ISLAM - (Conceived of as) having no name, it is the Originator of Heaven and

- supremely elegant religion Earth; (conceived of as) having no name, it is the Mother of all things
- It celebrates spiritual dimension of life - Impersonal
- The doctrine is philosophical yet easily understood - Cannot be moved by prayers or sacrifices
- 3rd Abrahamic R Monotheistic Triumvirate - Relentlessly flowing
- Judaism (Isaac) - Christianity - Islam (Ishmael) - When disregarded, humans and societies suffer
- If one allow himself/herself to be yielded by the Tao, there is harmony
- Islam should be the primordial and terminal religion
SACRED TEXT
Primordial religion - Existing from the beginning of time Tao Te Ching is the sacred text of Taoism
- We all go back to the God who created everything because he is - Composed of 81 chapters - Translated into poetic form
the God who was, and is, and is to come - The second most influential piece in Chinese literature, next to
Analects
Terminal religion - It is the final religion
- It will clarify all theological issues caused by Judaism and Christianity TAO TE CHING:
II: Nourishment of the Person
Ishmael 4. All things spring up, and there is not one which declines show itself;
- descendants are called Arab - arab ≠ muslim they grow, and there is no claim made for their ownership; they go
- Middle East ( but sila ang unang muslims) through their processes, and there is no expectation (of a reward for the
- Indonesia (200M ang Muslim; 247M ang population) = 13% result). The work is accomplished, and there is no resting in it (as an
achievement).
MUHAMMAD III: Keeping the People at Rest
- Mecca - Holy City (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) - 570 CE(AD) 1. Not to value and employ men of superior ability is the way to keep the
- prophet -> God = Allah (Arabic) people from rivalry among themselves; not to prize articles which are
-Yahweh (Hebrew) - Elohim (Aramaic - Old Hebrew) difficult to procure is the way to keep them from being thieves; not to
- “Seal of the Prophet” last prophet na sinabihan ni Allah show them what is likely to excite their desires is the way to keep their
minds from disorder.
4 Attributes to Allah
1. Omnipotent - all powerful XII: The Repression of the Desires
2. Omniscient - all knowing 2. Therefore the sage seeks to satisfy (the craving of) the belly, and not
3. Omnipresent - present all at the same time the (insatiable longing of the) eyes. He puts from him the latter, and
4. Omnibenevolent - all loving prefers to seek the former.

Succesors
- Caliph (Khalifa) : succesor XIII: Loathing Shame
1. Abu Bakr 1. Favor and disgrace would seem equally to be feared(1)
2. Ali Ibn Abi Abi Talib 2. What is meant by speaking thus of favor and disgrace? Disgraces is
3. Uthman being in a low position (after the enjoyment of favor). The getting of
4. 4. Umar Ibn Al-Kathab (favor) leads to the apprehension (of losing it), and the losing of it leads
to the fear of (still greater calamity)
Qur’an / Koran
- sacred text of Islam: literal word of Allah DOCTRINES
- orig translation is in arabic 1. Taoism asserts that all striving for human achievement is foolish
- 114 chapters ( suras ) - verses called ayahs because it does not last.
- short chapters are called Meccan surahs while the longer chapters are 2. The seeking of pomp and glory, which usually causes disharmony in
called Medinan surahs society, is to be despised.
- last in series of revelations of God: Torah – New Testament – Qur’an 3. Education is perceived as a corruption of thr innate goodness of
* Hadith - record ng buhay ni Mohammad human beings.
4. When one does not struggle to acquire power and wealth, one can
5 Pillars simply focus on enjoying the pleasures of life.
1. Shahadah - creed
- “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger” “Therefore, life is to be lived as simply and as quietly as possible, the
- 1 st sentence to be whispered to a newborn baby ideal state characterized by childlike innocence”.
2. Salat - prayer (6am, 12nn, 3pm, 6pm, 9pm) - intercession
3. Zakat - alm’s giving - 2.5% of liquid assets WU WEI 无为
4. Sawm - Ramadan (9th month of Islamic Calendar) 1. A lifestyle that emphasizes quietism and pacifism
5. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca atleast once in a lifetime 2. Spontaneous transformation or letting things take their own course
3. Unforced action or unforced living
2 Major Denomination 4. Thru Wu Wei, people are able to achieve more compared to those
1. Sunni - Abu Bakr who assert themselves
- 89.90% - thru election
2. Shi’a - Ali Ibn Abi Talib LAW OF REVERSION
- 10% - blood relative 1. Reversion of forces is a dynamic law of the Tao
2. When a thing reaches one extreme, it reverts from it
THE WAY OF THE TAO I Taoism 3. In psychology, it is called Enantiodromia.

