Welcome to

Ellipse & Hyperbola

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 Table of Contents
Session 01 03 Session 04 69 Session 07 133
Ellipse 04 Equation of Chord joining 87 Parametric Equations 142
𝑃 𝛼 &Q 𝛽
Foci coordinates and Directrices 17 Chord Joining Two Points 144
Equations of Standard Ellipse: Point of Intersection of 88
Tangents at 𝑃 𝛼 & Q 𝛽 Position of a Point w.r.t. 151
Hyperbola

Session 02 27
Session 05 93
Horizontal vs Vertical ellipse: 30 Session 08 156
Hyperbola 94
Auxiliary circle 41 Point Form Equation of 161
Hyperbola vs Ellipse 97 Normal on hyperbola
Eccentric angles and 42
Eccentric circle Standard Equation of Hyperbola 99 parametric Form Equation of 162
Normal on hyperbola
Terms related to Hyperbola 104
Horizontal vs Vertical hyperbola 110 Slope Form Equation of Normal 163
Session 03 49
Rectangular hyperbola: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 169
Condition of tangency on ellipse 53
Equation of tangent to an ellipse 55 Session 06 116
Equation of normal to an ellipse 61 Asymptotes 122
Slopes of tangent from External 66
Rectangular hyperbola 129
Point

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 Session 01
Introduction of Ellipse

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 Key Takeaways

𝛽 = 90°
𝛼 < 90°

If the plane cuts the double cone horizontally then the

top view will be a circle as shown in the figure.

𝛼 < 𝛽 < 90°

𝛼 < 90°
If the plane cuts the double cone horizontally
at an angle, then the top view will be an
ellipse as shown in the figure.

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 Key Takeaways

It is quite interesting to note that when a circle is compressed

or elongated in any direction it can be an ellipse.

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 Key Takeaways

It is quite interesting to note that ellipse also exhibits reflection

property like that of parabola where a ray entering from one of
the foci will pass through the other focus.
This is a very useful in a medical process known as Lithotripsy.

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 Key Takeaways

During the orbiting of satellite around Earth, if it were to send to Mars

then a tangential force will be applied to the satellite that deviates
the circular orbit of satellite to an ellipse and this tangential force is
applied to the satellite when it is about to reach the farthest point.

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 Key Takeaways

The process continues until the satellite can escape from the gravitational pull
of Earth such that one of the foci will be Earth and the other foci will be Mars

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 Key Takeaways
ELLIPSE:
• An ellipse is the locus of a moving point such that the
ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) and a
fixed line (directrix) is a positive constant 𝐹
(eccentricity) which is always less than 1 0 < 𝑒 < 1 .
• Let the fixed point be 𝐹 (focus) and the fixed line
𝐹𝑃
(directrix) be 𝐿: 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 then = 𝑒 < 1.
𝑃𝑀
𝐿: 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0

• For 2𝑛𝑑 degree Non-Homogenous equation

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
If Δ ≠ 0, ℎ2 < 𝑎𝑏 then it represents ellipse

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 Analytical Interpretation:

𝐹1 𝐹1 ′

𝐷1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 𝐷1′ : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛′ = 0

• Hence, for an ellipse, there are two foci (𝐹1 and 𝐹2 ) and
two directrices (𝐷1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 and 𝐷2 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛′ = 0)

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 ELLIPSE(Alternate Definition):

• An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of 𝑃2

𝑃1 𝑃3
whose distances from two fixed points in the plane is
Focus Focus
a constant.
𝐹1 𝐹2
• The two fixed points are called the foci(plural of
focus) of the ellipse 𝑃1 𝐹1 + 𝑃1 𝐹2 = 𝑃2 𝐹1 + 𝑃2 𝐹2 = 𝑃3 𝐹1 + 𝑃3 𝐹2
• Note: The constant which is the sum of distances of a
point on the ellipse from the two fixed points is
always greater than the distance between the two
fixed points.

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 1
Find equation of ellipse with focus −1, 1 & eccentricity= and
2
directrix: 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0

𝑥−𝑦+3=0
We know 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑀
Let 𝑃 = 𝑥, 𝑦
Now, the equation of ellipse will be:
𝑆 −1,1
2 2
1 𝑥−𝑦+3
𝑥+1 + 𝑦−1 = ⋅
2 12 + 12
Squaring both sides
8 𝑥+1 2+8 𝑦−1 2 = 𝑥−𝑦+3 2
⇒ 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 7 = 0

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 Key Takeaways 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦

Basic Diagram of Ellipse:

From the diagram, in the ∆𝑃𝐹1 𝐹2 in the ellipse 0,0

𝐹2 −𝑐, 0 𝐹1 𝑐, 0

𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 > 𝐹1 𝐹2

Let 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

& 𝐹1 𝐹2 = 2𝑐

⇒ 2𝑎 > 2𝑐

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 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
Key Takeaways
Basic Diagram of Ellipse:
0,0

⇒ 2𝑎 > 2𝑐 𝐹2 −𝑐, 0 𝐹1 𝑐, 0

Now, 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

⇒ 𝑥−𝑐 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥+𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 2 + =1 Note: 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑏 2
𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 2 + =1 ∵ 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 > 0
𝑎 𝑏2

This is the standard equation of an ellipse

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 Key Takeaways
(2) Boundaries of Ellipse:
𝐵 0, 𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ =1− ⇒ =1−
𝑏2 𝑎2 A′ −𝑎, 0 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝐴 𝑎, 0
LHS is non-negative LHS is non-negative
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒1− ≥0 ⇒1− ≥0
𝑎2 𝑏2𝐵′ 0, −𝑏
⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑏2 − 𝑦 2 ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 ≥0 ⇒ 𝑏−𝑦 𝑏+𝑦 ≥0

⇒ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ⇒ −𝑏 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ b

Note:
1. The length of major axis of the ellipse is 2𝑎.
2. The length of minor axis of the ellipse is 2𝑏.

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 (3) Foci & Directrices of Ellipse:

Let 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 be the foci ,𝐷1 , 𝐷2 be the directrices and 𝑒 be the eccentricity of

𝑥2 𝑦2
the ellipse 2 + =1.
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑂 𝑋
𝑀 𝐴 𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐴′

𝐷1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 𝐷2 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛′ = 0

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 Foci coordinates and Directrices Equations of Standard Ellipse:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐴′ be the internal and external of 𝐹1 𝑀 in the ratio 𝑒: 1,

𝑌
′ ′
∵ 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝑎, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎
⇒ 𝐴 ≡ −𝑎, 0 and 𝐴′ ≡ 𝑎, 0

As 𝐴 ≡ −𝑎, 0 lies on the ellipse. 𝑋

𝑀 𝐴 𝐹1 𝑂 𝐹2 𝐴′
𝐴𝐹1 𝑂𝐴−𝑂𝐹1 𝑎−𝑂𝐹1
⇒ =𝑒 ⇒ 𝑂𝑀−𝑂𝐴
=𝑒 ⇒
𝑂𝑀−𝑎
=𝑒
𝐴𝑀

⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑂𝑀 − 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑖 𝐷1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 𝐷2 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛′ = 0
As 𝐴′ ≡ 𝑎, 0 lies on the ellipse.
𝐴′ 𝐹1 𝑂𝐴′ +𝑂𝐹1 𝑎+𝑂𝐹1
⇒ =𝑒 ⇒ =𝑒 ⇒ =𝑒
𝐴′ 𝑀 𝑂𝑀+𝑂𝐴′ 𝑂𝑀+𝑎

⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑂𝑀 + 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

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 Foci coordinates and Directrices Equations of Standard Ellipse:
𝑌
𝑎 − 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑂𝑀 − 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑖

𝑎 + 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑂𝑀 + 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
+ 𝑋
𝑀 𝐴 𝐹1 𝑂 𝐹2 𝐴′
2𝑎 = 2𝑒 𝑂𝑀 −𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
𝑎
∴ 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 𝑥=− 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
𝑎 𝑎
⇒ Equation of 𝐷1 ∶ 𝑥 = − , Equation of 𝐷2 ∶ 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑒

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 Foci coordinates and Directrices Equations of Standard Ellipse:

𝑎 − 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑂𝑀 − 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑖
𝑌
𝑎 + 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑂𝑀 + 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
−
−𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒, 0
2𝑂𝐹1 = −2𝑎 𝑋
𝑀 𝐴 𝐹1 𝑂 𝐹2 𝐴′
−𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
∴ 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑎𝑒
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥=− 𝑌 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
⇒ F1 ≡ −𝑎𝑒, 0 & 𝐹2 ≡ 𝑎𝑒, 0

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 (4) Eccentricity:

∵ 𝐹2 ≡ 𝑎𝑒, 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑒

𝑐 distance between centre and focus

⇒𝑒= =
𝑎 distance between centre and vertex
𝐹2 −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝐹1 𝑎𝑒, 0

we know that
𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑒 2 = 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑎2 1 − 𝑒 2 = 𝑏 2

2
𝑏2
⇒𝑒 =1− 2
𝑎

𝒃𝟐
⇒𝑒= 𝟏− 𝟐
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 Key Takeaways

(5)Focal Distance Property:

𝑎
−𝑥
𝑎 𝑒
Focal distance = 𝐹1 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀1 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑎 𝑀2 𝑀1
𝐹2 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀2 = 𝑒 +𝑥
𝑒

Now, 𝐹1 𝑃 + 𝐹2 𝑃 = 𝑒 𝑃𝑀1 + 𝑃𝑀2 𝐹2 𝑂 0,0 𝐹1

= 𝑒 𝑀1 𝑀2
𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎 𝑒 𝑒
=𝑒
𝑒

𝐹1 𝑃 + 𝐹2 𝑃 = 2𝑎

Focal Length = 𝑆1 𝑆2 = 𝐹1 𝐹2 = 2𝑎𝑒

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 (6) Focal Chord, Double Ordinate & Latus Rectum :
𝑥2 𝑦2
Consider the ellipse: 2 + =1 Double ordinate 𝑌
𝑎 𝑏2 Latus Rectum
𝐵1
Any chord passing through the Focal
focus is called as focal chord. 2𝑏 chord
𝑋′ 𝐴2
𝐹2 𝑂 𝐹1 𝐴1 𝑋
Any chord perpendicular to the focal axis
is called as double ordinate. 𝐵2
𝑌′
A particular double ordinate passing 2𝑎
through the focus is called as latus rectum.

