Japan
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"Nippon" redirects here. For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation) and Nippon
(disambiguation).

Japan

 日本国 or 日本 (Japanese)[a]
 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku
Nippon or Nihon

Flag

Imperial Seal

Anthem: "Kimigayo" (君が代)
("His Imperial Majesty's Reign")

Government Seal

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 Japanese territory in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled territory in
light green

Capital Tokyo
and largest city 35°41′N 139°46′E

National language Japanese

Government Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy

• Emperor Naruhito
• Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga

Legislature National Diet

• Upper house House of Councillors

• Lower house House of Representatives

Formation
• Emperor Kinmei 539 AD[b]
• First constitution November 29, 1890
• Current constitution May 3, 1947

Area
• Total 377,975 km2 (145,937 sq mi)[2] (61st)
• Water (%) 1.40 (as of 2015)[3]

Population
• 2020 estimate  125,960,000[4] (11th)

• 2015 census 127,094,745[5]
• Density 334/km2 (865.1/sq mi) (24th)

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 GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
• Total  $5.451 trillion[6] (4th)

• Per capita  $43,194 (28th)

GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total  $5.080 trillion[6] (3rd)

• Per capita  $40,256 (22nd)

Gini (2015) 33.9[7]
medium · 78th

HDI (2018)  0.915[8]
very high · 19th

Currency Japanese yen (¥) (JPY)

Time zone UTC+09:00 (JST)

Driving side left

Calling code +81

ISO 3166 code JP

Internet TLD .jp

Japan (Japanese: 日本, Nippon [ɲippoꜜɴ] ( listen) or Nihon [ɲihoꜜɴ] ( listen)) is an island

country in East Asia located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by the Sea of
Japan to the west and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China
Sea and Taiwan in the south. Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan comprises an
archipelago of 6,852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); the
country's five main islands, from north to south,
are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is Japan's capital and
largest city; other major cities
include Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
Japan is the eleventh-most populous country in the world, as well as one of the most
densely populated and urbanized. About three-fourths of the country's terrain is
mountainous, concentrating its population of 126.2 million on narrow coastal plains.
Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions.
The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more
than 37.4 million residents.
Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period (30,000 BC), though the
first mentions of the archipelago appear in Chinese chronicles from the 1st century AD.
Between the 4th and 9th centuries, the kingdoms of Japan became unified under
an emperor and his imperial court based in Heian-kyō. Beginning in the 12th century,
however, political power was held by a series of military dictators (shōgun) and feudal

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lords (daimyō), and enforced by a class of warrior nobility (samurai). After a century-
long period of civil war, the country was reunified in 1603 under the Tokugawa
shogunate, which enacted an isolationist foreign policy. In 1854, a United States
fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and
the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of
Japan adopted a Western-styled constitution and pursued a program
of industrialization and modernization. In 1937, Japan invaded China; in 1941, it
entered World War II as an Axis power. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two
atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under a seven-year Allied
occupation, during which it adopted a new constitution. Since 1947, Japan has
maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature,
the National Diet.
Japan is a great power and a member of numerous international organizations,
including the United Nations (since 1956), the OECD, and the G7. Although it
has renounced its right to declare war, the country maintains Self-Defense Forces that
are ranked as the world's fourth-most powerful military. After World War II, Japan
experienced high economic growth, becoming the second-largest economy in the world
by 1990 before being surpassed by China in 2010. Despite stagnant growth since
the Lost Decade, the country's economy remains the third-largest by nominal GDP and
the fourth-largest by PPP. A leader in the automotive and electronics industries, Japan
has made significant contributions to science and technology. Ranked the second-
highest country on the Human Development Index in Asia after Singapore, Japan has
the world's second-highest life expectancy, though it is currently experiencing a decline
in population. Japan has one of the richest cultures in the world, and is renowned for
its art, cuisine, music, and popular culture, including its prominent animation and video
game industries.

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
o 2.1Prehistoric to classical history
o 2.2Feudal era
o 2.3Modern era
 3Geography
o 3.1Climate
o 3.2Biodiversity
o 3.3Environment
 4Politics
o 4.1Administrative divisions
o 4.2Foreign relations
o 4.3Military
o 4.4Domestic law enforcement
 5Economy
o 5.1Agriculture and fishery

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 o 5.2Industry
o 5.3Services and tourism
o 5.4Science and technology
 6Infrastructure
o 6.1Transportation
o 6.2Energy
o 6.3Water supply and sanitation
 7Demographics
o 7.1Religion
o 7.2Languages
o 7.3Education
o 7.4Health
 8Culture
o 8.1Art and architecture
o 8.2Literature and philosophy
o 8.3Performing arts
o 8.4Customs and holidays
o 8.5Cuisine
o 8.6Media
o 8.7Sports
 9See also
 10Notes
 11References
 12External links

Etymology
Main article: Names of Japan

Japan

Japanese name

Kanji 日本国

Hiragana にっぽんこく

にほんこく

Katakana ニッポンコク

ニホンコク

Transcriptions

The name for Japan in Japanese is written using the kanji 日本 and

pronounced Nippon or Nihon.[9] Before it was adopted in the early 8th century, the

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country was known in China as Wa (倭) and in Japan by the endonym Yamato.
[10]
 Nippon, the original Sino-Japanese reading of the characters, is favored today for
official uses, including on banknotes and postage stamps.[9] Nihon is typically used in
everyday speech and reflects shifts in Japanese phonology during the Edo period.[10] The
characters 日本 mean "sun origin", in reference to Japan's relatively eastern location. [9] It
is the source of the popular Western epithet "Land of the Rising Sun".[11]
The name Japan is based on the Chinese pronunciation and was introduced to
European languages through early trade. In the 13th century, Marco Polo recorded the
early Mandarin or Wu Chinese pronunciation of the characters 日本國 as Cipangu.
[12]
 The old Malay name for Japan, Japang or Japun, was borrowed from a southern
coastal Chinese dialect and encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia, who
brought the word to Europe in the early 16th century. [13] The first version of the name in
English appears in a book published in 1577, which spelled the name as Giapan in a
translation of a 1565 Portuguese letter. [14][15]

History
Main article: History of Japan
Prehistoric to classical history

Legendary Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō)

A Paleolithic culture from around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of

the islands of Japan.[16] This was followed from around 14,500 BC (the start of the Jōmon
period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture
characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.[17] Clay vessels from the period
are among the oldest surviving examples of pottery. [18] From around 1000 BC, Yayoi
people began to enter the archipelago from Kyushu, intermingling with the Jōmon;
[19]
 the Yayoi period saw the introduction of practices including wet-rice farming,[20] a
new style of pottery,[21] and metallurgy from China and Korea.[22] According to

