Pile Foundations - 13-9-2022

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PILE FOUNDATIONS
Advance Foundation Engineering –II (SE-114)
-Dr. Saloni Pandya

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering
Navrachana University
• Pile is a slender structural member made of steel, concrete or wood.
• It is either driven into the soil or formed in-situ by excavating a hole and filling it
with concrete.
Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

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Necessity of Pile Foundations

 When the strata at or just below the ground surface is highly compressible and very weak to support
the load transmitted by the structure.
 When the plan of the structure is irregular relative to its outline and load distribution. It would cause
non-uniform settlement, if a shallow foundation is constructed. A pile foundation is required in this
case to reduce differential settlements.
 Pile foundations are required for transmission of structural loads through deep water to a firm stratum.
 Pile foundations are used to resist horizontal forces in addition to support the vertical loads in earth-
retaining structures and tall structures that are subjected to horizontal forces due to wind and
earthquake.
 Piles are required when the soil conditions are such that a wash out , erosion or scour of soil may
occur from underneath a shallow foundation.
 Piles are used for foundations of some structures, such as transmission towers, off-shore platforms ,
which are subjected to uplift.
 In case of expansive soils such as black cotton soil , which swell or shrink as water content changes,
piles are used to transfer the load below the active zone.
 Collapsible soils, such as loess, have a breakdown of structure accompanied by a sudden decrease in
void ratio when there is an increase in water content. Piles are used to transfer the load beyond the
zone of possible moisture changes in such soils.

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Types of Piles
Material Mode of Load transfer Method of installation Based on use

Steel Piles End Bearing Piles Driven piles Load bearing piles
Concrete Piles Friction Piles Driven and Cast-in-situ Compaction piles
Timber Piles Combined end bearing piles Tension piles
and friction piles Bored and cast-in-situ Sheet piles
Composite Piles
piles
Fender piles
Screw Piles
Anchor piles
Displacement of soil Jacked Piles
Displacement piles
Non-Displacement piles

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Screw Piles

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Indian Standards on Piles
 IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1979 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles

 IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 2 : 1979 Bored cast-in-situ piles
 IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 3 : 1979 Driven precast concrete piles
 IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 4 : 1984 Bored precast concrete piles
 IS 2911 : Part 2 : 1980 Timber piles
 IS 2911 : Part 3 : 1980 Under reamed piles
 IS 2911 : Part 4 : 1985 Load test on piles
 IS 5121 : 1969 Safety code for piling and other deep foundations
 IS 6426 : 1972 Specification for pile driving hammer
 IS 6427 : 1972 Glossary of Terms Relating to Pile Driving Equipment
 IS 6428 : 1972 Specification for pile frame
 IS 9716 : 1981 Guide for lateral dynamic load test on piles
 IS 14362 : 1996 Pile boring equipment - General requirements
 IS 14593 : 1998 Bored cast-in-situ piles founded on rocks - Guidelines
 IS 14893 : 2001 Non-Destructive Integrity Testing of Piles (NDT) - Guidelines
Load Carrying Capacity of Piles

STATIC METHODS
Qu = Qp + Qs
Where, Qu = Ultimate Failure load, Qp = Point resistance of the pile and Qs = Shaft resistance developed by
friction.
FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL
Qp = qp * Ap (qp is the ultimate bearing capacity of soil at the pile tip and Ap is the area of the pile tip.)
Qs = fs * As (fs is the unit skin friction between sand and pile surface and As is the effective surface area of the
pile in contact with the soil.
FOR COHESIVE SOIL
Qp = qp * Ap (qp is the ultimate bearing capacity of soil at the pile tip and Ap is the area of the pile tip.)
Qs = ca * As (ca is the unit adhesion developed between cohesive soil and pile surface and As is the effective
surface area of the pile in contact with the soil.