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 Latus Rectum: 𝑌
Latus Rectum
The two foci are (±𝑎𝑒, 0)
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝐴1
Putting 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 in 2 + = 1, we get 𝐴2
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑋′ −𝑎, 0 𝑋
−𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑂 𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎, 0
𝑦2 𝑏2 𝑏2
⇒ = 1 − 𝑒2 = 1 − 1 − =
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2

𝑏2
∴𝑦=±
𝑎 𝑌′
𝑏2
∴ Coordinate of the extremities of the latus rectum ≡ ±𝑎𝑒, ±
𝑎

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 For the ellipse 5𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 45. Find
𝑖 eccentricity (𝑖𝑖) Coordinates of centre, Vertices ,foci.
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Length of major axis, Minor axis, latus rectum.
𝑖𝑣 Equation of major axis,minor axis, Directrices.

Given : 5𝑥2 + 9𝑦2 = 45

Dividing by 45

5𝑥2 9𝑦2
⇒ + =1
45 45

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ + =1
9 5

⇒ 𝑎2 = 9 and 𝑏2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 5
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 𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ + = 1 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 5
9 5

(𝑖) We have e2 = 1 − (𝑏/𝑎)2

5 2
⇒ 1 − 𝑒2 = ⇒𝑒=
9 3

(𝑖𝑖) Centre, Vertices & Foci :

𝑥2 𝑦2
For the ellipse 2 + = 1,
𝑎 𝑏2

• Center is 𝑂 ≡ 0,0
• Vertices are given by −𝑎, 0 and 𝑎, 0 .
⇒ −3,0 and (3,0)

• Coordinates of foci are given by 𝐹1 ≡ −𝑎𝑒, 0 , 𝐹2 ≡ 𝑎𝑒, 0

2 2
⇒ −3 . ,0 , 3. , 0 ⇒ −2,0 , 2,0
3 3

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 𝑖𝑖𝑖) Length of major axis = 2𝑎 = 6 units

Length of minor axis = 2𝑏 = 2 5 units

2𝑏2 2 .5 10
Length of latus rectum = =
3
= units
𝑎 3

𝑖𝑣) Equation of major axis : 𝑦 = 0

Equation of minor axis : 𝑥 = 0

Equation of directrices are :

𝑎 𝑎
𝐷1 : 𝑥 = − , 𝐷2 : 𝑥 =
𝑒 𝑒

⇒ 𝐷1 : 𝑥 = −4.5, 𝐷2 : 𝑥 = 4.5

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 Session 02
Non standard ellipse and
auxiliary circle

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 1
Equation of the ellipse with foci ±2, 0 and eccentricity is
2
a) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 48
2 2
b) 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 48
2 2

c) 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 16 d) 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 16

Given 𝑎𝑒 = 2 & 𝑒 = 2
1 𝑌 A
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 48
𝐵(0, 𝑏)
2
3 2 2
⇒ 𝑎 = 4 & 𝑏 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑎 = ⋅ 16
4 B
𝐹1 𝐹2 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 48
2 𝑋
⇒ 𝑏 = 12 𝐴 𝐴′
−𝑎, 0 (−2,0) (2,0) 𝑎, 0
∴ Equation of ellipse is : C
𝐵′(0, −𝑏) 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 16
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
=1
D
𝑥2 𝑦2 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 16
⇒ + =1
16 12

3𝑥 2 +4𝑦 2
⇒ =1 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 48
48
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 If 5, 12 and 24, 7 are the foci of an ellipse passing through
origin, then find its eccentricity.

𝐹1 𝐹2 = 2𝑎𝑒
𝑃 0, 0
⇒ 2𝑎𝑒 = 24 − 5 2 + 7 − 12 2 = 386

⇒ 2𝑎𝑒 = 386 ⋯ 𝑖
𝐹1 5,12 𝐹2 24,7
The sum of focal radii = Length of major axis

⇒ 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

⇒ 2𝑎 = 52 + 122 + 242 + 72 = 13 + 25 = 38

⇒ 2𝑎 = 38 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

⇒ 386 = 28𝑒
386
Return to Top Dividing equation 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑒 =
38
 Horizontal vs Vertical ellipse:

Equation 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏; (𝒂 > 𝒃) 𝟐 + = 𝟏; (𝒂 > 𝒃)
of ellipse 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃𝟐

𝑌 𝑏
𝑌 𝑦= 𝑒

Figure 𝐹1
𝐹2 𝐹1 𝑋 𝑋

𝐹2 −𝑏
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑦=
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑒
𝑒 𝑒

Centre 𝟎, 𝟎 𝟎, 𝟎

Vertices ±𝒂, 𝟎 𝟎, ±𝒃

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 Vertical ellipse:

Equation 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏; (𝒂 > 𝒃) 𝟐 + = 𝟏; (𝒂 > 𝒃)
of ellipse 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃𝟐

Equation of
𝒚=𝟎 𝒙=𝟎
major axis

Equation of
𝒙=𝟎 𝒚=𝟎
minor axis

Eccentricity 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝒆= 𝟏− 𝒆= 𝟏−
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Equation of 𝒙=±
𝒂
𝒚=±
𝒃
directrix 𝒆 𝒆

Coordinates ±𝒂𝒆, 𝟎 𝟎, ±𝒃𝒆

of foci

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 Vertical ellipse:

Equation 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏; (𝒂 > 𝒃) 𝟐 + = 𝟏; (𝒂 > 𝒃)
of ellipse 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃𝟐

Length of 𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝟐

LR 𝒂 𝒃

Sum of focal
distances at 𝑭𝟏 𝑷 + 𝑭𝟐 𝑷 = 𝟐𝒃
𝑭𝟏 𝑷 + 𝑭𝟐 𝑷 = 𝟐𝒂
any point 𝑷 on
Ellipse

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 For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 11 = 0. Find:
(𝑖) Eccentricity
(𝑖𝑖) Coordinates of centre, foci and vertices
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Equation of major axis, minor axis and directrix
(𝑖𝑣) End points of latus Rectum and its length.

Given equation: 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 11 = 0

⇒ 4 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 9 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 36

𝑥+2 2 𝑦−1 2
⇒ + =1
9 4

𝑥+2 2 𝑦−1 2
⇒ + =1
32 22
𝑥 + 2 → 𝑋 & 𝑦 − 1 → 𝑌 (Shifting to Origin)
𝑋2 𝑌2
⇒ + =1
32 22
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 For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 11 = 0. Find:
4 5 (𝑖) Eccentricity
𝑖 𝑒= 1− =
9 3
(𝑖𝑖) Coordinates of centre, foci and vertices

𝑋2 𝑌2 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Equation of major axis, minor axis and directrix

𝑖𝑖 + =1 Centre 𝑋, 𝑌 ≡ 0,0
32 22 (𝑖𝑣) End points of latus Rectum and its length.
𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 & 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1

Hence, 𝐶 ≡ −2, 1

Foci= ±𝑎𝑒, 0
5
𝑋, 𝑌 ≡ ±3 × , 0 = (± 5. 0)
3

𝑥+2=± 5&𝑦−1=0

Focii 𝑥, 𝑦 ≡ ± 5 − 2, 1

Vertices≡ 𝑋, 𝑌 = (±3, 0)
𝑥 + 2 = ±3 & 𝑦 − 1 = 0
Return to Top Vertices≡ 1, 1 & −5, 1
 For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 11 = 0. Find:
(𝑖) Eccentricity
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Major axis equation: 𝑌 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 = 0 (𝑖𝑖) Coordinates of centre, foci and vertices

⇒𝑦=1 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Equation of major axis, minor axis and directrix

Minor axis equation: 𝑋 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 0 (𝑖𝑣) End points of latus Rectum and its length.

⇒ 𝑥 = −2
𝑎
Directrix equation: 𝑋 = ±
𝑒
3
⇒𝑥+2=± 5
3
9
⇒ 𝑥 = −2 ±
5

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 For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 11 = 0. Find:
(𝑖) Eccentricity
𝑏2
𝑖𝑣 End point of latus rectum: 𝑋, 𝑌 ≡ ±𝑎𝑒, ± (𝑖𝑖) Coordinates of centre, foci and vertices
𝑎
5 4 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Equation of major axis, minor axis and directrix
𝑥 + 2 = ±3 × ⇒± 5&𝑦−1=±
3 3
(𝑖𝑣) End points of latus Rectum and its length.
End point of latus rectum:
1 1 7 7
5 + 2, , 5 − 2, , 5 + 2, − & 5 − 1, −
3 3 3 3

2𝑏2 2×4 8
Length of latus rectum= = = units
𝑎 3 3

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Ellipse 𝐸1 : + = 1 is inscribed in a rectangle 𝑅 whose sides are
9 4
parallel to co-axes, another ellipse 𝐸2 passing through 0,4
circumscribes rectangle 𝑅 then find eccentricity of 𝐸2 .