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legend, Emperor Jimmu (grandson of Amaterasu) founded a kingdom in central Japan
in 660 BC, beginning a continuous imperial line.[23]
Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han, completed in 111 AD.
[24]
 Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje (a Korean kingdom) in 552, but the
subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.
[25]
 Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class, including
figures like Prince Shōtoku, and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka
period (592–710).[26]
The far-reaching Taika Reforms in 645 nationalized all land in Japan, to be distributed
equally among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the
basis for a new system of taxation.[27] The Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict
between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo, became a major catalyst for
further administrative reforms.[28] These reforms culminated with the promulgation of
the Taihō Code, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of
the central and subordinate local governments. [27] These legal reforms created
the ritsuryō state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in
place for half a millennium.[28]
The Nara period (710–784) marked an emergence of a Japanese state centered on the
Imperial Court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The period is characterized by the
appearance of a nascent literary culture with the completion of the Kojiki (712)
and Nihon Shoki (720), as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired artwork
and architecture.[29][30] A smallpox epidemic in 735–737 is believed to have killed as much
as one-third of Japan's population.[31][30] In 784, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital,
settling on Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794.[30] This marked the beginning of the Heian
period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture
emerged. Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan's national
anthem "Kimigayo" were written during this time.[32]
Feudal era

Samurai warriors battling Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Japan, depicted in the Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba

Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling
class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan in
the Genpei War, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo established a military
government at Kamakura.[33] After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to power as
regents for the shōguns.[30] The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in
the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class.
[34]
 The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 but was
eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo.[30] Go-Daigo was defeated by Ashikaga
Takauji in 1336, beginning the Muromachi period (1336–1573). However, the

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succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyōs) and
a civil war began in 1467, opening the century-long Sengoku period ("Warring States").
[35]

During the 16th century, Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries reached Japan for

the first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the
West.[30][36] Oda Nobunaga used European technology and firearms to conquer many
other daimyōs;[37] his consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–
Momoyama period.[38] After the death of Nobunaga in 1582, his successor Toyotomi
Hideyoshi unified the nation in the early 1590s and launched two unsuccessful
invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.[30]
Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori and used his
position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, Ieyasu
defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He was
appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa
shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo).[39][40] The shogunate enacted measures
including buke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyōs,
[41]
 and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and
a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period (1603–1868).[42]
[40]
 Modern Japan's economic growth began in this period, resulting in roads and water
transportation routes, as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts, banking
and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers.[43] The study of Western sciences (rangaku)
continued through contact with the Dutch enclave in Nagasaki.[40] The Edo period also
gave rise to kokugaku ("national studies"), the study of Japan by the Japanese. [44]
Modern era

Emperor Meiji (明治天皇, Meiji-tennō; 1852–1912), in whose name imperial rule was restored in 1868

In 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States

Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of
Kanagawa.[40] Subsequent similar treaties with other Western countries brought
economic and political crises.[40] The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and
the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the emperor (the Meiji
Restoration).[45] Adopting Western political, judicial, and military institutions,
the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and

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assembled the Imperial Diet.[46] During the Meiji era (1868–1912), the Empire of
Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia and as an industrialized world
power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. [47][48][49] After victories
in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–
1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin.[50][46] The
Japanese population doubled from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million by 1935, with a
significant shift to urbanization.[51][52]
The early 20th century saw a period of Taishō democracy (1912–1926) overshadowed
by increasing expansionism and militarization.[53][54] World War I allowed Japan, which
joined the side of the victorious Allies, to capture German possessions in the Pacific and
in China.[54] The 1920s saw a political shift towards statism, a period of lawlessness
following the 1923 Great Tokyo Earthquake, the passing of laws against political
dissent, and a series of attempted coups.[52][55][56] This process accelerated during the
1930s, spawning a number of radical nationalist groups that shared a hostility to liberal
democracy and a dedication to expansion in Asia. In 1931, Japan invaded and occupied
Manchuria; following international condemnation of the occupation, it resigned from
the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern
Pact with Nazi Germany; the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers.[52]
The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second
Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). In 1940, the Empire invaded French Indochina, after
which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan. [52][57] On December 7–8, 1941,
Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, as well as on British
forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong, among others, beginning World War II in
the Pacific.[58] Throughout areas colonized by Japan during the war, many abuses were
committed against locals, notably those who were forced to become comfort women.
[59]
 After Allied victories during the next four years, which culminated in the Soviet
invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945,
Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender.[60] The war cost Japan its colonies and
millions of lives.[52] The Allies (led by the United States) repatriated millions of ethnic
Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the
Japanese empire and its influence over its conquered territories. [61][62] The Allies also
convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to prosecute Japanese
leaders for war crimes.[62]
In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices.
[62]
 The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952,[63] and Japan
was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956.[62] A period of record
growth propelled Japan to become the second-largest economy in the world; [62] this
ended in the mid-1990s after the popping of an asset price bubble, beginning the "Lost
Decade".[64] In the 21st century, positive growth has signaled a gradual economic
recovery.[65] On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its
recorded history, triggering the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.[66] On May 1, 2019,
after the historic abdication of Emperor Akihito, his son Naruhito became the new
emperor, beginning the Reiwa era.[67]

Geography

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Main articles: Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan

The Japanese archipelago as seen from satellite

Japan comprises 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. It stretches

over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) northeast–southwest from the Sea of Okhotsk to the East
China Sea.[68][69] The county's five main islands, from north to south,
are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa.[70] The Ryukyu Islands, which
include Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu. The Nanpō Islands are south and
east of the main islands of Japan. Together they are often known as the Japanese
archipelago.[71] As of 2019, Japan's territory is 377,975.24 km2 (145,937.06 sq mi).
[2]
 Japan has the sixth longest coastline in the world (29,751 km (18,486 mi)). Because of
its many far-flung outlying islands, Japan has the eighth largest Exclusive Economic
Zone in the world covering 4,470,000 km2 (1,730,000 sq mi).[72]
About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous and unsuitable
for agricultural, industrial or residential use.[73][74] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly
in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities: Japan is one of the most
densely populated countries.[75][76] Approximately 0.5% of Japan's total area is reclaimed
land (umetatechi). Late 20th and early 21st century projects include artificial
islands such as Chubu Centrair International Airport in Ise Bay, Kansai International
Airport in the middle of Osaka Bay, Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea
Paradise and Wakayama Marina City.[77]

