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Introduction to Aircraft
Aerodynamics and Flight
Performance

Aircraft Geometry
AE3120 Aircraft Aerodynamics and Flight
Performance
Dr. ir. Djoko Sardjadi
Ema Amalia, ST., MT.

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

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Components of
an Airplane

Main Components of an Aircraft:

• Wing
• Empennage
• Landing Gear

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Wing

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is the large horizontal surface on an airplane, which provides most of

Wing the lift to support its weight

𝑏
𝐴𝑅 =
𝑐

𝑏2
𝐴𝑅 =
𝑆

[1]

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in order to be able to produce lift, cross section of the wing should

Wing have a special shape called airfoil

Lift:
the aerodynamics force produced
by a surface in the direction normal to
velocity vector
[1] Drag:
the aerodynamics force produced
by a surface in the direction parallel to
In this lecture we will mainly talk about how to velocity vector
produce lift and how drag is produced
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Lift can be expressed as non-dimensional parameter 𝐶𝐿 , which is a measure of

Wing lift but independent of wing size, the airspeed, or density

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Wing
• Airfoil (2-D) lift coefficient is given by:

• We see that the Lift curve has a broad linear range.

• For symmetrical wing:

• For cambered wing:

• Zero lift line: a line on airfoil or wing where if this line is at

zero angle of attack with wind direction, then the lift will be
zero => for the angle above chord is equal the chord line

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Wing

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Empennage

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Empennage
• Empennage is the tail assembly of an airplane which
consist of horizontal tail and vertical tail.
Purpose of empennage is to provide stability and control of the airplane for both
pitch and yaw

If the horizontal tail is ahead of the wing

is called canard

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Empennage
• Beechcraft Bonanza with its vee-tail that provide both
horizontal and vertical forces for stability and control

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Empennage
• Horizontal tail consists of the fixed part and the
moveable part called elevator.
• The entire horizontal tail contributes to stabilize
the aircraft but only the elevator provides
control of the pitch (nose up or down)

• Vertical tail consists of the fixed part (fin) and

the moveable part called rudder.
• The entire vertical tail contributes to stabilize
the aircraft but only the rudder provides control
of the yaw (nose turn left or right)

• The trim tab on elevator, aileron, or rudder could

be used to maintain a fixed elevated angle
between the control surface and the tab, so that
[1] the pilot could maintain the same control effect
without continuously move the wheel.
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Landing Gear

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Landing Gear

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Instrument Panel

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• Altimeter  Airspeed Indicator  Tachometer

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• Chronometer  Artificial Horizon  Turn Bank Indicator

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• DME (Distance  ADF (Automatic Direction  Magnetic Compass

Measuring Equipment) Finder)

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• DG (Directional  NavCom (Navigation and  Transponder

Gyroscope) Communication)

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References
[1] Barnes W. McCormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight
Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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Thank You

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