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Point Load capacity of Pile: General Bearing Capacity approach
Load
• Ultimate bearing capacity of soil considering general bearing capacity equation. Shape,
inclination, and depth factors are included in bearing capacity factors
q p u  c N c*  q N q*  0 .5  D N *
• Since pile diameter is relatively small, third term may be dropped out
q p u  c N c*  q N q*
• Hence Pile load capacity qs qs

Q p u  q p u . A p  c N c*  q N q* . A p 
qp
Point Load capacity of Pile: Meyerhof’s (1976) Method

• Granular soils (Cohesionless soils):
Point bearing capacity of pile increases with depth in sands and reaches its maximum at an embedment ratio
L/D = (L/D)cr. Therefore, the point load capacity of pile is
Q p u  A p . q . N q*  A p . q u l
q u l  0 .5 Pa N q* t a n   Pa  A t m o s p h e r ic p r e s s u r e
– (L/D)cr value typically ranges from 15D for loose to medium sand to 20D for dense sands.
– Correlation of limiting point resistance with SPT value
L
q u l  0 .4  N    4 Pa  N  
D
N“ value shall be taken as an average for a zone ranging from 10D above to 4D below the pile point.
qu = unconfined
• Saturated Clays: compression strength = =>
Cu = undrained cohesion  Cu = qu/2
Q p u  N c .c u . A p  9 .c u . A p
*
UC test or Vane shear test Su = cu

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Methods of determination of unit skin friction in Cohesionless

soils
• The unit skin friction for the straight-sided pile depends upon the soil pressure acting
normal to the pile surface and the coefficient of friction between the soil and pile
material
• Soil pressure normal to vertical pile  Horizontal pressure (h)
h = K v
• K = earth pressure coefficient ; v = Effective vertical pressure at that depth
• The unit skin friction (fs) acting at any depth :

fs = K v tan  (tan  = coefficient of friction between sand and pile material)

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GL
Z
Area of vertical stress diagram = 0.5 * Z2
The above equation can be written as:
The ultimate load for the pile can be written as: (Cohesionless
soils)

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• Load i.e. coming on pile
• Tentative dimensions of pile
• See the soil investigation data  Cohesionless or Cohesive  Near by depth rock or very dense soil  Point
bearing piles or
Friction piles  neither deep nor shallow  Both
Ultimate load carrying capacity of pile (QU) (using soil data, end bearing or friction and tentative dimensions)
Fos = Qu / Q(pile load from superstructure) > 4  Dimensions selected ; load transfer mechanism selected is
absolutely correct
Example 1: A concrete pile, 30 cm diameter is driven into a medium dense sand ( = 35),  = 21
kPa and K = 1.0, tan  =0.70, for a depth of 8 m. Estimate the safe load, taking a FOS
= 2.50. Also, Determine the safe load for the pile, if the water table rises to 2m below
the ground surface. Take w = 10 kN/m3.
Dia = 0.3 m Qu = Q p + Q s
 = 35 deg
 = 21 kN/m3 Qp = qp * Ap
Pile is driven from the G L to a depth = 8 m
Fos = 2.5
K = 1.0  K = 1- sin 
Tan  = 0.70   = Coefficient of friction between soil and pile

material   = 2/3 
Driven Pile
Medium dense sand  Cohesionless soil
It is End bearing as well as friction

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Qp = qp * Ap
q p u  c N c*  q N q*
8m

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2m
8m

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Methods of determination of unit skin friction in Cohesive

soils
The skin resistance (Qs) of the pile can be expressed as:
Value of 
consistency of clay
ca = unit adhesion developed between clay and pile shaft
NC soils and soils
having cu < 50 kN/m2; unit adhesion (ca) is related to unit cohesion by :
=1
OC soils ;  = 0.3
For D  25 m ; above method is very conservation for such cases unit skin friction depends upon over
burden pressure (Vijayvergia and Focht Method)
= friction capacity factor; v = mean effective overburden pressure for the embedment length ;
c = undrained cohesion (obtained from UC test)

