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Governing Equations

Euler Equation and Bernoulli

Equation

AE3120 Aircraft Aerodynamics and Flight

Performance
Dr. ir. Djoko Sardjadi
Ema Amalia, ST., MT.

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

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• Euler equation, Bernoulli equation, and Potential Flow are

simplification of Momentum Theorem combined with Conservation of
Mass.

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Euler Equation

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Euler Equation
• Now we will apply the momentum theorem to
elemental control surface.
Static pressure on the right surface is

Combining this pressure with similar pressure

on the left surface produces the net pressure:

[1]

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Euler Equation
• Since there are no body force present
and the fluid is assumed inviscid, then
the force of

should be equal with the net momentum

flux out plus the instantaneous change of
[1] fluid momentum contained in the
element.

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Euler Equation
• The momentum flux out of right face is:

• The momentum flux out of upper face is:

• The momentum flux out of left face is:

𝜕 𝜌𝑢 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑥
𝜌𝑢 − 𝑢− ∆𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
• The momentum flux out of bottom face is:
[1]
𝜕 𝜌𝑣 ∆𝑦 𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑦
𝜌𝑣 − 𝑢− ∆𝑥
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
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Euler Equation
• The instantaneous change of
momentum inside the element is:

• Equating the net forces in x direction

and by using

[1]

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Euler Equation

• For three-dimensions, the equation becomes:

It is called as Euler’s equation

of motion

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Euler Equation
• In vector notation, Euler equation becomes:

• If the vector product is taken with operator 𝛻 with each term

of above equation, then For inviscid flow, the
𝜕 ∇×𝑉 1 vorticity is constant
+ 𝑉 ∙ ∇ ∇ × 𝑉 = − ∇ × ∇𝑝
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 along streamline.
And if the infinite
flow is uniform,
𝜔 = ∇×𝑉 Vorticity then

𝜔 =∇×𝑉 =0

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Bernoulli Equation

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Bernoulli Equation
• Bernoulli equation is well known in fluid mechanics and
relates the pressure to the velocity along a streamline in
an inviscid, incompressible flow.
• This equation is derived from Euler’s equation by using
the fact that the velocity vector is tangential along
streamline.

• First multiply the Euler equation on x direction with dx:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑥

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Bernoulli Equation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑥

=0, because the flow is steady

1 𝜕𝑢2 1 𝜕𝑢2 1 𝜕𝑢2 1 𝜕𝑝

⇔ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑥

Similarly by multiplying the Euler’s equation in y direction with dy, we will have:

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑝
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑦 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑦
And by multiplying the Euler’s equation in z direction with dz, we will have:
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑤 2 1 𝜕𝑤 2 1 𝜕𝑤 2 1 𝜕𝑝
𝑤 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑧 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑧
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Bernoulli Equation

• Then add the three equations, we will  If  is constant (incompressible flow), by

have: integration, we will have:
1 2 2 2
1
𝑑 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = − 𝑑𝑝 1
2 𝜌 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

• We know that : 𝑉 2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 ,
then:  If the flow is uniform in infinity, then we will
1 1 have:
𝑑 𝑉 2 = − 𝑑𝑝
2 𝜌

• Or, we have Euler’s equation in the form

of:
𝑑𝑝
𝑉𝑑𝑉 + 𝜌 = 0
Bernoulli’s Equation

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References
[1] Barnes W. McCormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight
Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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Thank You

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