YIN AND YANG CONFUCIANISM

- Yang is the positive force in nature manifested in light, warmth,
dryness, and maleness
- Yin is the negative force in nature manifested in darkness,
coldness, dampness, and femaleness
THE TAO
- The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao.
- The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging
name
HISTORY
1. The founder was named Kong Fuzi (Lord/Master Kong), which
Western missionaries and scholars Latinized as Confucius.
2. He came from an aristocratic family.
3. His family became poor when his father died.
- Though having a limited financial resources, his mother was able to
provide him an education
- He had burning desire for knowledge. Consequently, he educated
himself by reading a lot
- When he became a teacher, he emphasized good education for good 1. Man is innately good
government 2. We learn best thru example
3. People become evil because of bad example and poor leadership
- During his late teens, he became a minor local government functionary
- In his fifties, he was appointed as governor of Zhongdu province
- In less than a year, he was promoted as Minister of Criminal Justice Junzi (Jun Tzu) – gentleman, a model human being
Xiaoren – narcissistic, narrow-minded person
- He died being disenchanted with his own life, believing that he had not
made an impact in the world Zhengming is the knowledge and use of proper designations of people
- His followers, due to his claim, went throughout the Chinese empire to in a web of interrelationships
be advisers to rulers - it acknowledges “five lasting relationships”, which are unequal but
- They encountered rival schools which claimed to have a secret to good reciprocal
governance
FIVE LASTING RELATIONSHIPS
- In the 3rd and 4th centuries, there arose two Confucian scholars who 1. Parent to Child
made the teachings of Confucius popular 2. Husband to Wife
- The two scholars were Mengzi (Mencius) and Xunzi (Hsun-Tzu) 3. Elder sibling and younger sibling
4. Teacher to Student
The teachings of Mencius offered concrete definitions of morality, 5. Ruler to Subject
addressed as what was needed for good governance
- He elaborated that human beings are inherently good VIRTUES
- He claimed that bad example in society made people become evil 1. Ren – Love/Benevolence
2. Yi – Justice/Righteousness
The teachings of Hsun-Tzu asserts that human beings are inherently 3. Zhi –Wisdom
evil 4. Li –Propriety
- People must first become educated and exposed to purifying rites 5. Xin – Loyalty/Reliab
- Thru these, people can now understand what it meant to be good

- Many Confucian scholars became advisers to many Chinese empire

rulers not until the Marxist revolution in 1949 Imperial China became
the Republic of China
- Marxist govt. overthrew Confucianism because of its feudal thinking
- When the Marxist government was overthrown, the State once again
recognized Confucianism as well as other religions

SACRED TEXTS
THE FOUR BOOKS
• These serve as the introduction to Confucian thought
• Used to be the core of the curriculum for the Chinese civil service
examinations

THE ANALECTS 論語
- [Edited conversations]
- It is divided into 20 books
- A collection, written by disciples, of speeches of Grand Master
Kong (Confucius) and his disciples as well as discussions with him
- Each book, named after Confucian disciple (scholar) who wrote it

THE WORKS OF MENCIUS 孟子

- It is composed of seven books
- A collection of conversations between Lord Mengzi (Mencius)
and the kings of his time
- Each book is named after king whom he had conversation with

THE GREAT LEARNING 大 學

- Essays express many themes in Chinese philosophies like
virtuous living. - Composed of 10 essays

THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN 中庸

- Composed of 33 chapters
- The text is attributed to Kong Ji, the only grandson of Confucius
- It discusses the relationship between the heaven and the earth
- It demonstrates the usefulness of the Tao to gain perfect virtue

CREED: THE UNDERSTANDING OF GOD

1. Confucian tradition has no deity
2. However, tian is a key Confucian concept, which means heaven
3. Heaven does not exist separate from earth, they are always in
balance
4. Tian is a form of pantheism

CREED: THE UNDERSTANDING OF GOD

1. Tianming – mandate of heaven
2. Tianzi – son of heaven

DOCTRINE