Three-Dimensional Potential Flows 195

Q
e + ui
4πδ 2 x

where ex is the unit vector in the x direction.

The velocity at x = xi + δ, less that due to the sink, will be

Q ∂u
e + u i + δ i + ….
2 x
4πδ ∂x

Then, from Equation 5.14b, the force acting on the body due to the source
will be

Q
ρQ ex + ui
4πδ 2

and the force acting on the body due to the sink will be

Q ∂u
−ρQ e + ui + δ i + …
2 x
4πδ ∂x

where the minus sign results from the fact that a sink is being considered.
The net force that will act on the body due to the combined source and sink
will then be

∂u i
−ρQδ .
∂x

Now, if δ is allowed to shrink to zero and Q is allowed to become infinite

such that Qδ → μ, the force acting on the doublet of strength μ that will result
at x = xi will be

∂u i
−ρ .
∂x

Hence, the force acting on the body due to a doublet of strength μ will be

∂u i
F = −ρ . (5.14c)
∂x

As an example of an application of the foregoing results, consider a sphere

in the presence of a source, which was discussed in Section 5.10. The flow