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IS 2911 Part I Section 3 Clause B2
Range of Adhesion Factor ()

SPT (N) Consistency cohesion
(kN/m2) Driven Bored
<4 Soft to very soft 1 to 25 > 1.0 Reduce the
4 to 8 Medium Stiff 25 to 50 0.7 – 0.4 driven values by
factor 0.8
8 to 15 Stiff 50 to 100 0.4 – 0.3
 15 Stiff to hard  100 0.3 – 0.25
0.5
If   1, then   0.5 0.5
(c /  v )
If  > 1, then   0.5 0.25
For bored piles the value of  as obtained above is to be multiplied by 0.8
Correction for pile length as affecting Adhesion in clays (F)

• Tomlinson has explained that research in offshore piles has shown that the two important factors that
influence adhesion in heavily loaded piles driven to deep penetration in clays are the following :
1. The over consolidation ratio of the soil as already explained.
2. The slenderness or aspect ratio (also called length L/B ratio).
The effect of the length factor F has been found to be as follows:-

F =1 for L/B  50
F = 0.7 for L/B  120
Intermediate values can be assumed to be linear. The following formula will give the adhesion between shaft of
pile and clay in terms of the two factors,  and F.
Qi = (Fc)*Asi

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Example 2: A 30 cm diameter concrete pile is driven into a homogeneous consolidated clay

deposit (cu = 40kPa,  =0.7). If the embedded length is 10 m estimate the safe load. (FOS =
2.5)

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Capacity of piles in c- soil by static formula

IS 2911 does not recommend any specific static formula for the load carrying capacity of piles in soils with c-
values. Using the fundamental properties with such soils, it is customary to use one of the following methods.
Method 1: If the soil has small value of  treat it as purely cohesive soil. Similarly if the cohesion is small and  is
large than treat the soil as being cohesionless.
Method 2: Where the soil has large values of both c and  (as for a true c -  soil), we should use the conservative
Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors to determine the load carrying capacity.
Qu = [ cNc+vbNq+0.5DN] * Ap + (c + Kvi tan)* Asi
Where, Nc, Nq, N = Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors

vb; v = effective overburden pressure of base and pile shaft, irrespective of the critical depth.
Allowable Load (Qall)
• Qall = Qu / FOS
• The factor of safety to be used in the static formula should depend on many factors such as
the following :
─ Reliability of soil parameters used for calculations
─ The manner in which load is transferred to the soil
─ The importance of the structure
─ Allowable total and differential settlement tolerated by the structure.
• FOS = 2.5 to 4 ; depending upon the uncertainties involved in the computation of ultimate
load
• Acc to IS: 2911-1979; the minimum factor of safety on the static formula shall be 2.5.

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Negative Skin Friction
Qu = Qu - Qnsf
Qu = net ultimate load

Qnsf = negative skin friction
 The soil layer surrounding a portion of

pile shaft settles more than the pile, a
downward drag occurs on the pile. The
drag is known as negative skin friction.
 It imposes an extra downward load on

the pile due to increase in the skin
friction

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Site conditions where negative skin friction could occur (IS 2911, Part I, Sec 3)
 When the pile is installed in a fill, which will undergo consolidation
 In the soil which will be disturbed or remoulded thoroughly during the pile installation.
 In piles installed in soft clay with surcharge loading on it.
 In soils where lowering or variation of ground water can occur, thus leading to significant settlement of
soil strata around the pile.
 In cases where the piles are driven through a strata of soft clay into firmer soils and the soft clay tends to
settle relative to the pile.
 In piles in a clay stratum which undergoes shrinkage settlement.
As negative skin friction is due to consolidation, it takes place slowly and increases with time. Hence, its
effects are not felt in pile load tests.
Sleeve
If a large amount of downward drag on the pile is anticipated  A protective
sleeve or coating for the section which is surrounded by settling soil.

