194 Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids

1 Q2 Q
F=ρ
∫
Si
− +
2 16π 2 ε 4 2 πε 2
eε ⋅ u i + u i ⋅ u i eε

Q Q
+ eε + u i + u i ⋅ eε dS
4πε 2 4πε 2
Q2 1 Q
=ρ
∫
Si 32 π 2 ε 4
eε − (u i ⋅ u i )eε +
2 4πε 2
u i + (u i ⋅ eε )u i dS.

Of these four integrals, the first is zero since it involves a constant multi-
plied by eε integrated around a closed surface. Since the radius ε is arbitrarily
small, the quantity ui ∙ ui, may be considered to be constant over the surface
Si, and so the second integral will be zero in the limit as ε → 0. The last term in
the integrand will likewise involve a quantity ui, which will be constant, and
a quantity eε, which will change direction around Si. Thus, the product ui ∙ eε
will have equal positive and negative regions over the surface Si, so that the
integral of (ui ∙ eε)ui over Si will be zero. Then, the expression for F becomes

Q
F = ρ∫ u dS
Si 4πε 2 i

where, again, ui may be considered to be constant throughout the integration

for vanishingly small value of ε. Hence,

2π
ρQ π

F=
4π
ui
∫0
dω
∫
0
sin θ dθ
(5.14b)
F = ρQu i .

That is, the force on the body, and on the source, is proportional to the
source strength and to the magnitude of the velocity, ui, induced at the loca-
tion of the source by all mechanisms other than the source itself. The direc-
tion of the force coincides with that of the velocity vector ui. For a sink, Q
should be replaced by –Q in Equation 5.14b.
Consider now the case when the singularity is a doublet. It was shown in
Section 5.6 that a doublet may be obtained by superimposing a source and a
sink of equal strength. Hence, consider a source of strength Q to be located
at x = xi and a sink of strength Q to be located at x = xi + δ, as shown in Figure
5.11b, where δ is a vanishingly small distance. Then, if ui is the fluid veloc-
ity at x = xi due to all components of the flow except the source and the sink
under consideration, the velocity at x = xi, less that due to the source itself,
will be