Sakurajima is the most active volcano in Japan

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Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanoes because of its
location along the Pacific Ring of Fire.[78] It has the 15th highest natural disaster risk as
measured in the 2013 World Risk Index.[79] Japan has 111 active volcanoes.
[80]
 Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century.
[81]
 The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.[82] More recent major quakes
are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, which
triggered a large tsunami.[66]
Climate
Main article: Geography of Japan §  Climate

Autumn maple leaves (momiji) at Kongōbu-ji on Mount Kōya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate but varies greatly from north to south.
Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaido, Sea
of Japan, Central Highland, Seto Inland Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Ryukyu Islands. The
northernmost zone, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters
and very warm to cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually
develop deep snowbanks in the winter. [83] In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu's west
coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler
than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures
because of the foehn. The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental
climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, as well as
large diurnal variation; precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The
mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from
seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round. [83] The Pacific coast features a humid
subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot,
humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu and Nanpō
Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is
very heavy, especially during the rainy season. [83]
The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer
temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).[84] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan,
41.1 °C (106.0 °F), was recorded on July 23, 2018.[85] The main rainy season begins in
early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido
in late July. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.
[84]
 According to the Environment Ministry heavy rainfall and increasing temperatures
have caused several problems in the agricultural industry and elsewhere. [86]
Biodiversity
Main article: Wildlife of Japan

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The Japanese macaques at Jigokudani hot spring

Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the
islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin
Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the
main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern
islands.[87] Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear,
the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, the large Japanese field mouse,
and the Japanese giant salamander.[88] A large network of national parks has been
established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as 37 Ramsar wetland
sites.[89][90] Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their
outstanding natural value.[91]
Environment
Main articles: Environmental issues in Japan and Climate change in Japan
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were
downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental
pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern, the
government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970. [92] The oil crisis in
1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural
resources.[93]
As of 2015, more than 40 coal-fired power plants are planned or under construction in
Japan, following the switching-off of Japan's nuclear fleet following the 2011 Fukushima
nuclear disaster. Prior to this incident, Japan's emissions had been on the decline,
largely because their nuclear power plants created no emissions. Japan ranks 20th in
the 2018 Environmental Performance Index, which measures a nation's commitment to
environmental sustainability.[94] Japan is the world's fifth largest emitter of carbon dioxide.
[86]
 As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, Japan is under treaty obligation
to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.
[95]
 The official goals of the Japanese government are to reduce emissions in 2030 by
26% comparing to 2013 levels and 80% in 2050. [86] Current environmental issues include
urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management,
water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and
international co-operation for conservation. [96]

Politics
Main articles: Politics of Japan and Government of Japan

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Japan is a unitary state and constitutional monarchy in which the power of
the Emperor is limited to a ceremonial role. He is defined in the Constitution as "the
symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Executive power is instead wielded
by the Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet, whose sovereignty is vested in the
Japanese people.[97] Naruhito is the current Emperor of Japan, having succeeded his
father Akihito upon his accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne on May 1, 2019.

The National Diet Building, the seat of both houses of the National Diet

Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. It consists of a

lower House of Representatives with 465 seats, elected by popular vote every four
years or when dissolved, and an upper House of Councillors with 245 seats, whose
popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults
over 18 years of age,[98] with a secret ballot for all elected offices.[97] The Diet is currently
dominated by the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has
enjoyed near-continuous electoral success since 1955. The prime minister is the head
of government and is appointed by the emperor after being designated from among the
members of the Diet. As the head of the Cabinet, the prime minister has the power to
appoint and dismiss Ministers of State. Following the LDP victory in the 2012 general
election, Shinzō Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the prime minister.[99]
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed
independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.
[100]
 However, since the late 19th century, the judicial system has been largely based on
the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. In 1896, Japan established a civil code based
on the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, which remains in effect with post–World War
II modifications.[101] The Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947, is the oldest unamended
constitution in the world.[102] Statutory law originates in the legislature, and the
constitution requires that the emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet without
giving him the power to oppose legislation. The main body of Japanese statutory law is
called the Six Codes.[103] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers:
the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[104]
Administrative divisions
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Japan and Prefectures of Japan
Japan is divided into 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature,
and administrative bureaucracy.[105] Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns
and villages.[106] In the following table, the prefectures are grouped by region:

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Prefectures of Japan with colored regions

  Hokkaido   Tōhoku   Kantō   Chūbu

2. Aomori 8. Ibaraki 15. Niigata

1. Hokkaido 3. Iwate 9. Tochigi 16. Toyama
4. Miyagi 10. Gunma 17. Ishikawa
5. Akita 11. Saitama 18. Fukui
6. Yamagata 12. Chiba 19. Yamanashi
7. Fukushima 13. Tokyo 20. Nagano
14. Kanagawa 21. Gifu
22. Shizuoka
23. Aichi
  Kansai   Chūgoku   Shikoku   Kyūshū

24. Mie 31. Tottori 36. Tokushima 40. Fukuoka

25. Shiga 32. Shimane 37. Kagawa 41. Saga
26. Kyoto 33. Okayama 38. Ehime 42. Nagasaki
27. Osaka 34. Hiroshima 39. Kōchi 43. Kumamoto
28. Hyōgo 35. Yamaguchi 44. Ōita
29. Nara 45. Miyazaki
30. Wakayama 46. Kagoshima
47. Okinawa

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Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Japan

Japan is a member of both the G7 and the G20

A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-
permanent Security Council member for a total of 22 years. It is one of the G4
nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council. [107] Japan is a member
of the G7, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia
Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007 [108] and with India in
October 2008.[109] It is the world's fifth largest donor of official development assistance,
donating US$9.2 billion in 2014.[110] In 2017, Japan had the fifth largest diplomatic
network in the world.[111]
Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States; the US-Japan
security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy. [112] The United
States is a major market for Japanese exports and the primary source of Japanese
imports and is committed to defending the country, having military bases in Japan
partially for that purpose.[113]
Japan's relationship with South Korea has been strained because of Japan's treatment
of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule, particularly over the issue of comfort women.
[114]
 In December 2015, Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South
Korea by issuing a formal apology and paying money to the surviving comfort women.
Today, South Korea and Japan have a stronger and more economically-driven
relationship. Since the 1990s, the Korean Wave has created a large fanbase in East
Asia: Japan is the number one importer of Korean music (K-pop), television (K-dramas),
and films.[115] Most recently, South Korean President Moon Jae-in met with Japanese
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the 2017 G20 Summit to discuss the future of their
relationship and specifically how to cooperate on finding solutions for North Korean
aggression in the region.[116]
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors. Japan contests
Russia's control of the Southern Kuril Islands, which were occupied by the Soviet Union
in 1945.[117] South Korea's control of the Liancourt Rocks is acknowledged but not
accepted as they are claimed by Japan.[118] Japan has strained relations with China and
Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands[119] and the status of Okinotorishima.
Military
Main article: Japan Self-Defense Forces

