Types of

foundation 3

Shallow foundation Deep foundation

It will be on the surface of the It will drive to lower soil layers such
ground level as pile and pier

Comparison of pressure distribution and soil disturbance beneath spread and piled foundations (a) Spread foundation (b) Single
pile.
 Pile is a Column driven into the 4
soil to support a structure by
transferring the building loads
to the deeper and stronger layer
of soil or rock, and supported
by a combination of skin
Pile friction and end bearing.
foundations

are commonly
constructed of timber,
concrete, steel and
composite
 Although the use of pile foundation cost more than shallow 5
foundation, it is combination of skin friction essential to be
employed for some conditions. Such Conditions Are
Enumerated

The upper Bedrock is Subjected to Expansive & Foundations Bridge

soil layer is not horizontal collapsible below the abutments
too weak encountered forces soils extend water table and piers are
at a to a great are to avoid the
reasonable depth below subjected to possible loss
depth the ground uplifting of bearing
surface forces capacity
 Low Large Distributed Very Large Concentrated
Weight Weight Weight

Soft to
Firm Clay

Strong Rock
 All the loads from the super structure like,
- Live loads
- Dead loads
- Wind loads
- Seismic load
 The loads from the surrounding soil in case of seismic
event.
 Water loads in case of off-shore structure.
 6

Timber Pile

Concrete pile
Types of pile
foundation
S
t
e
e
l
Different types of pile foundation

P
 7
Is an ideal material for piling. It has a high
strength to weight ratio, it is easy to handle,
it is readily cut to length and trimmed after
driving.

TIMBER Timber piles have three types according to the

PILES American Society of Civil Engineers:

1) Class A, carry heavy loads,

minimum diameter of butt 356 mm. Timber Piles

1) Class B; carry medium loads, minimum

diameter of butt 305 mm to 330mm.

2) Class C piles are used for temporary

construction work, minimum diameter of
but 305mm.
 Preparation of Timber Pile In
the Site
8

Timber piles cannot To avoid damage at the To avoid the damage to the
withstand hard driving bottom of timber piles, steel top of the piles, a metal
stress, therefore ⇒ shoes may be used band or a cap may be used

Protecting timber piles from decay (a) By precast Protecting timber piles from splitting during driving (a)
concrete upper section above water level (b) By Protecting head by mild steel hoop (b) Protecting toe by cast
extending pile cap below water level. steel point.
 9

Driven Timber piles in the site

Driven Timber piles in the site
 1
0
1. They can easily be
Advantages 2. They are economical in cost.
extracted
of Timber 3. They can stay undamaged indefinitely if they are
Piles surrounded by saturated soil.

1. Timber pile cannot withstand hard driving stress.

Disadvantages 2. The pile capacity is generally limited.
of Timber 3. Top of timber easy to damage during the driving operation.
Piles 4. Subject to attack by various organisms and insects.
 PRECAST CONCRETE PILE
have their principal use in marine and river structures, i.e.
in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place
piles is impracticable or uneconomical
Concrete
Piles

Precast Concrete Piles, Precast Concrete Piles,

 1
2

Precast concrete piles Precast concrete piles

Precast concrete piles

 JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

casting on additional lengths to accommodate variations in the depth to a hard bearing stratum
will be evident. These drawbacks can be overcome by employing jointed piles
1
3

Typical locking pin joint for precast concrete pile. Unseen breakage of precast concrete piles
with welded butt joints.
 1
1) Can be subjected to hard driving. 4
Advantages of Precast 2) Corrosion resistant.
Concrete Pile 3) Can be easily combined with a concrete
superstructure.

Disadvantages of 1) Difficult to achieve proper cutoff.

