CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP


BASIC EQUATION

Rotational speed

ABC
= = ?@ =
60

= = linear velocity in m/s
? = radius in m
@ = angular velocity in rad/s
B = diameter in m
C = rotation per minute


Power

OPQR? = S ∙ U = O ∙ V ∙ U = WXℎ ∙ VU = WXℎ ∙ Z

OPQR? = WXZ ∙ ℎ

[P?\ = Torque × Angular velocity

Work

[P?\ = Force × Distance

TURBOMACHINES

Turbomachines are the commonly employed devices
that either supply or extract energy from a flowing fluid
by means of rotating propellers or vanes.

PUMP:
Pump adds energy to a system, with the result that the
pressure is increased.
It also causes flow to occur or it increases the rate of flow.

TURBINE:
A turbine extracts energy from a system and converts it
to some other useful form, typically, to electric power.
Hydroturbine: is a machine that generates power from
high-pressure water; relatively large conduits or
tunnels deliver fluid to closed turbines in order to
generate power.
Another example: steam turbine and air turbine.


PUMP CLASSIFICATION

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A centrifugal pump consists of two principal parts:
(1) Impeller: which imparts a rotary motion to the
liquid.
(2) Housing or casing: which directs the liquid into
the impeller region and transports it away under
a high pressure.

The impeller is mounted on a shaft and is often driven
by an electric motor.

The casing includes the suction and discharge nozzles
and houses the impeller assembly. The portion of the
casing surrounding the impeller is termed the volute.

Liquid enters through the suction nozzle to the impeller
eye and travels along the shroud, developing a rotary
motion due to the impeller vanes.

It leaves the volute casing peripherally at a higher
pressure through the discharging nozzle.

Some single-suction impellers are open, with the front
shroud removed.

Double-suction impellers have liquid entering from both
sides.

HEAD OF PUMP (Manometric head)

This is defined by British Standards as the sum of the
actual lift (H) + the friction losses in the pipes (hf)+ the
discharge velocity head.



Uuv Ov − Ox Uvv − Uxv
rs = r + ℎt + = +
2X WX 2X

However, for special pumps allowance must also be
made for the velocity of flow towards the suction intake
and any pressure differences at the water surfaces in the
supply and receiving tanks.

Commonly the suction and delivery pipes are of equal
diameter. In which case:

Ov − Ox
rs =
WX





VELOCITY TRIANGLE

Legend:

At inlet (1)
=x = ?x @ = Tangetial velocity of impeller
{x = Absolute velocity at |x to tangent
{}x = {x − =x = Relataive velocity to impeller blade

Component velocity for {x :
{~x = Whirl velocity
{tx = Radial flow velocity

x = Inlet blade angle


At outlet (2)
=v = ?v @ = Tangetial velocity of impeller
{v = Absolute velocity at |v to tangent
{}v = {v − =v = Relataive velocity to impeller blade

Component velocity for {v :
{~v = Whirl velocity
{tv = Radial flow velocity

v = Inlet blade angle





BLADE TYPE
1. Forward blade
2. Radial blade
3. Backward blade

FORWARD BLADE

RADIAL BLADE

BACKWARD BLADE

THE EFFECT OF BLADE TYPE

Centrifugal pumps do not always have backward curved
vanes. But when they do, it is mostly for fluids in the
incompressible regime of operation such as water. For
compressible operation of fluids such as air, forward
curve-vaned centrifugal pumps are used.

The net ideal head developed by a centrifugal pump is
given by:

rÇuÉÑÖ = V − ÜZ

Z = volume flow rate at the impeller outlet
V, Ü = constant for a given impeller running at a given speed

Additionally, Ü ∝ cot v .

Do note that the value of the actual head developed by
the pump will be lower than this ideal value owing to
shocks

ràâäãå = çx Zu − Z v

Zu = design volume flow rate
Z = actual volume flow rate

Friction can be calculated by:

ℎt = çv Z v

which together constitute hydraulic losses.

The power required to drive the pump to provide a
given flow-rate is given as:

O = WXZ ∙ rÇuÉÑÖ

The representative curves are given below.

As is evident from the power-discharge characteristics
of the radial and forward vaned centrifugal pump, the
power requirement increases monotonically with an
increase in discharge. Hence, if the pump motor is rated
for maximum power, then it will remain under-utilized
for most of the operating time, and result in an increased
cost due to its higher rating. On the other hand, if a
motor is rated at the design point, and due to some
reason the flow-rate exceeds the design flow rate, then
the power requirement will shoot up (in case of forward
and radial vanes only), causing overloading and motor
failure.