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DYNAMIC FORMULAE
 The Load carrying capacity of a driven pile can be estimated from the resistance against penetration
developed during driving operation.
 The methods is accurate for free draining sands and hard clays
 The dynamic formulae are based on the assumption that the kinetic energy delivered by the hammer
during driving operation is equal to the work done on the pile.
W h h = R x S
W = Weight of hammer (kN), h = height of ram drop (cm), h = efficiency of pile hammer, R = pile resistance
(kN) and S = pile penetration per blow or set (cm)
Engineering News Record Formula
The ultimate load is given by:
C = 2.54 (Drop Hammer) and C = 0.254 cm (Steam Hammer)
h = 0.75 (Single acting hammer); 0.85 (Double acting hammer); 0.80 to 0.90 (Diesel hammer)
W x h = En (rated energy of hammer)
The factor of safety of 6 is usually recommended.

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Hiley Formula
The coefficient of
restitution (COR), also
denoted by (e), is the ratio of
the final to initial relative
velocity between two objects
after they collide.
In order that the top of the pile is not damaged during

driving it is protected by packing material, generally
layers of hard wood, over which is placed a steel cap or
dolly.
Anvil is the bottom part of a hammer that receives the impact

of the ram and transmits the energy to the pile.

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Simplex Formula For Friction Piles

• The skin friction component also of the pile capacity is introduced into an empirical expression in the
simplex formula by measuring the total hammer blows for the full driving of the pile. The formula is
expressed as:-
 N  WH L
R   P x x
 L  2.54  s 2.36
• R = ultimate driving resistance in kN

• Np = total number of blows to drive the pile
• L = length of the pile
• W = weight of the hammer, kN
• H = height of free fall in meters
• s = average set.
Dynamic Pile Formula: Janbu Formula
1 WH
RU 
kU s Units: kN and m.
RU Ultimate capacity (FS)

 Efficiency factor (0.7 to 0.4, depending on driving conditions)
 .W .H

kU  Cd 1  1  c Cd  Cd  0.75  0.15  P W  c 
A.E.S 2
W Weight of hammer/ram
P Weight of pile
H Height of free fall in meters.
 Hammer fall efficiency as mentioned for modified Hiley’s formula
A Area of pile
E Elastic modulus of pile
s Set per blow
L Length of pile 44

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Example 1:
A precast concrete pile (35 cm x 35 cm) is driven by a single acting steam hammer. Estimate the allowable load using
(a) Engineering News Record Formula (FOS = 6); (b) Hiley Formula (FOS= 4). Use following information given
below.

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Example 2:
A 400 x 400 mm R.C. pile 20 m long weighing 74 kN is driven as a bearing pile with a set of 30 mm for last 10
blows using a drop hammer 30 kN in weight falling through 1.5 m. Determine the capacity of the pile assuming a
weight of dolly, helmet, packing is 4 kN. Hammer is single acting and efficiency is 0.9. Use Janbu formula.
1 WH
RU 
kU s
Example 3:
A 300 mm dia. 20 m long pile is driven by a 3.75 ton hammer with a drop of 1 m. The total number of blows for 20 m
penetration is 550 and the last penetration reading was 60 blows for 1 m penetration. Estimate the capacity of the pile
use Simplex formula for friction piles.

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GROUP ACTION OF PILES

 Structural loads are supported by various piles acting as a group
 The loads are transferred to the pile group through a reinforced concrete slab
 structurally tied to the pile tops  such that piles act as a single unit
 Slab  PILE CAP
 Load carrying capacity of piles  Sum of capacity of each piles
 It’s a function of space between the piles
 When the piles are placed at sufficient distance apart, the group capacity
may approach the sum of individual piles
 If the piles are closely placed  Stresses transmitted by the piles may
overlap  reduces the load carrying capacity of piles
The spacing between piles The centre to centre

is selected in such a distance between 2.5 B
manner that the 100% to 3.5 B; where , B is the
efficiency is reached. diameter of the pile.
Overlapping
of
transmitted
stresses
The efficiency of a group of piles is equal to the ratio of the ultimate load of the group to the sum of
individual ultimate loads.