Precast Concrete Piles 2) Difficult to transport.
 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES 1
Piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling it with
concrete. These piles may be divided to two: (a) cased (b) uncased.
5
Both types may have a pedestal at the bottom

top view of a cast-in-place pile Cast in place concrete pile Cast in place concrete pile
Bulb Pile: They are special
forms of cast-in-place concrete
piles. It forms a large base (bulb)
during the driving process
increases their effectiveness in
serving as an end bearing pile.
Bulb Pile
Refe
SHELLTYPES CAST-IN-PLACE PILES
consist of a permanent light gauge steel tube in 1
diameters from 150 to 500 mm with wall
thickness up to 6 mm and are internally bottom 6
driven by drop hammer.
On reaching the bearing layer the hammer is
removed, any reinforcement inserted, and a
high slump concrete placed to produce the
pile.
The Taper Tube pile
 1
1) Relatively low 8
Advantages of Precast 2) Allow for inspection before pouring
cost.
Concrete Pile concrete.
3) Easy of length variation.
4) Minimal ground vibrations during
installation.

5) The uncertainty of the shape and condition

of the constructed pile.
6) The cast components may be damaged
during
Disadvantages of Cast-In- driving.
Place Concrete Piles 3) Difficult to splice after concreting.
4) Steel casings (temporary or permanently)
and reinforcing cages may also be required.
5) Cast-in-place concrete pile lengths are limited
by the drilling equipment used.
 are either pipe pile or rolled section steel H-
Steel piles section piles. 1
9
Pipe pile can be driven into the ground with their ends open or close.

Wide-flange and I-section steel beams can also be used as piles.

H-section piles are usually preferred because their web and

flange thickness are equal.

Figure 20: shapes of steel piles (a) and (b) Placing of Steel piles in site
 1) Easy to handle with respect to cutoff
2
and extension to the desired length. 1
Advantages of Steel 2) Can stand high driving stresses.
Piles 3) Can penetrate hard layers such as
dense gravel and soft rock.
4) High load-carrying capacity.

1) Steel Piles subject to corrosion.

2) They are very expensive.
Disadvantages of 3) High level of noise during pile driving.
4) H-section may be damaged or deflected
Steel Piles from the vertical during driving through hard
layers or past major obstruction.
 combinations of bored piles with driven piles can be
Composite used to overcome problems resulting from particular 2
pile site or ground conditions such as the problem of
timber piles above ground-water level 2

composite piles may be made of steel and concrete or

timber and concrete.
Steel and concrete piles consist of a lower portion of steel
and an upper portion of cast-in-place concrete

composite piles are not economical compared with those

of uniform section
different stages in construction of composite piles
 Large boreholes from 750mm up to 3m
LARGE DIAMETER diameter (with 7m under-reams) are 2
BORED CAST-IN- possible by using rotary drilling machinery.
PLACE PILES The angering plant is usually crane or lorry 5
mounted.

Large diameter cast in place piles’ machine

Stages of constructing large diameter bored cast-in-place piles
 GROUT- OR The use of continuous flight augers is becoming 2
CONCRETE- a 7
INTRUDED much more popular method in pile
PILES construction. These piles offer considerable
environmental advantages during construction

Their noise and vibration levels are low and there

is no need for temporary borehole wall casing or
bentonite slurry making it suitable for both clays
and granular soils

The only problem is that they are limited in depth

to the maximum length of the auger (about 25m)

Figure 31: Concrete

intruded piles
 Sheet piles are structural tools which are designed to
resist horizontal forces as they embedded in soils. They
2
SHEET PILES
are also used as retaining systems. 8
Sheet piles are made of different materials as wood,
concrete, steel or aluminum which play an important role
in their applications

Sheet piles are widely used for several purposes

such as:
1) Large and waterfront structures
2) Erosion protection
3) Stabilizing ground slopes
4) Shoring walls of trenches and other
excavations, and cofferdams.

Installed sheet piles in a project common shapes of sheet piles

Reference: http://www.pennarindia.com/steel-products-sheet-piling.html
 I. Load bearing piles

I . Non-load bearing piles

I. Load bearing piles :-
 It bears the load coming from the structure.
 The Piles are generally driven vertical y or in near
vertical position.
When a horizontal forces to be resisted, the inclined piles
may be driven in an inclined position and such inclined piles
are termed the batter piles
 Load bearing piles are divided into,
i. Bearing piles
i. Friction Piles
This piles penetrate to through the soft soil and their
bottoms rest on a hard bed. Thus, they are end bearing
piles and act as columns or piers.