𝑌
The equation of outer ellipse will be:
𝑥2 𝑦2 0, 4
2 + =1 (𝑏 = 4, here)
𝑎 42

−3, 2 0, 2 3, 2
This ellipse is passing
through point 3, 2 −3, 0 3, 0
𝑋
32 22
Hence, + =1 −3, −2 3, −2
𝑎2 42 0, −2
32 3
⇒ =
𝑎2 4

⇒ 𝑎2 = 12 0, −4

∵ 𝑎2 < 𝑏 2 , hence it is vertical ellipse

𝑎2 12 1
𝑒= 1− = 1− =
Return to Top 𝑏2 16 2
 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find range of ′𝑎′ for ellipse + = 1 is:
6−𝑎 𝑎−2

𝑎2 & 𝑏 2 are always positive

6−𝑎 >0 & 𝑎−2>0

6>𝑎 & 𝑎>2

6−𝑎 ≠ 𝑎−2
⇒𝑎≠4

Hence, 𝑎 ∈ 2, 6 − {4}

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 Two circles are given such that one is completely lying inside
other without touching prove that the locus of centre of variable
circle which touches the smaller circle from outside and bigger
circle is Ellipse.

𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟
+ 𝑟1
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑟2 + 𝑟
𝐶1
𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 = r1 + r2 𝑟2

This is similar to 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = Constant 𝐶 𝐶2

𝑟
Hence locus of centre of variable circle
will be ellipse having 𝐶1 & 𝐶2 as foci

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 Plot of ellipse

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 Key Takeaways

Auxiliary circle

• The circle described on the major axis as diameter is called Auxiliary circle
of the given ellipse

• Equation of Auxiliary circle for ellipse

𝑥2
𝑎 2 +
𝑦2
𝑏2
=1:
(𝑖) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , If 𝑎 > 𝑏 (𝑖𝑖)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏 2 , If 𝑎 < 𝑏
𝑌 𝑌
0, 𝑏

𝑋
−𝑎, 0 𝑂 𝑎, 0 𝑂
𝑋

0, 𝑏

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 Key Takeaways

Eccentric angles and Eccentric circle:

𝑌
𝑥2 𝑦2
• 𝑄 is any point on ellipse
𝑎2
+
𝑏2
= 1 whose
parametric coordinates are 𝑄 ≡ (𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑃(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

• Points 𝑃 & 𝑄 are called corresponding points. 𝜃

𝑄(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑋
𝑂
• 𝜃 is angle made by 𝑂𝑃 with 𝑋 axis −𝑎, 0 𝑁 𝑎, 0
and 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋

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 𝑌

𝑃𝑁 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑃
Find if equation of ellipse is + =1
𝑃𝑄 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑄
𝑋
𝑂 𝑁

𝑃𝑁 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑌
A 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑃(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑃𝑁 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑎 𝑄(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
= = 𝜃 B 𝑏
𝑃𝑄 𝑎 sin 𝜃−𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑎−𝑏 𝑋
−𝑎, 0 𝑂 𝑁 𝑎, 0 𝑎+𝑏

C 𝑎
𝑎−𝑏

D 𝑏
𝑎−𝑏

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the eccentric angle of a point on the ellipse + = 1 whose
6 2
distance from the centre is 2 units.

Coordinates of the point:

𝑃 ≡ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 6 cos 𝜃 , 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑌
Given that, 𝑂𝑃 = 2 𝑃(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
2 2
6 cos 𝜃 − 0 + 2 sin 𝜃 − 0 =2 𝑋
𝑂
⇒ 6 cos2 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 = 2
Squaring on both sides:
6 cos2 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 = 4
⇒ 6 cos 2 𝜃 + 2 1 − cos2 𝜃 = 4
⇒ 4 cos 2 𝜃 = 2
1 1
⇒ cos 2 𝜃 = ⇒ cos 𝜃 = ±
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
⇒𝜃= , , , ∵ 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋
4 4 4 4
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 Find maximum area of rectangle with its sides parallel
𝑥2 𝑦2
to axis that can be inscribed in the ellipse + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
Given: 2 + =1 𝑌
𝑎 𝑏2
Let 𝑃 ≡ (𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝐵
Hence, Q ≡ (𝑎 cos 𝜃 , −𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑆 𝑃(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

𝑅 ≡ (−𝑎 cos 𝜃 , −𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑋

𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴
𝑆 ≡ (−𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑅 𝑄
𝐵′
Then 𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑏 sin 𝜃 & 𝑃𝑆 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃

∴ Area = 𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑆 = 2𝑏 sin 𝜃 × 2𝑎 cos 𝜃

= |4𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃|
= |2𝑎𝑏 sin 2𝜃 |
So, the maximum area will be = 2𝑎𝑏 Sq. Units

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 Key Takeaways

Inclined Ellipse:

𝑙12 𝑙22
• Equation of inclined ellipse:
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
=1
Minor axis

𝑙1 =perpendicular distance of any 𝑃

point from minor axis 𝑙1
𝑙2
𝑙2 = perpendicular distance of any Major axis
point from major axis

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 Find equation of ellipse whose focus is 3, 4 , centre is (2, 3)
1
and 𝑒 =
2

𝑌 Major axis
Distance between centre and
focus = 3−2 2 + 4−3 2 3,4

⇒ 𝑎𝑒 = 3−2 2 + 4−3 2
2,3
⇒ 𝑎𝑒 = 2

⇒𝑎× = 2
1 𝑋
2

⇒𝑎=2 2 Minor axis

𝑏2
We know that: 𝑒 2 = 1 −
𝑎2

1 2 𝑏2
=1− 2
2 2 2

𝑏2 3
⇒ =
8 4
2
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⇒𝑏 =6
 Find equation of ellipse whose focus is 3, 4 , centre is (2, 3)
1
and 𝑒 =
2

𝑌 Major axis
Equation of major axis:
4−3 3,4
𝑦−3= 𝑥−2
3−2
𝑥−𝑦+1=0 2,3
Minor axis ⊥ Major axis
𝑋
Slope of minor axis= −1

Equation of minor axis: Minor axis

𝑦 − 3 = (−1) 𝑥 − 2
𝑥+𝑦−5=0

Equation of ellipse:
𝑥+𝑦−5 2 𝑥−𝑦−1 2
2 2
+ =1
8 6
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 Session 03
Tangent and normal to
ellipse

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 If the equation 5𝑥 − 1 2 + 5𝑦 − 2 2 = 𝜆2 − 2𝜆 + 1 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 2

represents an ellipse, then range of 𝜆 is ?

Given equation can be written as:

1 2 2 2 3𝑥−4𝑦+1
25 𝑥 − + 25 𝑦 − = 𝜆2 − 2𝜆 + 1 × × 25
5 5 32 + −4 2

1 2 2 2 3𝑥−4𝑦+1
⇒ 𝑥− + 𝑦− = 𝜆2 − 2𝜆 + 1 ×
5 5 32 + −4 2

Comparing with 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀

𝑒= 𝜆2 − 2𝜆 + 1 = 𝜆 − 1

For ellipse 0 < 𝑒 < 1

0< 𝜆−1 <1

𝜆−1 <1

Return to Top 𝜆 ∈ 0, 2 − {1}

 Position of point w.r.t ellipse:
𝑌
𝑖 𝐸 𝑃 >=<0
Outside 𝑆1 > 0

𝑃 lies On 𝑆1 = 0 𝑋
−𝑎, 0 𝐹2 𝑂 𝐹1 𝑎, 0
Inside 𝑆1 < 0

𝑖𝑖 . 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 > = < 2𝑎

Outside 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 > 2𝑎

𝑃 lies On 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

Inside 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 < 2𝑎

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 If 𝑃 1,2 , 𝑄 2,1 are 2 points , then find position of 𝑃 & 𝑄
𝑥2 𝑦2
w.r.t curves E: + = 1 & 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9
9 4

For 𝑃 1, 2
12 22 1
𝐸: + −1= >0
9 4 9

S: 12 + 22 − 9 = −4 < 0

𝑃 1, 2 lies outside the ellipse but inside the circle

For Q 2, 1
22 12 25 11
𝐸: + −1= −1=− <0
9 4 36 36

S: 22 + 12 − 9 = −4 < 0

Q 2, 1 lies inside the ellipse as well as the circle

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 Key Takeaways
Condition of tangency
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ellipse : 2 + = 1 Line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏2

Solving line with ellipse

𝑥2 𝑚𝑥+𝑐 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
=1
𝑎2 𝑏2

⇒ 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 2𝑐𝑚𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0

Condition of tangency 𝐷=0

2𝑐𝑚𝑎2 2
− 4 𝑏 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑚2 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑐 = ± 𝑎 2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2

𝑐 = ± 𝑎 2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 Condition of tangency

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 Key Takeaways
Line and ellipse
Solving equation of line with ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ellipse : 2 + =1 Line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥 2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 2𝑐𝑚𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 Let the determinant of

the quadratic be 𝐷

𝐷>0 𝐷=0 𝐷<0

𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 < 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 > 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Neither chord
Chord Tangent nor tangent

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 Key Takeaways

Equation of tangent to an ellipse:

• Slope form: If 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is tangent to

𝑥2
𝑎 2 +
𝑦2
𝑏2
= 1, then 𝑐 = ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2

Equation of tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2

• Point form: If point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 lies on

𝑥2
𝑎 2 +
𝑦2
𝑏2
= 1, then tangent Equation is 𝑇 = 0
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
Equation of tangent + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
• Parametric form: Equation of tangent on Ellipse
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
= 1 at point
𝑥 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 sin 𝜃 is + =1
𝑎 𝑏

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 If line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝜆 touches 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144,
then value of 𝜆 is ?

