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Ratio
If we compare two quantities using division then it is called ratio. It compares quantities in
terms of ‘How many times’. The symbol to represent ratio is “:”.
It reads as “4 is to 3”
Example
If there are 35 boys and 25 girls in a class, then what is the ratio of
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Solution
35 + 25 = 60
If we have to compare two quantities with different units then we need to convert them in the
same unit .then only they can be compared using ratio.
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Example
What is the ratio of the height of Raman and Radha if the height of Raman is 175 cm and
Radha is 1.35 m?
Solution
The unit of the height of Raman and Radha is not same so convert them in the same unit.
Equivalent Ratios
If we multiply or divide both the numerator and denominator by the same number then we get
the equivalent ratio. There could be so many equivalent ratios of the same ratio.
In the case of equivalent ratios only their value changes but they represent the same portion
of the quantity.
Example
Solution
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To get the equivalent ratio we multiply both the numerator and denominator with 2.
To get another equivalent ratio we divide both the numerator and denominator with 2.
From the above figure, we can see that in all the equivalent ratios only the
number of equal parts is changing but all the ratios are representing the half part of the circle
only.
If there is no common factor of numerator and denominator except one then it is the lowest
form of the ratio.
Example
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Solution
The common factor of 25 and 100 is 25, so divide both the numerator and denominator with
25.
Proportion
We write it as a: b : : c: d or a: b = c: d
Example
If a man runs at a speed of 20 km in 2 hours then with the same speed would he be able to
cross 40 km in 4 hours?
Solution
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And the ratio of the time taken by them is also 2/4 = 1/2 = 1: 2
The first and the fourth term in the proportion are called extreme terms and the second and
third terms are called the Middle or the Mean Terms.
In this statement of proportion, the four terms which we have written in order are called the
Respective Terms.
If the two ratios are not equal then these are not in proportion.
Example 1
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Check whether the terms 30,99,20,66 are in proportion or not.
Solution 1.1
To check the numbers are in proportion or not we have to equate the ratios.
As both the ratios are equal so the four terms are in proportion.
30: 99 :: 20: 66
Solution 1.2
We can check with the product of extremes and the product of means.
30 × 66 = 1980
99 × 20 = 1980
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The product of extremes = product of means
Example 2
Solution 2
As the unit is different so we have to convert them into the same unit.
4 m = 4 × 100 cm = 400 cm
5 m = 5 × 100 cm = 500 cm
Ratio of 25 cm to 500 cm is
Here the two ratios are not equal so these ratios are not in proportion.
3: 40 ≠ 1: 20
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Unitary Method
If we find the value of one unit then calculate the value of the required number of units then
this method is called the Unitary method.
Example 1
If the cost of 3 books is 320 Rs. then what will be the cost of 6 books?
Solution 1
Example 2
If the cost of 20 toys is Rs. 4000 then how many toys can be purchased for Rs. 6000?
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Solution 2
Therefore, in Rs. 6000, the number of toys can be purchased = (20/4000) × 6000 = 30
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