Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract- The internationalization of the electrical power ratings in both the ANSI and the IEC systems, but this
equipment market has required engineers to apply equipment is unlikely to happen for at least two reasons. First, the
designed and built to unfamiliar standards. For high-voltage required testing is very expensive. Since both the ANSI and
circuit breakers, the two best-known standards are the ANSI
and the IEC standards. Since ratings with similar names have the IEC standards require testing to demonstrate conformity
different meanings in the two series of standards, it is vital with assigned ratings, there is no good way to use a single
that application engineers understand the differences.This paper set of tests to demonstrate ratings that conform with both
examines the continuous current, interrupting, short-time, and sets of standards. The testing of a single rating of medium-
closing current ratings and compares these ratings in the two voltage circuit breaker (of the type used in 15-kV metal-clad
series of standards.
switchgear) can cost upwards of $50 000 or even more if the
manufacturer has to purchase test laboratory services for all
INTRODUCTION of the required testing. Regardless of which set of standards is
TABLE I
SELECTED TEMPERATURE RISE VALUES A
Allowable Temperature
Rise
Circuit Breaker Component
ANSI(1) IEC(2) C
Contacts, silver or silver plated, in air 65” C 65’ C
Effect of an Enclosure
Section 4.4.1(2) of ANSUIEEE C37.09 requires enclosed
breakers to be tested in their enclosures. In North American SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
practice, breakers designed for use in enclosures are seldom The short circuit current a circuit breaker can interrupt is
if ever used without enclosures. Section 6.3.2 of IEC 694 probably its most important single rating. The current that
requires the circuit breaker to be mounted in all significant determines this rating is the current at the moment of contact
respects as in service, including all normal covers of any part separation. Before examining the standards to see how this
of the switching device. Since, however, European practice current is defined in each of the two standards systems, let us
may involve the use of the same circuit breaker in both open review the basics of short circuit current wave forms.
and enclosed installations, it is common practice to test and
rate the circuit breaker without an enclosure. The nameplate Review of Basics
continuous current rating may be for open-air application. It Fig. which is taken from Fig. of IEC 56 ,41, shows a
may be necessary to derate the circuit breaker for enclosed use. typical short circuit current waveform and defines the various
No general rule for derating can be given; the manufacturer component of this wave. At the moment of initiation
needs to be consulted in each case. of a short circuit, the ac current wave, which is normally
symmetrical about the zero axis (BX in Fig. l), is offset by
Effect of Frequency some value, creating a waveform that is symmetrical about
Section 5.3 of ANSVIEEE C37.04 specifies a rated fre- another axis (CC’ in Fig. 1). The degree of asymmeQ is a
quency of 60 Hz for circuit breakers. Section 4.3 of IEC 694 function of several variables, including the parameters of the
specifies a rated frequency of either 50 or 60 Hz. Section 5.4 power system up to the point of the short circuit and the point
of ANSUIEEE C37.04 states that the rated continuous current on the ac wave at which the short circuit was initiated. In a
is at the rated frequency. Section 6.3.2 of IEC 694 calls for three-phase circuit, there is usually one phase that is offset
continuous current tests to be made at rated frequency with significantly more than the other two phases.
a tolerance of +2% and -5%. Section 4.3 of ANSVIEEE It is convenient to analyze this asymmetrical waveform as
C37.09 [3] states “Tests demonstrating current carrying ability consisting of a symmetrical ac wave superimposed on a dc
which are not made at rated frequency may need correction current. In Fig. 1, CC’ represents the dc current, and the value
factors because the heat released varies with the frequency of that current at any instant is represented by the ordinate
of the current, the relation depending on dc resistance, skin of CC’. The dc component of the current normally decays
effects, eddy currents, and hysteresis losses.” No guidance is quite rapidly and reaches an insignificant value within 0.1 s
given for making these corrections, but it is known that higher in most power systems. The rate of decay is a function of the
frequencies cause higher heat losses. Therefore, a continuous system parameters. When the initial value of the dc current is
current carrying test made at 50 Hz may give temperature equal to the initial peak value of the ac current, the resulting
rise results that are less than would be experienced if the waveform is said to be fully offset or to have a 100% dc
same apparatus were tested at 60 Hz. Since the standards component. It is possible, in some power systems, to have an
give no mathematical model for correcting these test results, offset in excess of loo%, which may result in a waveform that
the continuous current test should be made at the highest has no current zeros for one or more cycles of the ac power
frequency at which the circuit breaker will be applied. frequency.