Given ellipse:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
16 9

Condition of tangency: 𝑐 = ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2

Given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝜆 is tangent to ellipse

Here, 𝑚 = −1

𝜆 = ± 16 −1 2 +9

𝜆 = ±5

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 Find common tangent to parabola
𝑦 2 = 16 3𝑥 & ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Given parabola:
𝑦2 = 4 4 3 𝑥
4 3
EOT on parabola: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑖
𝑚

Given ellipse:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
2 4

EOT on ellipse: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 2𝑚2 + 4 𝑖𝑖

For common tangent comparing equation (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖)

4 3
= ± 2𝑚2 + 4 𝑚2 = −6 (Rejected)
𝑚

⇒
48
= 2𝑚2 + 4 𝑚2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±2
𝑚2
𝑚 = 2; 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 3
⇒ 𝑚4 + 2𝑚2 − 24 = 0
𝑚 = −2; 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2 3
⇒ 𝑚2 + 6 (𝑚2 − 4) = 0
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 Find equation of tangent(s) to ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144
passing through 2,3 .

Equation of ellipse can be written as:

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
16 9

Check position of 2, 3 w.r.t ellipse

2 2
9 2 + 16 3 − 144 = 36 > 0
Hence, the point is lying outside the ellipse.

We know the equation of tangent on ellipse is:

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 16𝑚2 + 9
Tangent is passing through 2, 3 , so after putting the point in
above equation, we get:
3 = 2𝑚 ± 16𝑚2 + 9
2
⇒ 3 − 2𝑚 = 16𝑚2 + 9
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 Find equation of tangent(s) to ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144
passing through 2,3 .
2
⇒ 3 − 2𝑚 = 16𝑚2 + 9

⇒ 4𝑚2 − 12𝑚 + 9 = 16𝑚2 + 9

⇒ 12𝑚2 + 12𝑚 = 0
𝑚=0
⇒𝑚 𝑚+1 =0
𝑚 = −1

Equation of tangents:

𝑦−3=0 𝑥−2 ⇒𝑦 =3

𝑦 − 3 = −1 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 5

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 Let 𝐿 be a tangent line to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 − 20 at 6, 2 .
𝑥2 𝑦2
If 𝐿 is also a tangent to the ellipse + = 1, then the value
2 𝑏
of 𝑏 is equal to:
JEE MAIN 2021
Parabola Equation is: 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 − 20 A
20
Tangent at 𝑃 6, 2 will be
𝑥+6
2𝑦 = 4 − 20 B
2 14
⇒ 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 12 − 20
C
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0⋯ 𝑖 16
This is also tangent to ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
D
+ =1 11
2 𝑏

Applying 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
2
Return to Top −4 = 2 1 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 14
 Key Takeaways
𝑌
𝑁
Equation of normal to an ellipse

• Point form: 𝑃
Equation of Tangent:
𝑥𝑥1
+
𝑦𝑦1
=1 𝑋
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑇
𝑥1
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑥1 𝑆=0
𝑚𝑇 = − 𝑦 = − 2
1 𝑎 𝑦1
𝑏2

Equation of Normal:

𝑎2 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑏2 𝑥1

𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
∴ Equation of Normal: − = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑥1 𝑦1

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
𝑁
Equation of normal to an ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
• Point form: if point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 lies on
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
= 1, 𝑃
𝑋
then equation of normal at that point is
𝑇
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
− = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑆=0
𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑥2 𝑦2
• Parametric form: Equation of normal on Ellipse
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
=1
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦
at point 𝑃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 sin 𝜃 is − = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

• Slope form: The equation of normal to the ellipse 𝑆 = 0

𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑚
whose slope is 𝑚 is given by 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ∓
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑚2
𝑎2 𝑚𝑏2
where 𝑃 ≡ ± ,±
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑚 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑚2

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 If the normal at an end of Latus Rectum of an ellipse passes
through one extremity of the minor axis , show that the
eccentricity of an ellipse is 𝑒4 + 𝑒2 − 1 = 0.

Solution: 𝑎𝑒,
𝑏2
𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2 0, 𝑏
The equation of ellipse is 2 + = 1 and
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑏2
the latus rectum is 𝑎𝑒, .
𝑎
0, −𝑏
Equation of the normal at this point is:
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦.𝑎 𝑎𝑥
+ = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑎𝑒 𝑏2 𝑒

The extremity of minor axis 0, −b lies on this normal.

2
0 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑎2 1 − 𝑒 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎 2 1 − 𝑒 2
⇒ 𝑎4 1 − 𝑒 2 = 𝑎4 𝑒 4

⇒ 𝑒 4 + 𝑒 2 = 1.

Hence proved.
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 Key Takeaways

Director circle

• The locus of the points of intersection of perpendicular tangents

𝑥2 𝑦2
to an ellipse 𝑆: 2 + 2 = 1 is a concentric circle called director circle,
𝑎 𝑏
whose equation is given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑥 = 𝛼
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 is outside

EOT from point 𝑃: → Director circle

𝑘 = 𝑚ℎ ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
𝑦=𝛽
⇒ 𝑘 − 𝑚ℎ = ± 𝑎 2 𝑚2 + 𝑏2
𝑇2
2
⇒ 𝑘 − 𝑚ℎ = 𝑎 2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
𝑆=0
⇒ 𝑘 2 + 𝑚2 ℎ2 − 2𝑚𝑘 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ 𝑚2 ℎ2 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑚𝑘 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Director circle

• The locus of the points of intersection of perpendicular tangents

𝑥2 𝑦2
to an ellipse 𝑆: 2 + 2 = 1 is a concentric circle called director circle,
𝑎 𝑏
whose equation is given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
𝑚1 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
⇒ 𝑚2 ℎ2 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑚𝑘ℎ + 𝑘 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 𝑥=𝛼
𝑚2

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =
2𝑘ℎ 𝑘 2 −𝑏2
& 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = ℎ2 −𝑎2 → Director circle
ℎ2 −𝑎2

For locus of director circle, 𝑦=𝛽

put 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1 𝑇2
𝑘 2 −𝑏2 𝑆=0
= −1
ℎ2 −𝑎2

𝑘 2 − 𝑏 2 = − ℎ2 − 𝑎 2 ⇒ 𝑘 2 + ℎ2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
Slopes of tangent from External Point:
𝑚1 𝑃(ℎ, 𝑘)
•
2𝑘ℎ
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =
ℎ2 −𝑎2

𝑘 2 −𝑏2
𝑚2
• 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 =
ℎ2 −𝑎2
𝑋

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 Find Equation of director circle for:
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑥−2 2
𝑦+3 2
(𝐴) + =1 (𝐵) + =1
16 9 11 7

A. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 + 9

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25

B. 𝑥 − 2 2
+ 𝑦+3 2
= 11 + 7
2 2
𝑥−2 + 𝑦+3 = 18

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 Tangent to ellipse makes angles 𝜃1 & 𝜃2 with major axis.
Find locus of their point of intersection if cot 𝜃1 + cot 𝜃2 = 𝜆2 .
𝑌
Given that:
cot 𝜃1 + cot 𝜃2 = 𝜆2 𝑃(ℎ, 𝑘)
tan 𝜃1 +tan 𝜃2
⇒ = 𝜆2
tan 𝜃1 ⋅tan 𝜃2

𝑚1 +𝑚2
⇒ = 𝜆2 (∵ 𝑚1 = tan 𝜃1 & 𝑚2 = tan 𝜃2 )
𝑚1 ⋅𝑚2
𝜃1
𝜃2
2𝑘ℎ 𝑋
ℎ2 −𝑎2
⇒ 𝑘2 −𝑏2
= 𝜆2
ℎ2 −𝑎2

2𝑘ℎ
⇒ = 𝜆2
𝑘 2 −𝑏2

Replace ℎ & 𝑘 by 𝑥 & 𝑦

𝜆2 𝑦 2 − 𝑏 2 = 2𝑥𝑦

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 Session 04
Chord of contact

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 If a tangent to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 4 meets the tangents
at the extremities of its major axis at 𝐵 and 𝐶, then the
circle with 𝐵𝐶 as diameter passes through the point:
Solution:
JEE MAIN 2021
Tangent at 2 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 is:
𝐵 𝑌
𝑥 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃
+ =1 𝑃 2 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃
2 1
𝐶
𝜃 𝜃
Coordinates of 𝐵 −2, cot and 𝐶 2, tan 𝑋
2 2

The equation of circle with 𝐵𝐶 as diameter is:

𝜃 𝜃 𝑥 = −2 𝑥=2
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑦 − cot 𝑦 − tan =0
2 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 tan + cot
𝜃 𝜃
−3=0 A B
2 2 1, 1 3, 0
At 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = ± 3
C D
Hence, circle passes through the point 3, 0 1, 1 2, 0
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 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2
If line + = 2 touches + = 1, then find eccentric
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏2
angle of point of tangency .