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PILE GROUP IN SAND AND GRAVEL

DRIVEN PILES
End bearing piles:
For spacing greater than or equal to 3B
For spacing less than 3B, the group capacity would be evaluated for the block of piles.
Friction piles:
Group efficiency of friction piles in sand is obtained from the following expression:
If the centre to centre spacing is large, the group efficiency (g) may be more than 100%. The piles will behave as
individual piles.
If g is less than 100%;
The group efficiency can also be obtained from converse- Lebarre equation given below:
BORED PILES:
For bored piles in sand at conventional spacing of 3B the group efficiency is taken as 2/3 or ¾ times the sum of
individual capacities for both the end-bearing and friction piles. Thus,

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PILE GROUP IN CLAYS
The lesser of the two values is the actual capacity

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 
Q p u  q p u . A p  c N c*  q N q* . A p

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SETTLEMENT OF PILE GROUPS
COHESIONLESS SOILS
(A) Skempton’s method
Sg – Settlement of group
S0 – Settlement of
individual pile
Curve can be used for

driven and bored both
the piles

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COHESIONLESS SOILS
(B)Meyerhof’s Method
For the elastic settlement of pile
COHESIVE SOILS
Generally 2: 1 distribution is assumed from the level at which load acts. 2/3 D  Frictional Piles
and pile tip end bearing piles
In the combine action the frictional component is assumed to act at 2/3 D and bearing component at
the tip.

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For 2: 1 distribution the stress increase at the middle of the each layer is calculated as :
Where, i = qi
END BEARING PILES G.L
Silty Sand
Silty Sand
1 zi
Hi
2
Clay
Rock

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Example : A group of friction piles of 30 cm diameter is subjected to a net load of 2000 kN, as shown in the figure
below. Estimate the consolidation settlement.

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Load Tests on Piles
Note:
Piles used for initial testing are loaded to failure or at least twice the design
load. Such piles are generally not used in the final construction.

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Load Tests on Piles
 During this test pile should be loaded upto one and half times the working (design) load and the
maximum settlement of the test should not exceed 12 mm.
 These piles may be used in the final construction
Pile Load Test

 The most reliable method for pile load capacity
evaluation
 The distance between anchor piles and test piles

should be 3B or 2.5 m.
 Test is conducted after rest period of 3 Days (after

installation of test piles) for cohesionless soils and
1 month in silts and clays
 Load is applied in increments of 20% of the

allowable load
 Settlements are recorded by three dial gauges
 Under each load increment the settlements are

recorded at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 60
minutes.

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Safe load is load at which the total settlement is 10% of the pile diameter
Gross settlement should not be more than 25mm.

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MINIMUM SPACING OF PILES
IS 2911 Part I Sec. 2 (1979) Clause 5.6, gives the following as the minimum spacing of piles to
be adopted in practice in terms of d, the diameter of the pile.
1. Bearing piles (general) 2.5 d
2. Bearing piles on rock 2.0 d
3. Friction piles 3.0 d
The Norwegian Code of Practice recommends the following values for spacing of piles.

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Methods to Determine Lateral Strength of Piles
Some of the theoretical and empirical methods used to determine the lateral capacity of piles are
given below.
Method 1: Use of active and passive earth pressure theories. It is applicable only to short piles undergoing rigid rotation.
Also as the movement necessary for mobilizing full passive pressures is large, the results should be used with sufficient
safety factor. This method gives ultimate values.
Method 2: Use of modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction theory. We can either form closed form solutions or solve
each problem by computer methods. However as coefficient of subgrade reaction of the soil is not a fundamental property
of the soil, the results should be used with judgement. This method gives elastic analysis.
Method 3: Use of elastic continuum theory applied to soils. Because of the complexity of the problem, it can be solved
satisfactory only by computer. Due to the difficulty of determining the exact soil properties results of this method should be
verified by field tests.
Method 4: Empirical methods. These methods combine the results of method 2 and also the experimental data obtained
from laboratory/field tests to obtain readymade charts for design. Charts published by IS and Broms belong to this
category.