BRIDGER: ALL AMPERES ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL 197
in Section 4.101 of IEC 56, which reads, in part, as follows: CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTACT PARTING TIME
SUM OF 1/2 CYCLE TRIPPING DElAY PLUS THE OPENING TIME
“The rated short-circuit breaking current is characterized by OF THE INDNIDUAL BREAKER
198 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 29, NO. 1, JANUARYIEBRUARY 1993
Section 4.104 of IEC 56 gives two alternative rated oper- Substituting in (3,we get
ating sequences. The first is 0-3 min-CO-3 min-CO.
The second is CO-15 s-CO, which the same as the ANSI I =I T m s / T q $
requirement. The 0-3 min-CO-3 min-CO duty cycle is
more commonly used in Europe.
Test Duties
27.5 kA = I,,,/l +2* (g)'
Both sets of standards list several test duties that must be 27.5 kA = I T m S d 1 +2 * (.5)'
performed to demonstrate the ability of a circuit breaker to
meet its short-circuit ratings. The ANSI requirements are listed 27.5 kA = I,,,d-
in Table 1 of ANSVIEEE C37.09. The IEC requirements are 27.5 kA
IT,, =
shown in IEC 56. Section 6.106 covers basic short circuit du- VCiT
ties, whereas Sections 6.107 and 6.108 cover more specialized I,,, = 22.45 kA.
test duties. From this, it can be seen that the ANSI asymmetrical
Both test series require testing at the rated short-circuit test requirements for this circuit breaker rated 25 kA can
current that is both symmetrical and asymmetrical. Both be satisfied with a test current of 22.45 kA rms plus a dc
series require tests at currents ranging from about 10 to component of 50% or 15.87 kA.Other currents could be used,
about 60% of the rated short-circuit current, and both tests provided the combination of ac and dc components meet the
require single-phase tests as well as three-phase tests. Beyond overall specification for total rms current.
the basic requirements, however, there are many differences. Using IEC test procedures, the circuit breaker would be
Duty cycles may vary, as does the degree of asymmetry called on to interrupt its rated I,,, plus a dc component.
required for tests at less than full short-circuit rating. Variations Since the opening time of the circuit breaker is 50 ms, and
in transient recovery voltage requirements and in require- the one-half-cycle relaying time is 8.33 ms, T is 58.33 ms.
ments for the condition of the circuit breaker after test- Referring to Fig. 3, we see that the required dc component is
ing make it very difficult to make an exact comparison approximately 25%. From (3,we get
of the severity of tests made under the two different sys-
tems. I = I ? - m s / l + 2 * ( 1 0%dc
0) '
Example
To compare the two sets of interrupting requirements, let us
consider a circuit breaker with a rated short-circuit current of
I = 25 kA/I +2 * (g)'
25 kA, a rated voltage range factor K of 1, a rated interrupting I = 25 k A \ / l + 2 * (.as)'
time of 5 cycles (83 ms), and an actual opening time of 50 ms. I = 25 k A d G T f %
Both ANSI and IEC standards require symmetrical inter-
rupting tests at rated short-circuit current. See test duty 4 in I = 26.52 kA.