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JMSDF Kongō class destroyer

Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world. [120] The
country's military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces) is restricted by Article 9 of the
Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military
force in international disputes. Japan is the highest-ranked Asian country in the Global
Peace Index.
The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan
Ground Self-Defense Force, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and the Japan Air
Self-Defense Force. The Maritime Self-Defense Force is a regular participant
in RIMPAC maritime exercises.[121] The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping
operations; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan's
military since World War II.[122] The Japan Business Federation has called on the
government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects
such as the Joint Strike Fighter.[123]
The Government of Japan has been making changes to its security policy which include
the establishment of the National Security Council, the adoption of the National Security
Strategy, and the development of the National Defense Program Guidelines. [124] In May
2014, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has
maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional
security.[125] Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea [126] and China,[127] have reignited
the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society. [128]
Domestic law enforcement
Main article: Law enforcement in Japan

Map of the division of jurisdiction between the 11 Coast Guard regions

Domestic security in Japan is provided mainly by the prefectural police departments,

under the oversight of the National Police Agency[129] and supervised by the Criminal
Affairs Bureau of the National Police Agency.[130] As the central coordinating body for the
Prefectural Police Departments, the National Police Agency is administered by
the National Public Safety Commission.[131] The Special Assault Team comprises

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national-level counter-terrorism tactical units that cooperate with territorial-level Anti-
Firearms Squads and Counter-NBC Terrorism Squads.[132]
Additionally, there is the Japan Coast Guard which guards territorial waters. The coast
guard patrols the sea surrounding Japan and uses surveillance and control
countermeasures against smuggling, marine environmental crime, poaching, piracy, spy
ships, unauthorized foreign fishing vessels, and illegal immigration. [133]
The Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law strictly regulates the civilian ownership
of guns, swords and other weaponry.[134][135] According to the United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime, among the member states of the UN that report statistics, the
incidence rate of violent crimes such as murder, abduction, forced sexual intercourse
and robbery is very low in Japan.[136][137][138][139][140]

Economy
Main article: Economy of Japan

The Tokyo Stock Exchange

Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and
China, in terms of nominal GDP,[141] and the fourth largest national economy in the world,
after the United States, China and India, in terms of purchasing power parity. As of
2017, Japan's public debt was estimated at more than 230 percent of its annual gross
domestic product, the largest of any nation in the world. [142] The service sector accounts
for three quarters of the gross domestic product. [143]
As of 2017, Japan's labor force consisted of some 65 million workers. [73] Japan has a low
unemployment rate of around three percent. Around 16 percent of the population were
below the poverty line in 2013.[144] Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land
supply in urban areas.[145]

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Japan's exports amounted to US$5,430 per capita in 2017. As of 2017, Japan's main
export markets were the United States (19.4 percent), China (19 percent), South Korea
(7.6 percent), Hong Kong (5.1 percent) and Thailand (4.2 percent). Its main exports are
transportation equipment, motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors and
auto parts.[73] Japan's main import markets as of 2017 were China (24.5 percent), the
United States (11 percent), Australia (5.8 percent), South Korea (4.2 percent), and
Saudi Arabia (4.1 percent).[73] Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil
fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its
industries. By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of
any OECD country.[146]
Japan ranks 34th of 190 countries in the 2018 ease of doing business index and
has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of
capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime
employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in
the Japanese work environment.[146][147] Japanese companies are known for management
methods like "The Toyota Way", and shareholder activism is rare.[148] Japan also has a
large cooperative sector, with three of the ten largest cooperatives in the world,
including the largest consumer cooperative and the largest agricultural cooperative in
the world.[149]
Japan ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom. It is ranked sixth in
the Global Competitiveness Report for 2015–2016.[150][151]
Agriculture and fishery
Main article: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan

A rice paddy in Aizu, Fukushima Prefecture

The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4% of the total country's GDP.
[152]
 Only 12% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation. [153][154] Because of this lack of arable
land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas.[155] This results in one of the
world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an overall agricultural self-
sufficiency rate of about 50% on fewer than 56,000 square kilometers (14,000,000
acres) cultivated. Japan's small agricultural sector, however, is also highly subsidized
and protected, with government regulations that favor small-scale cultivation instead of
large-scale agriculture.[153] Rice, the most protected crop, is subject to tariffs of 777.7%. [154]
[156]
 There has been a growing concern about farming as the current farmers are aging
with a difficult time finding successors.[157]

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In 1996, Japan ranked fourth in the world in tonnage of fish caught.[158] Japan ranked
seventh and captured 3,167,610 metric tons of fish in 2016, down from an annual
average of 4,000,000 tons over the previous decade. [159] In 2010, Japan's total fisheries
production was 4,762,469 fish.[160] Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing
fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch, [161] prompting some claims that
Japan's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna.[162] Japan has also
sparked controversy by supporting quasi-commercial whaling.[163]
Industry
Main articles: Manufacturing in Japan, Electronics industry in Japan, and Automotive
industry in Japan

A plug-in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota, one of the world's largest carmakers – Japan is the third-largest
maker of automobiles in the world.[164]

Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest and most
technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, machine tools, steel and
nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Japan's
industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5% of its GDP. [161] Some major Japanese
industrial companies include Canon Inc., Toshiba and Nippon Steel.[161][165] The country's
manufacturing output is the third highest in the world. [166]
Japan is the third largest automobile producer in the world and is home to Toyota, the
world's largest automobile company.[164][167] Despite facing competition from South Korea
and China, the Japanese shipbuilding industry is expected to remain strong through an
increased focus on specialized, high-tech designs. [168]
Services and tourism
Main articles: Trade and services in Japan and Tourism in Japan
Japan's service sector accounts for about three-quarters of its total economic output.
[152]
 Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation, and telecommunications are
all major industries, with companies such as Mitsubishi
UFJ, Mizuho, NTT, TEPCO, Nomura, Mitsubishi Estate, ÆON, Mitsui
Sumitomo, Softbank, JR East, Seven & I, KDDI and Japan Airlines listed as some of the
largest in the world.[169][170] Four of the five most circulated newspapers in the
world are Japanese newspapers.[171] The six major keiretsus are the
Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Fuyo, Mitsui, Dai-Ichi Kangyo and Sanwa Groups.[172]
Japan attracted 19.73 million international tourists in 2015 [173] and increased by 21.8% to
attract 24.03 million international tourists in 2016. [174][175][176] In 2008, the Japanese
government set up Japan Tourism Agency and set the initial goal to increase foreign
visitors to 20 million in 2020. In 2016, having met the 20 million target, the government
revised up its target to 40 million by 2020 and to 60 million by 2030. [177][178] For inbound