However, for backward curve-vaned centrifugal pumps,
if the flow-rate exceeds the design flow rate (occurs
quite close to the maxima of the power-discharge curve),
then contrary to the earlier case, the power requirement
drops down as evident from the curves. This enables the
motor which is rated at the design power to handle the
entire range of flow-rates without any problems. The
actual design point is located corresponding to the flow-
rate at which maximum efficiency occurs.




EULER HEAD

Torque = kadar perubahan momentum sudut

Momentum sudut = (jisim)×(halaju tangen) × (jejari)

Momentum sudut masuk = è{~x ?x

Momentum sudut keluar = è{~v ?v

è = kadar jisim mengalir sesaat

Kadar perubahan momentum sudut:
ê = è{~v ?v − è{~x ?x
è = WVU = WZ
ê = WZ {~v ?v − {~x ?x

Diketahui power ialah:
O = ê@
O = WZ {~v ?v − {~x ?x @

Diketahui:
= = ?@
=x = ?x @
=v = ?v @
ëí ëî
?x = and ?v =
ì ì

Diketahui power ialah:
O = WZ {~v ?v − {~x ?x @
=v =v
= WZ {~v − {~x @
@ @
= WZ {~v =v − {~x =x

Power juga boleh ditulis sebagai:
O = WXZ ∙ ℎ

Jika power adalah maksimum, nilai h ialah nilai
maksimum, iaitu niai power dalam keadaan tiada
kehilangan tenaga (losses, friction, etc).

Nilai h boleh ditulis sebagai rñ (Euler head)

O = WXZ ∙ rñ = WZ {~v =v − {~x =x

1
rñ = {~v =v − {~x =x
X

Ia kenali sebagai Euler head (turus Euler).
Unitnya dalam meter (m).
Ia adalah turus ideal yang dihasilkan oleh impeller
(pendesak) dalam system pam.

PUMP EFFICIENCY (kecekapan pam)

Manometric efficiency

Kuasa air yang dihasilkan
ósÑòä =
Kuasa impeller

WXZ ∙ rs
=
WXZ ∙ rñ

WXZ ∙ rs
=
1
WXZ ∙ { = − {~x =x
X ~v v

Xrs
ósÑòä =
{~v =v − {~x =x

Mechanical efficiency

Kuasa impeller
ósÉãâ =
Kuasa yang diberikan kepada syaf
1
{~v =v − {~x =x
ósÉãâ = X

OÇòôëö


Overall efficiency

Kuasa air yang dihasilkan
óä =
Kuasa yang diberikan kepada syaf

WXZ ∙ rs
óä =
OÇòôëö

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
TUTORIAL O1



QUESTION 1

A centrifugal pump is driven by an electric motor at 1450 rpm.
Outlet diameter of blade, outlet blade width and outlet blade angle
are 600 mm, 400 mm and 30o, respectively. Inlet diameter of blade,
inlet blade width and inlet blade angle are 300 mm, 80mm and 20ᵒ
respectively. Pressure at suction pipe and delivery are positive
13.5 bar and negative 0.5 bar, respectively. Assume that the
diameter for suction and delivery pipes is equal. The flowrate
inside the pump is 0.3m3/s. Determine:

i. The monometric head, Hm
ii. The manometric efficiency, WX
iii. Power required by electric motor if overall efficiency is 98%.


QUESTION 2

A centrifugal pump has inlet and outlet diameter of 30 cm and 60
cm, respectively. Impeller width at outlet is 12 cm. Blade thickness
occupied 10 percent of the circumference. Blade is backward with
inlet and outlet blade angle is 30ᵒ and 40ᵒ, respectively. The
flowrate is 0.5m3/s. Assume there are no whirl at inlet and velocity
of flow is constant determine:

i. The rotation of pump in rpm
ii. The output power if manometric efficiency is 85%
iii. The pressure difference across the impeller

QUESTION 3

Centrifugal pump supplies water at the rate of 400 liter/s and the
pressure difference across the pump is 200 kN/m3. Outlet diameter
and outlet width are 40cm and 10 cm, respectively. Blade thickness
occupied 10% of the circumference. Impeller inlet diameter is half
of the outlet diameter. Assume losses in casing and impeller are
negligible and zero whirl at inlet. The diameter of suction and
delivery pipes is equal. If the blades are radial, determine:

i. The pump power input in horsepower if overall efficiency is
80%
ii. The impeller speed in rpm
iii. The inlet blade angle if velocity of flow is constant


QUESTION 4

The inlet and outlet impeller diameter of centrifugal pump are 200
mm and 400 m, respectively. Impeller width at inlet and outlet are
15 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Blades are backward with angle of
38ᵒ. Pump operates at 1500 rpm. The flowrate is 15 liter/s.
Determine the pressure changes in the impeller. Assume no energy
losses.


QUESTION 01

QUESTION 02

QUESTION 03

QUESTION 04