Solution:
Let the Point of Tangency be 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝑥 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃
Equation of the tangent is: + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
Given equation of the tangent is: + = 2
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + =1
2𝑎 2𝑏
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1
On comparing both the equations, we have 𝑎
1 = 𝑏
1 =
1
2𝑎 2𝑏
1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = & sin 𝜃 =
2 2

𝜋
⇒𝜃=
4

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 Find point of contact of line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7 to ellipse 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 1

Solution:
Let the Point of Contact be 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 on the ellipse.
Equation of the tangent is: 3𝑥𝑥1 + 4𝑦𝑦1 = 1
Given equation of the tangent is: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7
3𝑥1 4𝑦1 1
On comparing both the equations, we have = =
3 4 7
1 1
⇒ 𝑥1 = & 𝑦1 =
7 7

1 1
∴ Point of Contact is , .
7 7

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 Find the angle between the tangents drawn from any point
𝑥2 𝑦2
on the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 41 to the ellipse
2 2
+ = 1.
25 16

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Given : + =1 Ellipse
25 16

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 41 Circle
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 + 16 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ Given circle is the director circle to the ellipse + =1
25 16
𝜋
∴ Angle between the tangents is
2

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 Prove that the product of the lengths of perpendiculars from
foci upon any tangent of an ellipse is equal to the square of
the semi minor axis.
Solution: 𝑌
𝑥2 𝑦2
Let’s take the standard equation of ellipse: 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑁
Length of minor axis = 𝑏 and the foci are ±𝑎𝑒, 0

Now, the equation of tangent at a point 𝑃 𝑑1

is given by: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 𝑁′ 𝑃
𝑑2
𝑚.𝑎𝑒± 𝑎2 𝑚2 +𝑏2 −𝑚.𝑎𝑒± 𝑎2 𝑚2 +𝑏2 𝑇
Now, 𝑑1 = & 𝑑2 = 𝑂
𝑚2 +1 𝑚2 +1 𝐹2 𝐹1 𝑋
𝑎2 𝑚2 +𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑒 2 𝑎2 𝑚2 1−𝑒 2 +𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑚2 +𝑏2
𝑑1 𝑑2 = = = = 𝑏2
𝑚2 +1 𝑚2 +1 𝑚2 +1

∴ 𝑑1 . 𝑑2 = 𝑏 2

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 Find locus of foot of perpendicular drawn from centre upon
𝑥2 𝑦2
any tangent to the ellipse + = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The equation of a standard ellipse is 2 + =1
𝑎 𝑏2
ℎ, 𝑘
Let the slope of tangent be 𝑚 which gives us the 𝑚2 = 𝑚
1 𝑚1
slope of perpendicular is and the point of
m
intersection of the tangent and perpendicular from 0,0
origin be ℎ, 𝑘 .

Equation of the tangent is: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2

k 1
Slope of perpendicular to the tangent = =−
h m
ℎ
⇒𝑚=−
𝑘

ℎ𝑥 𝑎2 ℎ2
⇒𝑦=− ± + 𝑏2
𝑘 𝑘2
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 Find locus of foot of perpendicular drawn from centre upon
𝑥2 𝑦2
any tangent to the ellipse + = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2

Solution:

ℎ𝑥 𝑎2 ℎ2 ℎ, 𝑘
⇒𝑦=− ± + 𝑏2
𝑘 𝑘2 𝑚2 = 𝑚
𝑚1
ℎ2 𝑎2 ℎ2
⇒𝑘=− ± + 𝑏2 0,0
𝑘 𝑘2

⇒ 𝑘 2 = −ℎ2 ± 𝑎2 ℎ2 + 𝑏 2 𝑘 2
⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 = ± 𝑎 2 ℎ2 + 𝑏 2 𝑘 2
∴The locus of foot of perpendicular is : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 2
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2

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 Prove that tangent at extremities of L.R meet at directrix.

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The equation of a standard ellipse is 2 + =1
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎
𝑏2 −𝑏2 𝑥=
The extremities of L.R. be 𝑎𝑒, & 𝑎𝑒, on the ellipse. 𝑒
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏2
𝑎𝑒,
𝑎
Equations of the tangents at those points are:
𝑏2
𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑦
𝑎
+ = 1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 … (1) 𝑏2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎𝑒, −
𝑎
−𝑏2
𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑦
𝑎
+ = 1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 … (2)
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑎
Finding the point of intersection: 2𝑥𝑒 = 2𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 = .
𝑒
𝑎
As the X-coordinate of point of intersection is , the
𝑒
point lies on the directrix.
Hence Proved.
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 𝑃 & 𝑄 are corresponding points on an ellipse and the auxiliary
circle, respectively. The normal at 𝑃 to the ellipse meets 𝐶𝑄 in
𝑅 where 𝐶 is the centre of the ellipse , Prove that 𝐶𝑅 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 .

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑄 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎 sin 𝜃
The equation of a standard ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1 and the
𝑎 𝑏
equation of auxiliary circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 . 𝑃 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 sin 𝜃

Equation of normal at 𝑃: 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝜃 − 𝑏𝑦 cosec 𝜃 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝐶 0,0

𝑎 sin 𝜃−0
Equation of 𝐶𝑄: 𝑦−0 = 𝑥 − 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃
𝑎 cos 𝜃−0

The lines 𝐶𝑄 & 𝑃 meet at 𝑅 ⇒ Solving both equations gives 𝑅.

𝑅
𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃 1 𝑎2 −𝑏2
⇒ − 𝑏𝑥. × = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = . cos 𝜃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑎−𝑏

& 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃

⇒ 𝐶𝑅 = ( 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 0)2 +( 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 − 0)2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

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 Key Takeaways
Chord of Contact:
𝑥2 𝑦2
If the pair of tangents drawn from an external point 𝑃 𝑥1, 𝑦1 to the ellipse 𝑆: 2 + 2 = 1,
𝑎 𝑏
touch it at points 𝐴 and 𝐵, then 𝐴𝐵 is called chord of contact.
Equation of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑇 = 0
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
where, 𝑇 ≡ + −1
𝑎2 𝑏2

If equation of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0, then
𝐴
−𝑎2 𝑙 −𝑏2 𝑚
𝑃≡ ,
𝑛 𝑛
𝑃 → Chord 𝑆=0
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) of Contact

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 The Cricket stadium as shown is in the shape of an ellipse. It consists
four gates 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and one main gate 𝑀. Length and width of the
outer elliptical boundary are 200 𝑚 & 160 𝑚 respectively. Assuming the
ellipse is centered at the origin and main gate 𝑀 is 200 𝑚 away from
the origin. Find the shortest distance between gates 𝐵 & 𝐶.

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 The Cricket stadium as shown is in the shape of an ellipse. It consists
four gates 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and one main gate 𝑀. Length and width of the
outer elliptical boundary are 200 𝑚 & 160 𝑚 respectively. Assuming the
ellipse is centered at the origin and main gate 𝑀 is 200 𝑚 away from
the origin. Find the shortest distance between gates 𝐵 & 𝐶.

Solution: 𝑌
(0, 80)
Equation of drawn ellipse(stadium) : 𝐴 𝐵 (50, 40 3)
𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + =1
100 80 2 (200, 0)
Equation of chord of contact 𝐵𝐶 : (100, 0) 𝑋
(−100, 0) 𝑂 𝑀
𝑥(200) 𝑦(0)
2 + =1
100 80 2
𝐷 𝐶 (50, −40 3)
100 2
⇒𝑥= = 50 (0, −80)
200
50 2 𝑦2
Coordinates of gate 𝐵 : 2 + = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±40 3
100 80 2

∴ The shortest distance between gates 𝐵 & 𝐶 = 80 3 𝑚

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 Key Takeaways
Chord with given Midpoint:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The equation of a chord of the ellipse 𝑆: 2 + = 1 whose midpoint is 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 is 𝑇 = 𝑆1 .
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
where, 𝑇 ≡ + −1 𝐴
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥12 𝑦12
𝑆1 ≡ + −1 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑆=0

𝐵
Pair of Tangents:

The equation of pair of tangents from a point 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ellipse 𝑆 is:

𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇 2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥12 𝑦12
where 𝑆: 2 + − 1 = 0 𝑆1 : 2 + −1=0
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
𝑇: + −1=0
𝑎2 𝑏2

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the locus of mid-point of focal chords of ellipse + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of given ellipse : 2 + =1
𝑎 𝑏2
Let the mid point of the chord be ℎ, 𝑘 .

ℎ𝑥 𝑘𝑦 ℎ2 𝑘2
Equation chord of contact is 𝑇 = 𝑆1 ⇒ 2 + 2 −1 = 2 + −1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏2
Focal chord passes through focus ae, 0
𝑎𝑒 𝑘 ℎ2 𝑘2 ℎ𝑒 ℎ2 𝑘2
⇒ ℎ. 2 + 0. = 2 + 2 ⇒ = 2 +
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥𝑒 𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ The required locus of mid-points of focal chords is 𝑎
=
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
The locus of the middle points of chords of the ellipse + =1
16 25
passing through 𝑄 0,5 is an ellipse, whose centre is ______.

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑌
Given : + −1=0
16 25
Let 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 be the mid point of a chord
Equation of chord is 𝑇 = 𝑆1
𝑥ℎ 𝑦𝑘 ℎ2 𝑘2
⇒ + −1 = + −1
16 25 16 25

Passing through 𝑄 0,5 (given) 𝑋

5𝑘 ℎ2 𝑘2
∴ = +
25 16 25
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ locus of 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 is = +
5 16 25
⇒ 25𝑥2 + 16𝑦2 − 80𝑦 = 0
25
⇒ 25𝑥2 + 16 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + = 100
4
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 𝑥2 𝑦2
The locus of the middle points of chords of the ellipse + =1
16 25
passing through 𝑄 0,5 is an ellipse, whose centre is ______.

Solution:
25 𝑌
⇒ 25𝑥2 + 16 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + = 100
4
𝑄 0,5
5 2
Locus of
𝑥2 𝑦−
⇒ + 2
=1 mid points
25
4
4
𝑃 𝑃
5
Ellipse with centre 0,
2
𝑃 𝑃
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways
Diameter:

Locus of mid-points of system of parallel chords of ellipse is diameter.