Table 1 of ANSVIEEE C37.09 and test duty 4 of Section From this, it is seen that an IEC test using an ac component
6.106.4 of IEC 56. of 25 kA and the required percentage dc of 25% calls on
In accordance with Section 5.10.2.2 of ANSI/IEEE C37.04, the circuit breaker to interrupt a total current of only 96.4%
a breaker with a rated interrupting time of 5 cycles is assumed of the current required by the ANSI test. To meet the ANSI
to have a contact parting time of 3.0 cycles. From Fig. 2, requirements for total asymmetrical current would require a
this breaker is assigned an S factor of 1.1. The highest minimum dc component of 32.4%. Referring to Fig. 3, we
asymmetrical currents required by Table 1 of ANSMEEE find that this value corresponds to a contact parting time of 50
C37.09 are S I in test duty 6 and K S I in test duty 7. ( I ms, which is exactly the contact parting time assigned to our
is the rated short-circuit current, which is equivalent to I,,, breaker under the ANSI standards.
in (3.)Asymmetry of 50 to 100% is also specified for these
two tests. Summary of Short Circuit Current Considerations
Since our example has a rated K of 1, S I = K S I . To
meet the ANSI test requirements, this circuit breaker would Both ANSI and IEC standards define rated short circuit
be required to interrupt a maximum short-circuit current of current in terms of the rms symmetrical value of an ac current.
S I , or 1 . 1 ITmS,with a minimum asymmetry of 50%. This The definitions are the same, and the ratings are directly
gives us the following: comparable.
Both ANSI and IEC standards require asymmetrical
interrupting capability. The requirements differ. In general,
I = s * I,,, the ANSI standards require higher total current than the IEC
I = 1.1 * 25 kA standards, at least partly because the ANSI standards require
assignment of an artificially short opening time to most circuit
I = 27.5 kA. breakers.
200 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 29, NO. 1, JANUARYFEBRUARY 1993
The standard operating duty differs between the two stan- The two values are equivalent, and the actual performance of
dards. ANSIflEEE C37.04 defines the standard operating duty the circuit breaker was not required to change.
as CO-15 s-CO. This is one of two standards listed in IEC Section 4.103 of IEC 56 defines the rated short-circuit-
56, but breakers tested to IEC standards more commonly use making current as the peak current of the first major loop
the other cycle 0-3 min-CO-3 min-CO. of the short-circuit current and requires it to be 2.5 times
The exact requirements of individual test duties differ the rms value of the ac component of the rated short-circuit
between the two standards in such areas as the percentage breaking current. The ability to close against this current is
asymmetry for a particular test current level, transient recovery tested by Test Duty No. 4, as described in Section 6.106.4 of
voltage, etc. IEC 56. This test duty also includes full short-circuit current
Because of these factors, it is extremely difficult to make a interruption. There is no requirement similar to the ANSI
direct comparison of the severity of the tests required by the requirement for latching and carrying a current for 2 s before
two sets of standards. interrupting.
standards should study those standards to understand exactly High-Voltage Alternating-Current Circuit-Breakers, IEC Std. 56, Int.
what the ratings mean in terms of actual performance of the Electrotech. Comm., Geneva, 4th ed., 1987.
Common Clauses for High-Voltage Switchgear and Control Gear Stan-
circuit breaker. Since most breaker applications are not made dards, IEC Std. 694, Int. Electrotech. Comm., Geneva, 1st ed., 1980.
at the limit of the breaker’s ratings, it should be possible to IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSVIEEE Std. C37.010-1979, IEEE
find a circuit breaker that will fit the application regardless Product No. SH06569.
of the set of standards with which it complies. A little care IEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-
exercised at the start of a project will pay dividends at the end. Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis,
ANSVIEEE Std. C37.011-1979, IEEE Product NO. SH07005.
IEEE Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching for AC
REFERENCES High- Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Busis,
ANSVIEEE Std. C37.012-1979, IEEE Product No. SH06957.
111 IEEE Standard Rating Structure for ac High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSI/IEEE Std. C37.04- 1979,
IEEE Product no. SH06288.
[2] American National Standard for Switchgear-uc High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis-Preferred Ratings and
Related Required Capabilities, ANSI Std. C37.06-1987, Amer. Nat.
Stds. Inst. Inc, New York.
[3] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for ac High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Baldwin Bridger, Jr. (M’50-SM’59-F’88), For photgraph and biography
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSIflEEE Std. C37.09-1979, please see the Officers in the Industry Applications Society section of this
IEEE Product No. SH06312. issue on page 2.