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tourism, Japan was ranked 16th in the world in 2015.[179] Japan is one of the least visited
countries in the OECD on a per capita basis,[180] and it was by far the least visited country
in the G7 until 2014.[181]
Science and technology
Main articles: Science and technology in Japan and Video gaming in Japan

The Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō) at the International Space Station

Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly in the natural sciences and
engineering. The country ranks second among the most innovative countries in
the Bloomberg Innovation Index.[182][183] Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130
billion research and development budget,[184] which relative to gross domestic product is
the third highest budget in the world.[185] The country is a world leader in fundamental
scientific research, having produced twenty-two Nobel laureates in either physics,
chemistry or medicine[186] and three Fields medalists.[187]
Japanese scientists and engineers have contributed to the advancement of agricultural
sciences, electronics, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors, life
sciences and various fields of engineering. Japan leads the world in robotics production
and use, possessing more than 20% of the world's industrial robots as of 2013. [needs update]
[188]
 Japan boasts the third highest number of scientists, technicians, and engineers per
capita in the world with 83 per 10,000 employees. [189][190][191]
The Japanese consumer electronics industry, once considered the strongest in the
world, is currently in a state of decline as competition arises in countries like South
Korea, the United States and China. [192][193] However, video gaming in Japan remains a
major industry. Japan became a major exporter of video games during the golden age
of arcade video games, an era that began with the release of Taito's Space Invaders in
1978 and ended around the mid-1980s.[194][195][196] Japanese-made video game
consoles have been popular since the 1980s,[197] and Japan dominated the industry
until Microsoft's Xbox consoles began challenging Sony and Nintendo in the 2000s.[198][199]
[200]
 As of 2009, $6 billion of Japan's $20 billion gaming market is generated from
arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market,
followed by home console games and mobile games at $3.5 billion and $2 billion,
respectively.[needs update][201] Japan is now the world's largest market for mobile games;[202] in
2014, Japan's consumer video game market grossed $9.6 billion, with $5.8 billion
coming from mobile gaming.[203]
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is Japan's national space agency; it conducts
space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and

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satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment
Module (Kibō) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.
[204]
 The space probe Akatsuki was launched in 2010 and achieved orbit around Venus in
2015. Japan's plans in space exploration include building a moon base by 2030.[205] In
2007, it launched lunar explorer SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer)
from Tanegashima Space Center. The largest lunar mission since the Apollo program,
its purpose was to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. It entered a lunar
orbit on October 4, 2007,[206][207] and was deliberately crashed into the Moon on June 11,
2009.[208]

Infrastructure
Transportation
Main article: Transport in Japan

Japan Airlines, the flag carrier of Japan

Japan's road spending has been extensive.[209] Its 1.2 million kilometers (0.75 million

miles) of paved road are the main means of transportation. [210] As of 2012, Japan has
approximately 1,215,000 kilometers (755,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,022,000
kilometers (635,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 129,000 kilometers (80,000
miles) of prefectural roads, 55,000 kilometers (34,000 miles) of general national
highways and 8,050 kilometers (5,000 miles) of national expressways.[211][212] A single
network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities on
Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu (Hokkaido has a separate network). Cars are
inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency.
However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8
countries.[213]
Since privatization in 1987, dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional
and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include
seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Some 250 high-
speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their
safety and punctuality.[214][215] A new Maglev line called the Chūō Shinkansen is being
constructed between Tokyo and Nagoya. It is due to be completed in 2027. [216]
There are 175 airports in Japan;[73] the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport in Tokyo,
is Asia's second-busiest airport.[217] The largest international gateways are Narita
International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International
Airport.[218] Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10
percent of Japan's trade value.[219]

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Energy
Main article: Energy in Japan

The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, a nuclear plant with seven units, is the largest single nuclear
power station in the world.

As of 2017, 39% of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 25% from coal, 23%
from natural gas, 3.5% from hydropower and 1.5% from nuclear power. Nuclear power
was down from 11.2 percent in 2010.[220] By May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power
plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials
continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some to service.
[221]
 The Sendai Nuclear Power Plant restarted in 2015,[222] and since then several other
nuclear power plants have been restarted. Japan lacks significant domestic reserves
and so has a heavy dependence on imported energy.[223] Japan has therefore aimed to
diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency. [224]
Water supply and sanitation
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Japan
The government took responsibility for regulating the water and sanitation sector is
shared between the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in charge of water supply for
domestic use; the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in charge of
water resources development as well as sanitation; the Ministry of the Environment in
charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation; and the Ministry of
Internal Affairs and Communications in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities.
[225]
 Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan. 97% of the population
receives piped water supply from public utilities and 3% receive water from their own
wells or unregulated small systems, mainly in rural areas. [226]

Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people, Ethnic groups of
Japan, Geography of Japan, and List of metropolitan areas in Japan

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The Greater Tokyo Area is ranked as the most populous metropolitan area in the world.

Japan has a population of 126.3 million,[227] of which 124.8 million are Japanese nationals
(2019).[228] Honshū is the world's second most populous island and has 80% of Japan's
population. In 2010, 90.7% of the total Japanese population lived in cities. [229] The capital
city Tokyo has a population of 13.8 million (2018). [230] It is part of the Greater Tokyo Area,
the biggest metropolitan area in the world with 38,140,000 people (2016). [231][232]
Japanese society is linguistically, ethnically and culturally homogeneous, [233][234] composed
of 98.1% ethnic Japanese,[73] with small populations of foreign workers.[233] The most
dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; primary minority groups include the
indigenous Ainu[235] and Ryukyuan people, as well as social minority groups like
the burakumin.[236] Zainichi Koreans,[237] Chinese, Filipinos, Brazilians mostly of Japanese
descent,[238] Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent, and Americans are among the small
minority groups in Japan.[239] In 2003, there were about 134,700 non-Latin American
Western (not including more than 33,000 American military personnel and their
dependents) and 345,500 Latin American expatriates, 274,700 of whom were
Brazilians,[238] the largest community of Westerners.[240]
Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world:
83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010–2015. [241][242] The Japanese population is
rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in
birth rates. In 2012, about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65, and the
proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050. [243] On September 15, 2018,
for the first time, one in five Japanese residents was aged 70 or older. 26.18 million
people are 70 or older and accounted for 20.7 percent of the population. Elderly women
crossed the 20 million line at 20.12 million, substantially outnumbering the nation's
15.45 million elderly men.[244] The changes in demographic structure have created a
number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in workforce population and
increase in the cost of social security benefits. [245] A growing number of younger
Japanese are not marrying or remain childless.[246] Japan's population is expected to
drop to 95 million by 2050.[243][247]
Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide
younger workers to support the nation's aging population. [248][249] Japan accepts an
average flow of 9,500 new naturalized citizens per year. [250] On April 1, 2019, Japan's
revised immigration law was enacted, protecting the rights of foreign workers to help
reduce labor shortages in certain sectors. [251]