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Laterally Loaded Piles:IS-2911
Laterally Loaded Piles:IS-2911
78

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IS 2911 METHOD FOR LATERAL RESISTANCE OF PILES
A non-dimensional quantity called Relative Stiffness Factor to predict the behavior of piles.
Case 1: Where the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is constant along the depth as in over consolidated clays they
recommended factor R.
Case 2: Where the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction increases with depth as in sand deposits and in normally
consolidated clays, they recommended factor T.

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IS 2911 Part I /Sec. 3 —Appendix D classifies piles as follows (This is similar to Broms method)
 Free headed piles (piles unrestrained at the top)
 Fixed headed piles or restrained piles connected to pile caps at the top.
 Each of these piles can be again classified as long piles and short piles depending on their relative stiffness
factors.
 While the short piles unrestrained at top fail by rotation as a rigid body about a centre of rotation, the same pile, when restrained at the top is
assumed to fail by translation .
 As regards long piles, both restrained and unrestrained piles behave as an elastic beam member as the lower end cannot rotate but is fixed in
position.
 Hence in the case of long piles the failure will be by fracture of the pile at the point of maximum moment or by shear. However, while the
free end of an unrestrained long pile acts as a cantilever, the fixed end long pile acts as a fixed beam, with both ends fixed, developing
moments both at top and bottom. Accordingly, the maximum moment developed in the long restrained pile will be only one half that of the
cantilever.

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Laterally Loaded Piles: Stiffness Factors
83
Criteria for classification of piles into short rigid piles or long elastic
piles
• If L ≤ 2T or ≤ 2R, the pile is short and rigid; (L/T or L/R ≤ 2).
• If L ≥ 4T or ≥ 3.5R, the pile is long and elastic; (L/T ≥ 4 or L/R ≥ 3.5).
• If L > 5T or > 4.5R, the pile is definitely long; (L/T > 5 or L/R > 4.5).
• The intermediate cases indicate the behavior between the two.
• For constant soil modulus, free head L = 3.5R and fixed head L = 2R
• For linearly increasing soil modulus, free head L = 4T and fixed head L = 2T
• The method described in IS 2911 is applicable for long piles only.

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Laterally Loaded Piles: IS-2911: Depth of Fixity
The IS method is
suitable only for
relatively small
lateral loads
acting on long
piles.
Taking e as the length

above ground level, we
enter e/R or e/T and read
off zf /R or zf /T from
the diagram. It gives the
value zf the depth of
fixity.
85
Calculation of ultimate value of H

• The ultimate value of the lateral load H should be either the maximum resistance that can be offered
by the soil or the ultimate moment of resistance of the pile, whichever is the lesser of the two.
• For long piles in IS 2911 method the ultimate value of H is taken as the load at which the moment of
the pile is equal to its ultimate moment capacity

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Laterally Loaded Piles:

IS-2911: Reduction
Factors for Moment
Calculation
87
Deflection of pile at ground level
• For long piles in which the lateral resistance is high, it will be as follows as given in
IS 2911.
• y = H(e + z)3/3EI for free head pile as a cantilever
= H(e + z)3/12EI for fixed head pile

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Brom’s Charts

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Ultimate lateral resistance of short piles in Cohesive soils (Type 1 soils)
For short piles for type 1 soils:
The ultimate lateral resistance is related to

embedded length.
K = modulus of subgrade reaction in MN/m3
Ultimate lateral resistance of long piles on Cohesive (Type 1) soils
The ultimate lateral resistance is related to the ultimate

resistance moment of the pile, whose ultimate moment of
resistance is MU.

