Why slime molds are belonged to protozoa kingdom?

-Because of unusual morphology. At some stages in their cycle, they show clearly protozoa
characteristics such as non-phototrophic, eukaryotic microorganism with no cell wall and mobility, but at
some stages they exhibit fungal characteristic.
Why slime molds are not fungi?
-Slime molds hunt and eat other smaller cells such as bacteria, yeasts, and other fungi that live on dead
plant material, they can motile which also do not form hyphae. They do not cell wall and chitin
How to classify slime molds?
-On morphology characteristics
+Acellular: Forming masses of protoplasm +Cellular: Forming fruiting body
Describe 1 application of algae? Agae biodiesel
-Because of the high lipid content and rapid biomass production. Algae has been recognized as potentially
good source of biodiesel production. They can cultivated with minimal impact on fresh water resources.
They can be produced using waste and ocean water. They are biodegradable and harmless to the
environment even if spilled.
Why wastewaters must be treated before being discard into water body?
_If wastewater is not properly treated, the environment and human’s health can be negatively impacted
including:
+Harm to fish and wildlife populations. +Oxygen depletion
+Beach closures and other restrictions on recreational water use
+Destruction of other forms of aquatic life.
+Destriction on fish and shellfish havesting. +Contamination of drinking water.
How microorganisms are used for wastewater treatment?
_Microorganism can remove pollutants in wastewater by 2 methods:
+Aerobic digestion: is used for the purification of waste water into more useful environmentally and
friendly effluent. The process involves trillion of bacteria which rely on oxygen to survive and multiply.
Microbes digest organic waste by stealing its oxygen and altering the chemical makeup of the material
into a less environmentally damaging matter.
+Anaerobic digestion: is a biological fermetation of organic matter. Organic materials are converted into
biogas, which help to reduce pollutants and contaminants from the water. Anaerobic treatments are used
to alter the chemical composition of the organic material found in wastewater to make it more
environmentally and friendly.
Describe an application of this bacterium in agriculture?
Bacillus thurigiensis is a gram - positive, soil dwelling, spore forming, rod shape bacteria. Bacterium Bt
produces protein, delta-endotoxin that is toxic to insects in orders Lepidoptera, Colcoptera (beetles) .
Bt toxin in form of powder used as insecticide spray -> applied to leaves where larvae feed on.
Mod of action:
-Insect eats Bt erystals and bacterial spores. Bt erystals dissolve at high pH in insect gut.
-Toxin binds to specific receptors in gut and insects stops eating.
-Toxin causes the gut wall to break down. allowing spores and normal gut bacteria to enter the body.
-Insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body.
Describe an application of microbes in pharmaceutical science?
_Probiotics increase good bacteria in your digestive system to fight off infection in the gastrointestial
tract. Latic acid bacteria (LAR) can affect pathogen by competitive inhibition, improve the health T cells
which plays a central role in the immune respone and increse ability of these blood cells to destroy
harmful bacteria. Some strains of probiotics help improve phagocytic capacity, a innate immune
mechanism.
Describe some food and beverages which is made from microbes or by using microbes?
-Fresh milk is pasteurized to kill unwanted microorganisms
-Addition of starter bacterial culture to make coagulation of milk proteins which contains curd and whey.
-Disposal of liquid whey as waste product.
-Curd is production of unprocessed cheese.
-Cutting curd by processing, addition of secondary microbial culture and aging.
_The conversion of milk into solid mass of precipitated milk protein and fats relies on lactic acid bacteria.
These bacteria are able to ferment the carbonhydrates found in the milk, releasing lactic acid in the
process. The lactic acid causes the protein dissolved in the milk to precipitate or come out of solution. In
ripening or aging, bacteria added to curds to develop the characteristic tastes and texture of individual
cheese.
Wine making process:
-Preparation of must by stemming and crushing of grapes -> sterilize by O2
-Addition of starter culture of yeast and bacteria. -Fermentation of must alone into wine.
-Clarification of wine. -Aging of wine to kill yeast cells. -Bottling of wine.
Why viruses are neither pro nor eu? Describe an application of virus ?
_Because they lack the characteristic of ling thing, except the ability to replicate. They are unable to
independently reproduce without the host cell or the usual method of cell division.
_Application: in argriculture:
+Modification and gentic engineering method can be used to make modified genomes that can be carried
into plants and animals by viruses acting as vectors or vehicles. This method can lead to more productive
transgenic animals and plants.
Differentiate Algae, Protozoa, Fungi.

 Algae:
- Photosynthetic: have 4 kinds of photosynthetic pigments, many accessory pigments – blue, red,
brown, gold.
- Habitat: require moist enviroment because of lack a waxy cuticle (prevent water loss in terrestrial
plants)
- Cell structure: -> unicellular (single cell): mostly microscopic
 Multicellular: macroscopic
- Cell wall: mainly composed of cellulose, some has salica.
- Lack of vascular (conducting) tissue – oxylem and phloem
- Both sexual and asexual reproduction
 Protozoa:
- Cannot photosynthesize
- Motile
- Lack of cell wall
- Do not have mycelia -> vegetative structure
- Distinguished from: -> prokaryote by their greater size and eukaryotic nature
 Yeast and other fungi by mobility and lack of cell wall
 Algae by their lack of photosynthesize
- Heterotroph: can’t produce CO2 or its own food, take nutrition from eating smaller
microorganism into their body and degrade by phagocytosis
 Fungi:
- Habitat: + live in terrestrial ecosystem, decayed plant material
+ aquatic ecosystem
+ The air
- Cell structure: fruiting body formation
- Cell wall: consist of polysaccharide (chitin, mannan) small amount of proteins and lipids
- Sexual and asexual spores.

4 types of algae:
1.Diatoms
Commercial uses: Diatomaceous earth: used for filtering water because diatoms can absorb pollutants.
2.Dinoflagellates
3.Red Algae
CU: +Carrageenan extracted from edible seaweeds (making ice cream,jellies,breads)
+ Agar for growing microorganisms laboratory
4. Brown
Cu:Iodine, plant fertilizers, ethanol production, algin- a thickening agent
5. Green
Cu: high lipid and protein content => food sources for biodiesel production, functional food