

Hammer Energy  Work of Soil Resistance

Test Pile or Anchor Pile or

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 46

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 47

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 49

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 50

Qult using modified Chen Method:

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 56

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 57

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 61

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 63

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 64

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 66

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 68

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 69

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 71

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 72

Pile groups under

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 73

Wednesday, April 22, 2020 Deep Foundations 74

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 75

L nQa Soft Clay

A, B = Pile Group Dimensions

Wednesday, April 22, 2 Deep Foundations 76

B, A = Pile Group Dimensions nQa