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 v

 t

 e
Largest cities or towns in Japan
2015 Census
Rank Name Prefecture Pop. Rank Name Prefectu
1 Tokyo Tokyo 9,272,740 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima
2 Yokohama Kanagawa 3,724,844 12 Sendai Miyagi
3 Osaka Osaka 2,691,185 13 Chiba Chiba
4 Nagoya Aichi 2,295,638 14 Kitakyushu Fukuoka
Tokyo 5 Sapporo Hokkaido 1,952,356 15 Sakai Osaka
6 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,538,681 16 Niigata Niigata
7 Kobe Hyōgo 1,537,272 17 Hamamatsu Shizuoka
8 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,475,213 18 Kumamoto Kumamoto
9 Kyoto Kyoto 1,475,183 19 Sagamihara Kanagawa

10 Saitama Saitama 1,263,979 20 Okayama Okayama

Yokohama

Religion
Main article: Religion in Japan

The torii of Itsukushima Shinto Shrine near Hiroshima, one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO World

Heritage Site

Japan's constitution guarantees full religious freedom. Upper estimates suggest that
84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion
(50% to 80% of which considering degrees of syncretism with Buddhism, shinbutsu-
shūgō).[252][253] However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple,
rather than the number of true believers. Many Japanese people practice both Shinto
and Buddhism;[254] they can either identify with both religions or describe themselves as
non-religious or spiritual,[255] despite participating in religious ceremonies as a cultural
tradition. As a result, religious statistics are often under-reported in Japan. Other studies
have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging
to a religion.[256] Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially
during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New
Year. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and
customs.[257]

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Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549. [258] Today,
fewer than 1%[259][260][261] to 2.3% are Christians,[c] most of them living in the western part of
the country. As of 2007, there were 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan.
[263]
 Throughout the latest century, some Western customs originally related to
Christianity (including Western style weddings, Valentine's Day and Christmas) have
become popular as secular customs among many Japanese. [264]
Islam in Japan is estimated to constitute about 80–90% of foreign-born migrants and
their children, primarily from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran. [265] Many of the
ethnic Japanese Muslims are those who convert upon marrying immigrant Muslims.
[266]
 The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in
2010.[267]
Other minority religions include Hinduism, Sikhism, Mormonism, Judaism, and Baháʼí
Faith;[268][269] since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have
emerged in Japan.[270]
Languages
Main articles: Languages of Japan and Japanese language
Kanji and hiragana signs

More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.
[73]
 Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets
of kana (syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji), as well as the Latin
alphabet and Arabic numerals.[271] Public and private schools generally require students
to take Japanese language classes as well as English language courses.[272]
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan
languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of
the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain. Few children
learn these languages,[273] but in recent years local governments have sought to increase
awareness of the traditional languages. The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken
in the region. The Ainu language, which is a language isolate, is moribund, with only a
few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.[274]
Education
Main article: Education in Japan

Students celebrating after the announcement of the results of the entrance examinations to the University of
Tokyo

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Primary schools, secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a
result of the Meiji Restoration.[275] Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan
comprises elementary and junior high school, which together last for nine years (from
age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high
school. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto
University.[276] Japan's education system played a central part in the country's recovery
after World War II when the Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education
Law were enacted. The latter law defined the standard school system. Starting in April
2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high
school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program; MEXT plans for
this approach to be adopted nationwide. [277]
The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD
currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as the third
best in the world.[278] Japan is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading
literacy, math and sciences with the average student scoring 529 and has one of the
world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries. [279][278][280] In 2015, Japan's
public spending on education amounted to just 4.1 percent of its GDP, below the OECD
average of 5.0 percent.[281] The country's large pool of highly educated and skilled
individuals is largely responsible for ushering Japan's post-war economic growth. [282] In
2017, the country ranked third for the percentage of 25 to 64 year-olds that have
attained tertiary education with 51 percent. [282] In addition, 60.4 percent Japanese aged
25 to 34 have some form of tertiary education qualification and bachelor's degrees are
held by 30.4 percent of Japanese aged 25 to 64, the second most in the OECD after
South Korea.[282]
Health
Main articles: Health in Japan and Health care system in Japan
Health care is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal
medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides
relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without
insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program
administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered
by government-sponsored insurance.[283] Japan has a high suicide rate;[284][285] suicide is the
leading cause of death for people under 30. [286] Another significant public health issue
is smoking. Japan has the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest
level of dementia in the developed world.[287]

Culture
Main article: Culture of Japan
See also: Japanese popular culture
Contemporary Japanese culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North
America.[288] Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such
as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances
of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea

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ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan
has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and
intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.[289] Twenty-two sites have been
inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, eighteen of which are of cultural
significance.[91]
Art and architecture
Main articles: Japanese architecture and Japanese art
Further information: Japanese garden, Japanese esthetics, and Manga

Hokusai's 19th-century ukiyo-e woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa

Ritsurin Garden, one of the most famous strolling gardens in Japan

Japanese sculpture, largely of wood, and Japanese painting are among the oldest of

the Japanese arts, with early figurative paintings dating to at least 300 BC. The history
of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese
esthetics and imported ideas.[290] The interaction between Japanese and European art
has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th
century in the movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the
development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.
[290]
 Japanese manga developed in the 20th century and have become popular
worldwide.[291]
Japanese architecture is a combination between local and other influences. It has
traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with
tiled or thatched roofs. The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of
Japanese architecture.[292] Largely of wood, traditional housing and many temple
buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction
between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.[293] Since the 19th century, however,
Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into
construction and design. Architects returning from study with western architects
introduced the International Style of modernism into Japan. However, it was not until
after World War II that Japanese architects made an impression on the international
scene, firstly with the work of architects like Kenzō Tange and then with movements
like Metabolism.
Literature and philosophy

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Main articles: Japanese literature, Japanese poetry, and Japanese philosophy

12th-century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji, a National Treasure