The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives
some lateral support and this increases the load car ying
capacity of the bearing piles.
Transmit most of their
loads to the load
bearing layer(dense
sand or rock). Most of
the pile capacity
inferred from the end
bearing point.
Pile Load, P

Side Friction

End Bearing
When loose soil extends to a great depth, the piles are
driven up to such a depth that the frictional resistance
developed at the sides of the piles equals the load
coming on the piles.

 Great care should be taken to determine the frictional

resistance offered by the soil and suitable factor of
safety should be provided in the design.
Transmit most of their
load through the
layers through which
the piles pass, i.e.,
mostly through the
surface friction with
the surrounding soils.
Pile Load,
P

Side Friction

End Bearing
P base
The center to center distance of successive piles is known as pile spacing.

  to be careful y designed by considering the fol owing

It has
factors,

1) Types of piles
2) Material of piles
3) Length of piles
4) Grouping of piles
5) Load coming on piles
6) Obstruction during pile driving
7) Nature of soil through which piles are passing.

 The spacing between piles in a group can be assumed

based on the fol owing: 1- Friction piles need higher spacing

than bearing piles.

2- Minimum spacing (S) between
 4 Piles 5 Piles
S
S
S S
2 Piles 3 Piles S

S
7 Piles

S S
6 Piles
 S
S

S
S S
S S
8 Piles
9 Piles
 Timber is cheap relative to concrete or steel. It is 2
light, easy to handle, and readily trimmed to the 9
required length. It is very durable below ground-
water level but is liable to decay above this level.

Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types.

CHOICE OF PILE It can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as
MATERIALS insertion units in bored piles.

Steel is more expensive than timber or concrete but

this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease
of handling steel piles, by their ability to withstand
hard driving, by their resilience and strength in
bending, and their capability to carry heavy loads
 3
0
1) The depth to a stratum capable of supporting a pile.
2) The availability of materials for piles.
3) The number of piles required.
4) The driving equipment.
5) The depth and kind of water if any, above the ground
Factors Influencing
which the piles will be driven.
Choice Of Piles To Be
6) Location and type of structure.
Used For Construction
7) Types of structures adjacent to the site.
8) The size, weight of the structure.
9) The physical properties of the soil stratum on site.
10)The durability required.
11)The comparative in-place cost.
 PILE The available types include: 3
HAMMERS 1) Drop. 1
2) Single-acting steam or compressed air
(60 blows per minute).
3) Double-acting steam or compressed
air (120 blows per minute).
4) Differential-acting steam or
compressed air ( Frequency usually
between single and double).
5) Diesel ( Can operate in freezing
weather, but may fail to operate in soft
soil).
6) Hydraulic.
7) Vibratory drivers ( most effective in
driving piles into granular soils, they
operate at very high frequencies).
Typical operation of pile driving hammers
 The dropping weight or drop 3
hammer is the most commonly used 2
method of insertion of displacement
piles.
Dropping weight
(Drop
Hammer)

Variants of the simple drop hammer are the single

acting and double acting hammers. These are
mechanically driven by steam, by compressed air
or hydraulically.

Piles' dropping weight in the

 Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by 3
the diesel hammer. 3
Diesel
Hammer

This type of hammer is most suitable for driving piles

through non-cohesive granular soils where the
major resistance is from the end bearing.

Using diesel hummer in the site

 Vibratory methods of pile driving: 3
Vibratory methods can prove to be very effective in driving piles through non
cohesive granular soils. The vibration of the pile excites the soil grains adjacent to
4
the pile making the soil almost free flowing thus significantly reducing friction along
the pile shaft.

Jacking methods of insertion:

Jacked piles are most commonly used in underpinning existing
structures. By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of
pile can be inserted and jacked into the ground using the
underside of the existing structure as a reaction.

jacking method of insertion