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Lateral deflection at ground level for piles in Cohesive (Type 1) soils under working loads
Chart for estimating the ultimate lateral resistance of short piles in Cohesionless Soils (Type 2 soils)
The ultimate lateral resistance related to the

embedded length.
 = unit weight of soil.

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Chart for estimating the ultimate lateral resistance of long piles in Type 2 (Cohesionless soils)
Ultimate lateral resistance related to

the ultimate moment of resistance of
piles.
Note : Unless very refined values are needed,

we usually assume that the lateral resistance of
a group of piles is equal to a multiple of the
strength of a single pile.
Chart for estimating the lateral deflection at ground level of piles in Type 2 (granular) soils under working loads
Lateral deflection yo at ground

surface of horizontally loaded
pile

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Example A:
A 300 mm square wooden pile is driven 5 m below ground level in pre-loaded clay. The load to be applied is 1 m above the
ground. Determine the ultimate load that can be applied on a pile with MU = 100 kN-m. Assume Kh = 15 MN/m2, E = 10 x 102
MN/m2, and cohesion of clay = 1 kg/cm2.
Example B:
A concrete pile 900 mm diameter and 6 m long is installed in a clay soil with cohesion, 1.2 kg/cm2 (N value 12). Estimate the
ultimate lateral resistance if the load is applied at a point situated at 4 m above the ground level. Assume K1 = 25.0 MN/m3 and
Ec = 26 kN/mm2. If the allowable deflection at ground level is only 25 mm, estimate the load that it can take.

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Thank you

114)_NUV_Autumn 2022 50

Pile Foundations - 13-9-2022

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9/14/2022

-Dr. Saloni Pandya

• Pile is a slender structural member made of steel, concrete or wood.

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Necessity of Pile Foundations

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Material Mode of Load transfer Method of installation Based on use

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Indian Standards on Piles

 IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1979 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles

Load Carrying Capacity of Piles

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Point Load capacity of Pile: General Bearing Capacity approach

Point Load capacity of Pile: Meyerhof’s (1976) Method

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Methods of determination of unit skin friction in Cohesionless

• The unit skin friction (fs) acting at any depth :

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Area of vertical stress diagram = 0.5 * Z2

The above equation can be written as:

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

• Load i.e. coming on pile

• Tentative dimensions of pile

Tan  = 0.70   = Coefficient of friction between soil and pile

Medium dense sand  Cohesionless soil

It is End bearing as well as friction

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Methods of determination of unit skin friction in Cohesive

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

IS 2911 Part I Section 3 Clause B2

Range of Adhesion Factor ()

For bored piles the value of  as obtained above is to be multiplied by 0.8

Correction for pile length as affecting Adhesion in clays (F)

The effect of the length factor F has been found to be as follows:-

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Example 2: A 30 cm diameter concrete pile is driven into a homogeneous consolidated clay

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Capacity of piles in c- soil by static formula

Qu = [ cNc+vbNq+0.5DN] * Ap + (c + Kvi tan)* Asi

Where, Nc, Nq, N = Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors

Allowable Load (Qall)

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Negative Skin Friction

Qu = net ultimate load

 The soil layer surrounding a portion of

 It imposes an extra downward load on

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

 When the pile is installed in a fill, which will undergo consolidation

 In piles installed in soft clay with surcharge loading on it.

 In piles in a clay stratum which undergoes shrinkage settlement.

If a large amount of downward drag on the pile is anticipated  A protective

sleeve or coating for the section which is surrounded by settling soil.

Advance Foundation Engineering -II (SE-

Engineering News Record Formula

The ultimate load is given by:

C = 2.54 (Drop Hammer) and C = 0.254 cm (Steam Hammer)

W x h = En (rated energy of hammer)