The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles

and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology, all from the 8th century and written in Chinese
characters.[294][295] In the early Heian period, the system of phonograms known
as kana (hiragana and katakana) was developed. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is
considered the oldest Japanese narrative. [296] An account of court life is given in The
Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often
described as the world's first novel.[297][298]
During the Edo period, the chōnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as
producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for
example, reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bashō revivified the
poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai (haiku) and wrote the poetic
travelogue Oku no Hosomichi.[299] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary
forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori
Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke
Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami.
Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors – Yasunari Kawabata (1968)
and Kenzaburō Ōe (1994).[296]
Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both foreign,
particularly Chinese and Western, and uniquely Japanese elements. In its literary forms,
Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago. Confucian ideals are still
evident today in the Japanese concept of society and the self, and in the organization of
the government and the structure of society. [300] Buddhism has profoundly impacted
Japanese psychology, metaphysics, and esthetics.[301]
Performing arts
Main articles: Music of Japan and Theatre of Japan
Noh performance at a Shinto shrine

Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were

introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The popular folk music, with the guitar-
like shamisen, dates from the 16th century.[302] Western classical music, introduced in the
late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese culture. The imperial court
ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers.
[303]
 Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki.
Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and
European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop.[304] Karaoke is the most widely
practiced cultural activity in Japan.[305]

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The four traditional theaters from Japan are noh, kyōgen, kabuki, and bunraku. Noh and
kyōgen theater traditions are among the oldest continuous theater traditions in the
world.
Customs and holidays

Young ladies celebrate Coming of Age Day (成人の日, Seijin no Hi) in Harajuku, Tokyo

Main articles: Etiquette in Japan, Public holidays in Japan, and Japanese festivals

Ishin-denshin (以心伝心) is a Japanese idiom which denotes a form of interpersonal
communication through unspoken mutual understanding. [306] Isagiyosa (潔さ) is a virtue
of the capability of accepting death with composure. Cherry blossoms are a symbol of
isagiyosa in the sense of embracing the transience of the world. [307] Hansei (反省) is a
central idea in Japanese culture, meaning to acknowledge one's own mistake and to
pledge improvement. Kotodama (言霊) refers to the Japanese belief that mystical
powers dwell in words and names.[308] There are many annual festivals in Japan, which
are called in Japanese matsuri (祭). There are no specific festival days for all of Japan;
dates vary from area to area, and even within a specific area, but festival days do tend
to cluster around traditional holidays such as Setsubun or Obon.
Officially, Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays. Public holidays in
Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law (国民の祝日に関する法律, Kokumin no
Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu) of 1948.[309] Beginning in 2000, Japan implemented
the Happy Monday System, which moved a number of national holidays to Monday in
order to obtain a long weekend. The national holidays in Japan are New Year's Day on
January 1, Coming of Age Day on Second Monday of January, National Foundation
Day on February 11, The Emperor's Birthday on February 23, Vernal Equinox Day on
March 20 or 21, Shōwa Day on April 29, Constitution Memorial Day on May 3, Greenery
Day on May 4, Children's Day on May 5, Marine Day on Third Monday of July, Mountain
Day on August 11, Respect for the Aged Day on Third Monday of September, Autumnal
Equinox on September 23 or 24, Health and Sports Day on Second Monday of
October, Culture Day on November 3, and Labor Thanksgiving Day on November 23.[310]
Cuisine
Main article: Japanese cuisine

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A plate of nigiri-zushi

Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food, quality of ingredients
and presentation. Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use
traditional recipes and local ingredients. Seafood and Japanese rice or noodles are
traditional staple of Japanese cuisine, typically seasoned with a combination
of dashi, soy sauce, mirin, vinegar, sugar, and salt. Dishes inspired by foreign food—in
particular Chinese food—like ramen and gyōza, as well as foods like spaghetti, curry,
and hamburgers have become adopted with variants for Japanese tastes and
ingredients. Japanese curry, since its introduction to Japan from British India, is so
widely consumed that it can be called a national dish.[311] Traditional Japanese sweets
are known as wagashi.[312] Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used. More
modern-day tastes includes green tea ice cream.[313]
Popular Japanese beverages include sake, which is a brewed rice beverage that
typically contains 14–17% alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice. [314] Beer
has been brewed in Japan since the late 17th century. [315] Green tea is produced in
Japan and prepared in various forms such as matcha, used in the Japanese tea
ceremony.[316]
Media
Main articles: Cinema of Japan, Anime, and Media of Japan

Fuji TV headquarters in Tokyo

Television and newspapers take an important role in Japanese mass media, though
radio and magazines also take a part. [317][318] Over the 1990s, television surpassed
newspapers as Japan's main information and entertainment medium. [319] There are six
nationwide television networks: NHK (public broadcasting), Nippon
Television (NTV), Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), Fuji Network System (FNS), TV
Asahi (EX) and TV Tokyo Network (TXN).[318] Television networks were mostly
established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. Variety
shows, serial dramas, and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese television

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shows. According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan, 79 percent of
Japanese watch television daily.[320]
Japanese readers have a choice of approximately 120 daily newspapers, with an
average subscription rate of 1.13 newspapers per household. [321] The main newspapers
are the Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Nikkei
Shimbun and Sankei Shimbun. According to a survey conducted by the Japanese
Newspaper Association in 1999, 85.4 percent of men and 75 percent of women read a
newspaper every day.[319]
Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world; movies have been
produced in Japan since 1897.[322] Ishirō Honda's Godzilla became an international icon
of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films, as well as the longest-running
film franchise in history. Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign
Language Film four times, more than any other Asian country. Japanese animated films
and television series, known as anime, were largely influenced by Japanese manga and
have been extensively popular in the West. Japan is a world-renowned powerhouse of
animation.[323]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Japan

Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring-entering ceremony

Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.[324] Japanese martial arts such

as judo, karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the
country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced.
[325]
 Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country. Japan's top
professional league, now known as Nippon Professional Baseball, was established in
1936[326] and is widely considered to be the highest level of professional baseball in the
world outside of the North American Major Leagues. Since the establishment of
the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football has also gained a
wide following.[327] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and
co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.[328] Japan has one of the most
successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times,[329] and the FIFA
Women's World Cup in 2011.[330] Golf is also popular in Japan.[331]
Japan has significant involvement in motorsport. Japanese automotive manufacturers
have been successful in multiple different categories, with titles and victories in series
such as Formula One, MotoGP, IndyCar, World Rally Championship, World Endurance
Championship, World Touring Car Championship, British Touring Car