𝑏2
The equation of diameter is given by: 𝑦 = − 𝑥
𝑎2 𝑚

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 Key Takeaways
Equation of Chord joining 𝑃 𝛼 & Q 𝛽 :

For a circle: 𝑃 𝛼
The equation of chord joining 𝑃 𝛼 & 𝑄 𝛽 is given by:
𝑥 𝛼+𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
𝑄 𝛽
𝑃𝑄: cos + sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑎 2 2

For an ellipse:
𝑃 𝛼
The equation of chord joining 𝑃 𝛼 & 𝑄 𝛽 is given by:
𝑄 𝛽
𝑥 𝛼+𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
𝑃𝑄: cos + sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2

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 Key Takeaways
Point of Intersection of Tangents at 𝑃 𝛼 & Q 𝛽 :

Let there be a point 𝑅 ℎ, 𝑘 outside the ellipse such that the pair of
tangents from it touches the ellipse at 𝑃(𝛼) & 𝑄 𝛽

The equation of Chord of contact is given by:

ℎ𝑥 𝑘𝑦
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Also, the equation of chord joining 𝑃 𝛼 & 𝑄 𝛽 which is the chord

𝑥 𝛼+𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝑌
of contact is also given by: cos + sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2 𝑃(𝛼)
𝑅(ℎ, 𝑘)
Both the equations represent the same line
ℎ 𝑘
𝑎2 𝑏2 1 𝑋
⇒ 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝛼−𝛽
cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑄(𝛽)

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 Key Takeaways
Point of Intersection of Tangents at 𝑃 𝛼 & Q 𝛽 :

ℎ 𝑘
𝑎2 𝑏2 1
⇒ 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝛼−𝛽
cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 𝑌
𝑎 𝑏
𝑃(𝛼)
⇒ Coordinates of 𝑅 is given by:
𝑅
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin
2
𝛼−𝛽 , 𝛼−𝛽
2 𝑋
cos 2
cos 2
𝑄(𝛽)

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 Find the condition if the chord of contact passes through a point
𝑑, 0 with the end points of chord as P 𝛼 & 𝑃 𝛽 .

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Let the equation of given ellipse be 2 + =1
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑃(𝛼)
Now, the equation of Chord of contact is
𝑥 𝛼+𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
cos + sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2
This passes through 𝑑, 0 .
𝑑 𝛼+𝛽 0 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
⇒ cos + sin = cos 𝑄(𝛽)
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2
𝛼−𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
𝑑 cos 𝑑+𝑎 cos +cos
2 2 2
⇒ = 𝛼+𝛽 ⇒ = 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
𝑎 cos 2 𝑑−𝑎 cos 2 −cos 2
𝛼 −𝛽
𝑑+𝑎 2 cos .cos 1
2 2
⇒ = 𝛼 −𝛽 = 𝛼 𝛽
𝑑−𝑎 − sin 2 .sin 2 tan 2 .tan 2

𝑑−𝑎 𝛼 𝛽
⇒ = tan . tan
𝑑+𝑎 2 2
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 Find the condition if the chord of contact passes through a point
𝑑, 0 with the end points of chord as P 𝛼 & 𝑃 𝛽 .

Solution:
If it passes through focus 𝑎𝑒, 0 , (−𝑎𝑒, 0), then

⇒
𝑎𝑒−𝑎 𝛼
= tan . tan
𝛽 𝑃(𝛼)
𝑎𝑒+𝑎 2 2

𝑒−1 𝛼 𝛽
⇒ = tan . tan
𝑒+1 2 2
(𝑑, 0)
𝑄(𝛽)
or
−𝑎𝑒−𝑎 𝛼 𝛽
⇒ = tan . tan
−𝑎𝑒+𝑎 2 2

𝑒+1 𝛼 𝛽
⇒ = tan . tan
𝑒−1 2 2

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 Find locus of point of intersection of pair of tangents on Ellipse, if
2𝜋
difference of eccentric angles of their point of contact is .
3

Solution:
We know that the point of intersection of tangents is
given by: 𝑃(𝛼)
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 (ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin
2 2
ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝛼−𝛽 , 𝛼−𝛽
cos 2
cos 2
2𝜋 𝑄(𝛽)
Given that 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
3
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin
2 2 2 2
⇒ ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝛼−𝛽 , 𝛼−𝛽 ⇒ ℎ, 𝑘 = 1 , 1
cos 2 cos 2 2 2
𝛼+𝛽 ℎ 𝛼+𝛽 𝑘
⇒ cos = & sin =
2 2𝑎 2 2𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 2 𝛼+𝛽 2
⇒ cos + sin =1
2 2
ℎ2 𝑘2
⇒ 2 + =1
4𝑎 4𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 2 + =1
4𝑎 4𝑏2
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 Session 05
Introduction of Hyperbola

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 Key Takeaways
Hyperbola:

It is the locus of a moving point such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed
point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is a constant which is always greater
than 1 𝑒 > 1 .
Let the fixed point be 𝐹 (focus) and the fixed line (directrix) be 𝐿: 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0.

𝑆𝑃 = 𝑒. 𝑃𝑀
𝑀
𝑃

𝐿: 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0

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 Key Takeaways
Hyperbola:

Hence for hyperbola, there are two foci (𝐹1 & 𝐹2 ) 𝐷2 𝐷1 Conjugate Axis
and two directrices (𝐷1 and 𝐷2 ).

The midpoint of foci is the center of the

hyperbola.

The line joining the foci is termed as the

𝐹2 𝑂 𝐹1
Transverse axis.

The line perpendicular to the transverse axis

and passing through the centre of hyperbola is
termed as the Conjugate axis.

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 Find the equation of the hyperbola whose focus is 1,2 ,
directrix is 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 and eccentricity is 3.

Solution:
Given : Focus, 𝐹 ≡ 1,2 , 𝑒 = 3 & Directrix: 𝐿 ≡ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
Let 𝑃(ℎ, 𝑘) be a moving point. 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
𝑃𝐹
= 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑒 ⋅ 𝑃𝑀 𝑀
𝑃𝑀 𝐹 1,2
2 2 |2ℎ+𝑘−1|
⇒ ℎ−1 + 𝑘−2 = 3⋅
5

⇒ 5 ℎ2 − 2ℎ + 1 + 𝑘2 − 4𝑘 + 4 = 3 4ℎ2 + 𝑘2 + 1 + 4ℎ𝑘 − 2𝑘 − 4ℎ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
⇒ 7ℎ2 + 12ℎ𝑘 − 2𝑘2 − 2ℎ + 14𝑘 − 22 = 0
Replace ℎ → 𝑥 and 𝑘 → 𝑦
⇒ 7𝑥2 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦2 − 2𝑥 + 14𝑦 − 22 = 0

∆≠ 0, ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏
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 Hyperbola VS Ellipse:

𝑌
𝑌 𝑃2
𝑃1 𝑃1
𝑃2 𝐵 Transverse 𝐵
Axis
𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴 𝐹1 Major Axis 𝐴′ 𝐹2 𝑂 𝐹1 𝐴 𝑋
𝑋
𝑄2 𝑄1
𝑄2 𝐵′ 𝑄1
𝐵′
𝐷2 𝐷1 𝐷2 Minor Axis 𝐷1
Conjugate Axis

𝑂 is Centre
𝐹1 , 𝐹2 are Foci
𝐴, 𝐴′ are Vertices
𝐷1 , 𝐷2 are Directrices

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 Hyperbola VS Ellipse:

𝑌
𝑌 𝑃2
𝑃1 𝑃1
𝑃2 𝐵 Transverse 𝐵
Axis
𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴 𝐹1 Major Axis 𝐴′ 𝐹2 𝑂 𝐹1 𝐴 𝑋
𝑋
𝑄2 𝑄1
𝑄2 𝐵′ 𝑄1
𝐵′
𝐷2 𝐷1 𝐷2 Minor Axis 𝐷1
Conjugate Axis

𝐴𝐴′ is the length of Transverse axis of hyperbola and

length of Major axis for ellipse.
𝐵𝐵′ is the length of Conjugate axis of hyperbola and
length of minor axis for ellipse.
Length of Minor axis for ellipse 𝑃1 𝑄1 , 𝑃2 𝑄2 are Latus rectum.

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 Key Takeaways
Standard Equation of Hyperbola:

If there exists a point 𝑃 such that the difference 𝑌

of distances from two points 𝐹1 & 𝐹2 , i.e.
𝑃𝐹1 − 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎 𝑃

Then the locus of 𝑃 is a hyperbola. 𝑋

𝐹2 −𝑐, 0 𝑂 𝐹1 𝑐, 0
𝐹1 𝐹2 = 2𝑐
𝑃𝐹1 − 𝑃𝐹2 < 𝐹1 𝐹2 ⇒ 2𝑎 < 2𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 < 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎2 < 𝑐 2

𝑃𝐹1 − 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

⇒ 𝑥+𝑐 2 + 𝑦−0 2 − 𝑥−𝑐 2 + 𝑦−0 2 = 2𝑎

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑐 2 −𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
⇒ − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
⇒ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
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 Key Takeaways
Standard Equation of Hyperbola:

Eccentricity 𝑒 =
𝑐
=
distance between focus and centre 𝑌
𝑎 distance between vertex and centre
𝐵
2 𝑐2 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑒 = = =1+
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑏2
⇒𝑒= 1+ >1 𝑋
𝑎2 𝑂
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝐴 𝐹1
For a standard Hyperbola: 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2
𝐵′
𝑥2 𝑦2
=1+
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝐷2 𝐷1
𝑦2
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 1 +
𝑏2 It doesn’t matter whether 𝑎 > 𝑏 or
2 2
⇒𝑥 >𝑎 𝑎 < 𝑏 as they both represent the same
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 > 0 hyperbola
⇒ 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 >0
𝑥 < −𝑎 ∪ 𝑥 > 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways
Vertical hyperbola:
𝑌
𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
𝑏2 𝑎2

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 Standard Equation of Hyperbola:

