High Voltage Direct Current

Transmission Systems

Ned Mohan - Power Systems textbook

1
CHAPTER 7

HIGH VOLTAGE DC (HVDC)

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Why HVDC?
Large power over long distances – economics, control, stability,
smaller losses compared to AC equivalent transferred power
Underwater cable transmission
Stability, back-to-back
Enabling – development of power electronics

2
Symbols and Capabilities of Power
Semiconductor Devices
108

Thyristor
Power (VA)
IGCT
106
IGBT
104

Thyristor IGCT IGBT MOSFET 102 MOSFET

(a)
101 102 103 104
Switching Frequency (Hz)
(b)

Fig. 7-1 Power semiconductor devices.

 Ability to turn on and off, controlled, is critical.

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Power Semiconductor Devices and
Applications

4
5
6
7
8
 HVDC System

HVDC Line
AC1 AC2
Fig. 7-3 HVDC system – one-line diagram.

 Power flow reversible

 Rectifier-inverter

9
HVDC Systems: Voltage-Link and
Current-Link


AC1 AC2 AC1 AC2

(a ) (b)

Fig. 7-4 HVDC systems: (a) Current-Link, and (b) Voltage-Link.

(thyristors) (‘switches’)

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 HVDC Projects in North America

2250MW

320MW
2000MW

150MW 350MW
1620MW 2138MW
312MW
370MW 200MW 690MW
500MW 1000MW
2000MW
200MW 1000MW
330MW
200MW
3100MW
100MW
200MW

1920MW
210MW

200MW 200MW

200MW 600MW

36MW

Fig. 7-5 HVDC projects, mostly current-link systems, in North America [source: ABB]
www.abb.com.
 2250MW

320M
2000MW

150MW 350MW
1620MW 2138MW
312MW
370MW 200MW 690MW
500MW 1000MW
2000MW
200MW 1000MW
330MW
200MW
3100MW
100MW
200MW

1920MW
210MW

200MW 200MW

200MW 600MW

36MW
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Current-Link HVDC System

Fig. 7-6 Block diagram of a current-link HVDC system.

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 Thyristors

A P pn1
N pn2
(a) (b) G
G P
pn3
K N

Fig. 7-7 Thyristors.

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Primitive Thyristor Circuits
is

 Ls

(a ) vs vd R



vd
Vd

0
t
 is 
vs
( b)
0
iG t

0
t  0 t

Fig. 7-8 Thyristor circuit with a resistive load and a series inductance.

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Three-Phase Thyristor Converter
id

 van ia
ia   1
van 1 3 5
  3 P
Ls 5
vbn 
n  
vd n Id vd
4 
v
 cn  6

2 N
4 6 2



(a) (b)
Fig. 7-9 Three-phase Full-Bridge thyristor converter.

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 Three-Phase Diode Rectifier
Waveforms
va vb vc ia
120 o
vP 0
0 t 60 o t
ib
vN
0
(a) t
vd 2VLL ic

Vdo 0
0 t t
(b) (c)

Fig. 7-10 Waveforms in a three-phase rectifier with Ls  0 and   0 .

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Three-Phase Thyristor Converter
Waveforms with zero AC-Side
Inductance
van v Pn vbn vcn

A

0 t


v Nn

ia
1 1
0 t
4 4

ib
3
0 t
6 6

ic
5 5
0 t
2

Fig. 7-11 Waveforms with Ls  0 .

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Three-Phase Inverter
WaveformsvNn
van vbn vcn

0 t


vPn
ia 1
1
0 t
4 4

ib 3
3
0 t
6

ic
5
0 t
2
2

Fig. 7-12 Waveforms in the inverter mode. 19 19

DC-Side Voltage as a Function of
Delay Angle
Vd Vd Rectifier
P  Vd I d  
1800
0 0
90 0 0  Id
160
Inverter
P  Vd I d  
(a ) ( b)
Fig. 7-13 Average dc-side voltage as a function of  .

Limit on  is approx. 160o to avoid the commutation failure

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 Thyristor Converter Waveforms in
the Presence of AC-Side Inductance
van v Pn vbn vcn
Au

0 t

u v Nn

ia
1 1
0 t
4 4

Fig. 7-14 Waveforms with Ls .

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 Power Factor Angle in
Rectifier and Inverter Modes

Rectifier inverter
Va Va

1

I a1 1
I a1
(a ) ( b)
Fig. 7-15 Power-factor angle.

PF = cos (+u/2)
Q3 = 3VaIa sin (+u/2) drawn by converter from the AC network.

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CU One-line Diagram

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 12-Pulse Waveforms
ia (Y  Y )

ia (Y   )

(a ) ( b)

Fig. 7-17 Six-pulse and 12-pulse current and voltage waveforms [2].

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