1) The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals

A) enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.
B) enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids.
C) enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids.
D) makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell.
E) makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders.

2) According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement
about membrane phospholipids?
A) They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
B) They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.
C) They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the
membrane.
D) They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.
E) They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

3) Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain
fluid when it is extremely cold?
A) by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane
B) by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
C) by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane
D) by cotransport of glucose and hydrogen
E) by using active transport

4) The primary function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell
membranes is
A) to facilitate diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients.
B) to actively transport molecules against their concentration gradients.
C) to maintain the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane.
D) to maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures.
E) to mediate cell-to-cell recognition.

5) The cell membranes of Antarctic ice fish might have which of the following adaptations?
A) very long chain fatty acids
B) branched isoprenoid lipids
C) a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
D) a higher percentage of trans-fatty acids
E) no cholesterol

6) Cell membranes are asymmetrical. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
A) The cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as
epithelium.
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B) Cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another.
C) The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.
D) The "innerness" and "outerness" of membrane surfaces are predetermined by genes.
E) Proteins can only be associated with the cell membranes on the cytoplasmic side.

7) Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

A) It is a peripheral membrane protein.
B) It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
C) It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function.
D) It works against diffusion.
E) It has few, if any, hydrophobic amino acids.

8) Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most
rapidly?
A) CO2
B) an amino acid
C) glucose
D) K+
E) starch

9) Water passes quickly through cell membranes because

A) the bilayer is hydrophilic.
B) it moves through hydrophobic channels.
C) water movement is tied to ATP hydrolysis.
D) it is a small, polar, charged molecule.
E) it moves through aquaporins in the membrane.

10) Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks
left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery
stalks are
A) hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
B) hypertonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
C) hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.
D) hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution.
E) isotonic with fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.

11) In which of the following would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation?
A) an animal connective tissue cell bathed in isotonic body fluid
B) cells of a tidepool animal such as an anemone
C) a red blood cell surrounded by plasma
D) a lymphocyte before it has been taken back into lymph fluid
E) a plant being grown hydroponically (in a watery mixture of designated nutrients)

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12) When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what
is likely to occur?
A) The cell will burst.
B) The cell membrane will lyse.
C) Plasmolysis will shrink the interior.
D) The cell will become flaccid.
E) The cell will become turgid.

13) The phosphate transport system in bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the
concentration of phosphate outside the cell is much lower than the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration.
Phosphate import depends on a pH gradient across the membrane–more acidic outside the cell than
inside the cell. Phosphate transport is an example of
A) passive diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) cotransport.

14) Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels

A) down their chemical gradients.
B) down their concentration gradients.
C) down the electrical gradients.
D) down their electrochemical gradients.
E) down the osmotic potential gradients.

15) The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that

A) pinocytosis brings only water molecules into the cell, but receptor-mediated endocytosis brings in
other molecules as well.
B) pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane whereas receptor-mediated
endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area.
C) pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated
endocytosis offers more selectivity.
D) pinocytosis requires cellular energy, but receptor-mediated endocytosis does not.
E) pinocytosis can concentrate substances from the extracellular fluid, but receptor-mediated
endocytosis cannot.

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The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and
glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B
is half-filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

16) Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is
A) hypotonic.
B) plasmolyzed.
C) isotonic.
D) saturated.
E) hypertonic.

17) After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?
A) The molarity of sucrose and glucose are equal on both sides.
B) The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than in side B.
C) The water level is higher in side A than in side B.
D) The water level is unchanged.
E) The water level is higher in side B than in side A.

18) Based on the figure above, which of these experimental treatments would increase the rate of
sucrose transport into the cell?
A) decreasing extracellular sucrose concentration
B) decreasing extracellular pH
C) decreasing cytoplasmic pH
D) adding an inhibitor that blocks the regeneration of ATP

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E) adding a substance that makes the membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions

19) Testosterone functions inside a cell by

A) acting as a signal receptor that activates tyrosine kinases.
B) binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes.
C) acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion channel proteins.
D) becoming a second messenger that inhibits adenylyl cyclase.
E) coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases spermatogenesis.

20) Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of
phosphate groups to proteins?
A) G protein-coupled receptor signaling
B) ligand-gated ion channel signaling
C) adenylyl cyclase activity
D) phosphatase activity
E) receptor tyrosine kinase activity

21) Which of the following statements is true of signal molecules?

A) When signal molecules first bind to receptor tyrosine kinases, the receptors phosphorylate a number
of nearby molecules.
B) In response to some G protein-mediated signals, a special type of lipid molecule associated with the
plasma membrane is cleaved to form IP3 and calcium.
C) In most cases, signal molecules interact with the cell at the plasma membrane and then enter the cell
and eventually the nucleus.
D) Toxins such as those that cause botulism and cholera interfere with the ability of activated G proteins
to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, resulting in phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of an appropriate signal
molecule.
E) Protein kinase A activation is one possible result of signal molecules binding to G protein-coupled
receptors.

22) A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in
which of the following?
A) lower cytoplasmic levels of cAMP
B) an increase in receptor tyrosine kinase activity
C) a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes
D) an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration
E) a decrease in G protein activity

23) Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect
only target cells because
A) only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
B) intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
C) most cells lack the Y chromosome required.
D) only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone.
E) only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to activated
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transcription factor.

24) Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except
A) regulation of transcription by extracellular signaling molecules.
B) enzyme activation.
C) activation of G protein-coupled receptors.
D) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
E) activation of protein kinase molecules.