𝑏2 𝑌
We know that 𝑒 2 = 1 +
𝑎2
𝐵
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑒 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 &
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 1 𝑋
𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴 𝐹1
𝑏2 4𝑏2 2𝑏 2
𝑒2 = 1 + =1+ =1+
𝑎2 4𝑎2 2𝑎 2

Length of Conjugate Axis 2 𝐵′

⇒ 𝑒2 = 1 +
Length of Transverse Axis 2
𝐷2 𝐷1

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 Comparison between Hyperbola & Ellipse:
𝑌 𝑌
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥=− 𝑃2 𝑥=
𝐵 𝑃1 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒
𝑃2 𝑃1

𝑋 𝑋
𝐹2 −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴 𝐹1 𝑎𝑒, 0 Major 𝐴′ 𝐹2 −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑂 𝐹1 𝑎𝑒, 0 𝐴
Axis
𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑎 𝑄2 𝑄1 𝑎
𝑎 𝐵′ 𝑎 𝑥=− 𝐵′ 𝑥=
𝑥=− 𝑥= 𝑒 𝑒
𝑒 𝑒 𝐷2 𝐷1
𝐷2 Minor Axis
𝐷1

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
=1
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
=1

𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 𝑒 2 − 1 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 1 − 𝑒 2

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 Key Takeaways
Terms related to Hyperbola:

Foci: 𝑌
The foci are 𝐹1 ≡ 𝑎𝑒, 0 and 𝐹2 ≡ −𝑎𝑒, 0 . 𝐵

Vertices:
−𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒, 0
The points of intersection of the 𝑋
hyperbola with the line passing 𝐹2𝐴′ 𝑍2 𝑂 𝑍1 𝐴 𝐹1
through the foci are called vertices. −𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
𝑎 𝑎
Here Vertices are 𝐴′ ≡ −𝑎, 0 and 𝐴 ≡ 𝑎, 0 . 𝑥=− 𝐵′ 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
Directrices: 𝐷2 𝐷1
𝑎 𝑎
The equation of directrices are 𝑥 = − and 𝑥 = .
𝑒 𝑒

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 Key Takeaways
Terms related to Hyperbola:

Transverse Axis: 𝑌
The line joining the vertices 𝐴 and 𝐴′ is 𝐵
called transverse axis.
The length of transverse axis is 2𝑎 𝐴𝐴′ . −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒, 0
𝑋
Equation of transverse axis is 𝑦 = 0. 𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑍2 𝑂 𝑍1 𝐴 𝐹1
−𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
𝑎 𝑎
Conjugate Axis: 𝑥=− 𝐵′ 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
The line through the center and perpendicular to 𝐷2 𝐷1
transverse axis is called conjugate axis.
The length of conjugate axis is 2𝑏 𝐵𝐵′ .
Equation of conjugate axis is 𝑥 = 0.

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 Key Takeaways
Terms related to Hyperbola:

Focal Chord:
A chord passing through focus is 𝐵
called focal chord.

Double Ordinate: −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒, 0

A chord perpendicular to the 𝑋
𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑍2 𝑂 𝑍1 𝐴 𝐹1
transverse axis is called double
−𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
ordinate.
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥=− 𝐵′ 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
𝐷2 𝐷1

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 Key Takeaways
Terms related to Hyperbola:

Focal Distance: 𝑌
The distance between the focus to any 𝑃 𝑀2 𝐵
𝑀1
point on the hyperbola is called focal
distance or focal radii. −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒, 0
𝑋
Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point on the hyperbola. 𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑍2 𝑂 𝑍1 𝐴 𝐹1
−𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
Then focal distances are 𝑃𝐹1 and 𝑃𝐹2 .
𝑎 𝑎
Then focal distances are 𝑃𝐹1 and 𝑃𝐹2 . 𝑥=− 𝐵′ 𝑥 =
𝑒 𝑒
𝑃𝐹1
=𝑒&
𝑃𝐹2
=𝑒 𝐷2 𝐷1
𝑃𝑀1 𝑃𝑀2

⇒ 𝑃𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑃𝑀1 and 𝑃𝐹2 = 𝑒 𝑃𝑀2 ⋯ 𝑖

𝑎 𝑎
𝑃𝑀1 = 𝑥 + & 𝑃𝑀2 = 𝑥 −
𝑒 𝑒
𝑎 𝑎
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝑃𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑥 + and 𝑃𝐹2 = 𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑒 𝑒

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 Key Takeaways
Terms related to Hyperbola:

Focal Distance: 𝑌
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝑃𝐹1 = 𝑒 𝑥 +
𝑎
and 𝑃𝐹2 = 𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑎
𝑃 𝐵
𝑒 𝑒

⇒ 𝑃𝐹1 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑎 and 𝑃𝐹2 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑎 −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒, 0

𝑋
∴ Focal distances of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 ± 𝑎 𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑍2 𝑂 𝑍1 𝐴 𝐹1
𝑃𝐹1 − 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎 −𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
𝑎 𝑎
The difference of the focal distances of any 𝑥=− 𝐵′ 𝑥 =
point on the hyperbola is equal to the length 𝑒 𝑒
𝐷2 𝐷1
of the transverse axis.

Alternative definition of Hyperbola:

Hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose
distances from two fixed points (foci) in the plane is a constant 2𝑎 .

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 Key Takeaways
Terms related to Hyperbola:

Latus Rectum: 𝑌
The focal chord perpendicular to the 𝐵
transverse axis is called latus rectum. 𝑃2 𝑃1

𝑃1 𝑄1 , 𝑃2 𝑄2 → Latus Rectum
𝑏2 𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴 𝐹1
End points of Latus Rectum ≡ ±𝑎𝑒, ±
𝑎
2𝑏2 𝑄2 𝑄1
Length of Latus Rectum = 𝐵′
𝑎

𝐷2 𝐷1

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 Horizontal vs Vertical hyperbola:

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Equation of hyperbola 𝒂 𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
=𝟏
𝒃 𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
=𝟏
𝑌 𝑌
𝐹1 0, 𝑏𝑒

𝑏
𝑦=
Figure 𝑋
𝑒
𝑋
𝐹2 −𝑎𝑒, 0 𝐹1 𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑦=
𝑏
−𝑒

𝑎 𝑎 𝐹2 0, −𝑏𝑒
𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥= 𝑒

Centre 0, 0 0, 0

Vertices ±𝑎, 0 0, ±𝑏
Equation of transverse 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
axis
Equation of conjugate 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
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 Horizontal vs Vertical hyperbola:

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Equation of hyperbola 𝟐 − =𝟏 𝟐 − =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒃 𝒂𝟐

𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
Eccentricity 𝒆= 𝟏+ 𝒆= 𝟏+
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑎 𝑏
Equation of directrix 𝑥=±
𝑒
𝑦=±
𝑒

Coordinates of foci ±𝑎𝑒, 0 0, ±𝑏𝑒

2𝑏2 2𝑎2
Length of LR
𝑎 𝑏

Sum of focal distances

at any point 𝑃 on 𝐹1 𝑃 − 𝐹2 𝑃 = 2𝑎 𝐹1 𝑃 − 𝐹2 𝑃 = 2𝑏
hyperbola

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
Note: 2 − = 1 is said to be conjugate hyperbola for 2 − =1
𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑏2

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 𝑦2 𝑥2
For the given hyperbola − = 1. Find
16 25
𝑎) Centre and Vertices
𝑏) Equation of Major and Minor axes
𝑐) Eccentricity and coordinates of Foci
𝑑) Equation of directrix
𝑒) Length of LR

𝑥2 𝑦2
2 − = −1 (Vertical hyperbola) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 4
5 42

𝑎) Center is 0, 0

Vertices≡ 0, ±𝑏 = 0,4 & 0, −4

𝑏) Equation of major axis is 𝑥 = 0 &

Equation of minor axis is 𝑦 = 0
25 41
𝑐) Eccentricity = 1+ =
16 4
41
Foci≡ 0, ±𝑏𝑒 = 0, ±4 × = 0, 41 & 0, − 41
4
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 𝑦2 𝑥2
For the given hyperbola − = 1. Find
16 25
𝑎) Centre and Vertices
𝑏) Equation of Major and Minor axes
𝑐) Eccentricity and coordinates of Foci
𝑑) Equation of directrix
𝑒) Length of LR

𝑥2 𝑦2
2 − = −1 (Vertical hyperbola) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 4
5 42

𝑑) Equation of Directrix is
𝑏 16
𝑦=± ⇒𝑦=±
𝑒 41

𝑒) Length of LR is

2𝑎2 50 25
= =
𝑏 4 2

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 Prove that locus of centre of a circle which touches externally
two given circles is a hyperbola.

Solution:
Let there be two circles with centers 𝐶1 & 𝐶2
and radii 𝑟1 & 𝑟2 and let there be a third
circle with centre 𝐶 and radius 𝑟 touch both
the circles externally.
𝐶1
Now,
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝐶2
𝑆1 𝑟 𝑆2
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑟 + 𝑟1 𝑟
𝐶
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑟 + 𝑟2
𝑆 → variable circle
⇒ 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1

i.e. The locus of 𝐶 is a hyperbola

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 Prove that locus of centre of a circle which touches externally
two given circles is a hyperbola.

Solution:
Let there be two circles with centers 𝐶1 & 𝐶2
and radii 𝑟1 & 𝑟2 and let there be a third
circle with centre 𝐶 and radius 𝑟 touch both
the circles externally.
𝐶1
Now,
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝐶2
𝑆1 𝑟 𝑆2
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑟 + 𝑟1 𝑟
𝐶
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑟 + 𝑟2
𝑆 → variable circle
⇒ 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1

i.e. The locus of 𝐶 is a hyperbola

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 Session 06
Conjugate and rectangular
hyperbola and asymptotes

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 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
If foci of the ellipse + 2 = 1 & hyperbola − = are
16 b 144 81 25
coincident then 𝑏2 = ?