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Championship and the IMSA SportsCar Championship.[332][333][334] Three Japanese drivers
have achieved podium finishes in Formula One, and drivers from Japan also have
victories at the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, in addition to success in
domestic championships.[335][336] Super GT is the most popular national series in Japan,
while Super Formula is the top level domestic open-wheel series.[337] The country also
hosts major races such as the Japanese Grand Prix, Japanese motorcycle Grand
Prix, Suzuka 10 Hours, 6 Hours of Fuji, FIA WTCC Race of Japan and the Indy Japan
300.
Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964 and the Winter Olympics
in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.[338] Further, the country hosted the official 2006
Basketball World Championship[339] and will co-host the 2023 Basketball World
Championship.[340] Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making Tokyo the first
Asian city to host the Olympics twice.[341] The country gained the hosting rights for the
official Women's Volleyball World Championship on five occasions, more than any other
nation.[342] Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country, winning the Asian
Five Nations a record six times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations
Cup in 2011. Japan also hosted the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup.[343]

See also
 Japan portal

 Asia portal

 Index of Japan-related articles

 Outline of Japan

Notes
1. ^ In English, the official name of the country is simply "Japan".  In
[1]

Japanese, the name of the country as it appears on official

documents, including the country's constitution, is 日本国 (  Nippon-
koku or Nihon-koku), meaning "State of Japan". Despite this, the
short-form name 日本 (Nippon or Nihon) is often used officially.
2. ^ First verifiable date.
3. ^ According to the Dentsu survey of 2006: 1% Protestants, 0.8%
members of the Catholic Church, and 0.5% members of the Orthodox
Church.[262]

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268. ^ バハイ共同体 【Japan Baháʼí Network】.
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C1 - Internal use
275. ^ Ellington, Lucien (December 1, 2003).  "Beyond the Rhetoric:
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281. ^ "Japan"  (PDF). OECD.
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283. ^ Rodwin, Victor.  "Health Care in Japan". New York University.
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284. ^ Strom, Stephanie (July 15, 1999). "In Japan, Mired in Recession,
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285. ^ Lewis, Leo (June 19, 2008). "Japan gripped by suicide
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286. ^ Ozawa-de Silva, Chikako (December 2008). "Too Lonely to Die
Alone: Internet Suicide Pacts and Existential Suffering in Japan". Cult
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287. ^ Britnell, Mark (2015).  In Search of the Perfect Health System.
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Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde.
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297. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005).  A History of Japan  (2nd ed.). Blackwell.
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C1 - Internal use
298. ^ Royall, Tyler, ed. (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics.
pp.  i–ii, xii. ISBN 978-0-14-243714-8.
299. ^ Keene, Donald (1999).  World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of
the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867. Columbia University
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300. ^ "Japanese Confucian Philosophy". Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. May 20, 2008.
301. ^ Parkes, Graham (January 1, 2011). Zalta, Edward N.
(ed.).  Japanese aesthetics.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
302. ^ Malm, William P. (2000).  Traditional Japanese music and musical
instruments(New ed.). Kodansha International. pp.  31–45.  ISBN  978-
4-7700-2395-7.
303. ^ See for example, Olivier Messiaen, Sept haïkaï (1962), (Olivier
Messiaen: a research and information guide, Routledge, 2008, By
Vincent Perez Benitez, p. 67) and (Messiaen the Theologian, Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd., 2010, pp. 243–265, By Andrew Shenton)
304. ^ Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005).  "J-Pop History". The
Observer.
305. ^ Martinez, D.P., ed. (1998). The worlds of Japanese popular
culture: gender, shifting boundaries and global cultures  (Repr. ed.).
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306. ^ Maynard, Michael L; Maynard, Senko K; Taki (1993). 101
Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture
Through Popular Phrases. McGraw Hill Professional.
p. 113.  ISBN  978-0-8442-8496-5.
307. ^ Richard J. Berenson, Neil deMause, The complete illustrated
guidebook to Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden (2001),
p. 121.
308. ^ Cohen, Raymond (1977).  Negotiating Across Cultures:
Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy. United States
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China, ancients, harvests".  Japan Times. Archived from the
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311. ^ Lucy M. Long (2015).  Ethnic Food Today: A Cultural
Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 329–.  ISBN  978-
1-4422-2731-6.
312. ^ Darra Goldstein (2015).  The Oxford Companion to Sugar and
Sweets. Oxford University Press. pp.  777–. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6.
313. ^ Hiroko Fujita; Fran Stallings (2008). Folktales from the Japanese
Countryside. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 148–.  ISBN  978-1-59158-488-9.
314. ^ Carl A. Batt (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology.
Academic Press. pp. 846–.  ISBN  978-0-12-384733-1.
315. ^ Christopher Boulton; David Quain (2013).  Brewing Yeast and
Fermentation. John Wiley & Sons. pp.  20–. ISBN 978-1-118-68534-1.
316. ^ Hosking, Richard (1995).  A Dictionary of Japanese Food -
Ingredients and Culture. Tuttle. p.  30. ISBN 0-8048-2042-2.
317. ^ "The Japanese and Television, 2000". Archived from the
original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved  November 3, 2016.

C1 - Internal use
318. ^     Australia, Barbara Gatzen, Australian National University (April
a b

17, 2001).  "Media and Communication in Japan: Current Issues and

Future Research".
319. ^ a b 2.新聞と読者 Newspapers and Readers. Archived from the
original on April 18, 2002. Retrieved  November 3, 2016.
320. ^ Television Viewing and Media Use Today: From "The Japanese
and Television 2015" Survey NHK Broadcasting Culture Research
Institute, Public Opinion Research Division. April 2016.
321. ^ 1.発行部数 Circulation. Archived from the original  on April 18,
2002. Retrieved  November 3, 2016.
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2005–2010".  Screen Australia. Archived from the original  on October
27, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
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325. ^ "Culture and Daily Life". Embassy of Japan in the UK. Archived
from  the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved  March 27,  2007.
326. ^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). "Japanese Baseball". In
Palmer, Pete (ed.). Total Baseball  (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
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328. ^ "Previous FIFA World Cups". FIFA. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
329. ^ "Team Japan". Asian Football Confederation. Retrieved  March
2, 2014.
330. ^ "Japan edge USA for maiden title". FIFA. July 17, 2011.
331. ^ Varcoe, Fred. "Japanese Golf Gets Friendly".  Metropolis.
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1, 2007.
332. ^ "Honda". STATS F1. Retrieved  February 21,  2020.
333. ^ "WRC  – World Rally Championship". World Rally Championship.
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334. ^ Sports, Dorna. "Japanese industry in
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335. ^ Nagatsuka, Kaz (June 14, 2017).  "Sato revels in glow of historic
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336. ^ "Japan at the 24 Hours of Le Mans  – Infographic".  lemans.org.
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342. ^ "The Game  – World Championships  – FIVB Women's World
Championships Finals". FIVB. Retrieved  June 13,  2017.

C1 - Internal use
 343. ^ "rugbyworldcup.com". Archived from the original  on December
17, 2013. Retrieved November 1,  2013.

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