I.

Percent Available Chlorine

According to American pool, the percent available chlorine assesses the best disinfectant to be
used in terms of its oxidizing power. For Soap Industry various disinfectants were used as discussed in
the previous parts of this paper, and on this portion, the comparison of this different disinfectants will
be discussed.

Based from Davis (2010), the main equation for the solving of percent available chlorine are:

equivalent weight of Cl 2∈ compound

% available chlorine= ×100 %
equivalent weight of compound
Where:

Molecular weight
equivalent weight =
no . of electrons consumed

With Ozone, the oxidation-reduction reactions are:

O3 + 2H+ + 2e-  O2 + H2O

Cl2(g) + 2e-  2Cl-

From the half reactions:

g
70.9
mol
equivalent weight of Cl 2∈compound=
2e−¿ ¿
g
equivalent weight of Cl 2∈compound=35.45
mol

g
48
mol
equivalent weight of Ozone= −¿
2e ¿
g
equivalent weight of Ozone=24
mol
For the percent available chlorine:
 g
35.45
mol
% available chlorine= ×100 %
g
24
mol
% available chlorine=147.7083 %
This value indicates that ozone, as a disinfectant, has a higher oxidizing power with respect to chlorine.

While for Chlorine, the redox reactions are:

Cl2(g) + 2e-  2Cl-

Cl2(g) + 2e-  2Cl-

From the half reactions:

g
70.9
mol
equivalent weight of Cl 2∈compound=
2e−¿ ¿
g
equivalent weight of Cl 2∈compound=35.45
mol

g
70.9
mol
equivalent weight of Chlorine= −¿
2e ¿
g
equivalent weight of Chlorine=35.45
mol
For the percent available chlorine:

35.45
% available chlorine= × 100 %
35.45
% available chlorine=100 %

Solving for their percent difference:

 % available chlorine Ozone −% available chlorine Chlorine
% differences= × 100 %
% available chlorine Chlorine
147.7083 %−100 %
% differences= ×100 %
100 %
% differences=47.7083 %

Comparing the values of the percent available chlorine for ozone and chlorine, it could be
observe that ozone has the higher value of 147.7083% indicating that it has a higher oxidizing power
than chlorine of 100%. This data also shows that it has a more effective disinfecting property than
chlorine by roughly 48 %.

II. Contact Time and the Herbert Watson’s equation

 The table above, from a site entitles ozone disinfection kinetics, shows the different k values for
each microorganism when ozone is used as a disinfectant. We could simply solve for the contact time
using the Herbert Watson equation shown below

C n tp=k '

mg
We could assume for a value of 3 concentration throughout the whole solving of contact
l
time. According to the site also, this data have been solved using a first order kinetics so the value of n is
assumed to be 1

For E.coli

mg 1 mg ∙ min
3 tp=0.009
l l
tp=0.00 3 min

For Legionella Pneumopila

mg 1 mg ∙min
3 tp=1.05
l l
tp=0. 35 min

For Rotavirus

mg 1 mg ∙ min
3 tp=0.006
l l
tp=0.002 min

For Gardia Lamblia

mg 1 mg∙ min
3 tp=0.17
l l
tp=0.0 57 min
For Giardia Muris

mg 1 mg∙ min
3 tp=0.27
l l
tp=0.09 min

For Cryptosporidium Parvum

mg 1 mg ∙min
3 tp=5.39
l l
tp=1.7967 min

According to the site also, contact time between the ozone and water should not exceed 5
minutes as it would decrease the probability of residual ozone in the system. By this information, we
could solve for the maximum concentration of ozone in order to have a reduction of organisms to 99.99
percent.

For E.coli

mg∙ min
C 1 ×5 min=0.009
l
mg
C=0.0018
l

For Legionella Pneumopila

mg ∙ min
C 1 ×5 min=1.05
l
mg
C=0.21
l

For Rotavirus

mg∙ min
C 1 ×5 min=0.006
l
 mg
C=0.0012
l

For Gardia Lamblia

mg ∙ min
C 1 ×5 min=0.17
l
mg
C=0.034
l

For Giardia Muris

mg ∙ min
C 1 ×5 min=0.27
l
mg
C=0.054
l

For Cryptosporidium Parvum

mg ∙ min
C 1 ×5 min=5.39
l
mg
C=1.078
l

From this values, it is safe to conclude that in order to prevent the degradation of ozone in the
system, a maximum amount of 1.078 mg/l can be used to have a contact time of exactly 5 minutes.

References:

Available Chlorine. (2013, September 25). Retrieved on November 22, 2019 from
https://americanpoool.com/glossary//available-chlorine/.

Davis, M. L. (2010). Water and wastewater engineering design principles and practice. New York:
McGraw-Hill. pp. 13-6.

Water Treatment Solutions. (n.d.) Retrieved on November 22, 2019 from https:// www.
Lenntech.com/library/ozone/kinetics/ozone-disinfection-kinetics.htm.