𝑌
Foci will be coincident when:

𝑎1 𝑒1 = 𝑎2 𝑒2 ⇒ 𝑎12 𝑒12 = 𝑎22 𝑒22

⇒ 𝑎1 2 − 𝑏1 2 = 𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2
𝑋
144 81
⇒ 16 − 𝑏 2 = +
25 25

⇒ 16 − 𝑏 2 = 9
⇒ 𝑏2 = 7

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 Find the equation of the hyperbola whose axes are Co – axes and
distance of one of its vertices from foci are 3 & 1.

𝑎𝑒 + 𝑎 = 3 𝑖 𝑌
+
𝑎𝑒 − 𝑎 = 1 𝑖𝑖

2𝑎𝑒 = 4
𝑎𝑒 + 𝑎
⇒ 𝑎𝑒 = 2
−𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑎𝑒 − 𝑎
Putting 𝑎𝑒 = 2 in eqn 𝑖 𝑎𝑒, 0
𝑋
𝑂
2+𝑎 =3
−𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0
⇒𝑎=1
𝑒=2
𝑏2
Now, we know 𝑒 2 = 1 +
𝑎2
𝑏2
⇒4=1+
1
⇒ 𝑏2 = 3
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of hyperbola: − =1
1 3
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 Consider branch of a hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 − 2 2𝑥 − 4 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 with
vertex at a point 𝐴. Let 𝐵 be one of the end points of its latus
rectum. If 𝐶 is the focus of the hyperbola nearest to point 𝐴, then
find the areas of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.

Given equation: 𝑌
𝑥 2 − 2 2𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 4 2𝑦 + 4 = 6 + 2 − 4 𝐵 𝑎𝑒,
𝑏2
𝑎
2 2
⇒ 𝑥− 2 − 2𝑦 + 2 =4
2 2 2 2
𝑥− 2 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑥− 2 𝑦+ 2 𝑋
⇒ − =1 ⇒ − 2 =1
4 4 22 2 𝑂 𝐴 𝑎, 0 𝐶 𝑎𝑒, 0
2 3
𝑒= 1+ = ;
4 2

Shifting to origin: 𝑥 − 2 → 𝑋 & (𝑦 + 2) → 𝑌

𝑋2 𝑌2
− 2 =1
22 2
1 1 𝑏2
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = × 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐵𝐶 = × (𝑎𝑒 − 𝑎) ×
2 2 𝑎

1 1 3 3
= × 𝑒 − 1 × 𝑏2 = −1 ×2= −1
2 2 2 2
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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Let the eccentricity of the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 be reciprocal to the
𝑎 𝑏
ellipse 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 4. If the hyperbola passes through the focus of the
2 2

ellipse, the find:

a. Focus b. Equation of hyperbola c. Eccentricity of hyperbola

𝑌
𝑥2 𝑦2
Given, Ellipse: + =1
4 1

From the equation we have, 𝑎1 = 4; 𝑏1 = 1

1 3 3
⇒ 𝑒12 = 1 − = ⇒ 𝑒1 = 𝑋
4 4 2

⇒The hyperbola passes through ± 3, 0

𝑥2 𝑦2
Given, Hyperbola: 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2
3 0
⇒ − = 1 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3
𝑎2 𝑏2
1 2
Also given that 𝑒1 𝑒2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑒2 = =
𝑒1 3

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Let the eccentricity of the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 be reciprocal to the
𝑎 𝑏
ellipse 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 4. If the hyperbola passes through the focus of the
2 2

ellipse, the find:

a. Focus b. Equation of hyperbola c. Eccentricity of hyperbola

𝑌
𝑏2
Also, we know that 𝑒22 =1+ ⇒𝑏= 𝑒22 −1 𝑎 2
𝑎2

⇒ 𝑏2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴ The equation of Hyperbola is 𝑋
𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
3 1

The focus of Hyperbola is ±𝑎𝑒2 , 0 = ±2,0

2
The eccentricity of Hyperbola is 𝑒2 = .
3

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 Key Takeaways
Asymptotes:

• If the distance between a line and a hyperbola tends to zero when one
or both of 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinates approach to infinity, then that line is called
‘Asymptote’ to the hyperbola.

• In short, Asymptote is tangent to hyperbola at infinity.

𝑌

𝐴2 𝐴1 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways
Horizontal and vertical hyperbola
𝑦2 𝑥2
• Hyperbola makes no difference for 𝑎 > 𝑏 or 𝑏 > 𝑎. 𝑌
𝑉:
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
=1
• If 𝑥 2 is coming first then, horizontal hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
will be obtained. Ex. 𝐻: 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2
𝐵1
• If 𝑦 2 is coming first then,2 vertical
2
hyperbola
𝑦 𝑥
will be obtained. Ex. 𝑉: − =1 𝑋
𝑏2 𝑎2
𝐴2 𝑂 𝐴1
• In horizontal hyperbola 𝐴1, 𝐴2 are end vertices 𝐵2
but 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 are end points of CA doesn’t seem
physically. 𝐵1 ≡ 0, 𝑏 & 𝐵2 = 0, −𝑏 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻: 2 − =1
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑏2
• In vertical hyperbola (𝑉: 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 = 1) 𝐵1, 𝐵2 will become
vertices but 𝐴1 𝑎, 0 , 𝐴2 −𝑎, 0 are end points of CA
doesn’t seem physically. 𝐵1 ≡ 0, 𝑏 & 𝐵2 = 0, −𝑏

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 Key Takeaways
Horizontal and vertical hyperbola having same 𝑎 & 𝑏

• CA and TA of one will be TA and CA of another

𝑌
𝑉:
𝑦2
𝑏 2 −
𝑥2
𝑎2
=1
such hyperbolas are conjugate hyperbola to
each other if 𝑎 and 𝑏 are same for both.
𝑥2 𝑦2
• For hyperbola
𝑎 2 −𝑏2
= 1, the conjugate 𝐵1
𝑦2 𝑥2
hyperbola will be − =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑋
𝐴2 𝑂 𝐴1
• Both hyperbola will share same 𝐵2
asymptote.
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻: 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2

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 Key Takeaways
Important points
𝑥2 𝑦2
• For hyperbola
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
= 1, the conjugate
𝑌
𝑉:
𝑦2
𝑏 2 −
𝑥2
𝑎2
=1
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
hyperbola will be − =1⇒ − = −1
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
• Combined equation of asymptotes 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
= 0.
𝐵1
𝑏
𝑦 = ± 𝑥 (Equation of two asymptotes)
𝑎
𝑋
• Hyperbola, conjugate hyperbola and asymptotes 𝐴2 𝑂 𝐴1
all three conics have same variable part and 𝐵2
constant part differ in a particular style.
Hyperbola constant+Conjugate Hyperbola constant
• Constant of asymptotes= 2 𝐻:
𝑥2
𝑎 2 −
𝑦2
𝑏2
=1
• Equation of:
➢ Hyperbola: 𝐻 = 0
➢ Asymptotes: 𝐻 + 𝜆 = 0; 𝜆 → ∆= 0
➢ Conjugate hyperbola: 𝐻 + 2𝜆 = 0

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 Key Takeaways
Important points
𝑏
• Equation of two asymptotes 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥 → 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 𝑉:
𝑦2
𝑏 2 −
𝑥2
𝑎2
=1 𝑦= 𝑥
𝑏
𝑎
• Centre of hyperbola is point of intersection 𝑌
asymptotes. Centre is obtained by partial
differentiation.
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝛽2
• Conjugate hyperbola: 𝛼 2 − 𝛽2
= 1; 𝑒 2 = 1 +
𝛼2
𝐵1

• Hyperbola: 𝑥 2 𝑦2
= 1; 𝑒12 = 1 +
𝑏2 𝐴2 𝑂 𝐴1
𝑋
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 𝑎2
𝐵2 −𝑏
𝑦= 𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑎
Conjugate hyperbola: − = 1; 𝑒22 =1+
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻: 2 − =1
1 1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏2
+ = + =1
𝑒12 𝑒22 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑒1−2 + 𝑒2−2 = 1

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 Prove that angle between asymptotes of hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1 is 2 sec −1 𝑒
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑏
Given equation of hyperbola: 𝑦= 𝑥
𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑌
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑏
Equation of asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
𝑎
b2
Now, e2 = 1 + = 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 𝜃
a2
𝑋
−1 𝑂 𝜃
⇒ 𝜃 = sec 𝑒
−𝑏
𝑦= 𝑥
𝑎
Now, the angle between the asymptotes is
2𝜃 = 2 sec −1 𝑒.

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 Prove that foci of hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola are
concyclic and form square
Let equation of hyperbola: 𝑌
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏2
− = 1; 𝑒1 = 1+ 𝑆1 0, 𝑏𝑒2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2

And conjugate equation of hyperbola:

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑋
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
= 1; 𝑒2 = 1+
𝑏2
𝐹2 −𝑎𝑒1 , 0 𝑂 𝐹1 𝑎𝑒1 , 0
𝐹1 ≡ 𝑎𝑒1 , 0 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2, 0
𝐹2 ≡ −𝑎𝑒1 , 0 = − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 0 𝑆2 0, −𝑏𝑒2
𝑆1 ≡ 0, 𝑏𝑒2 = 0, 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑆2 ≡ 0, −𝑏𝑒2 = 0, − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
All points are 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , 𝑆1 & 𝑆2 are equidistant ( 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) from origin
Hence, 𝐹1 𝑆1 𝐹2 𝑆2 is concyclic
Diagonals of quadrilateral 𝐹1 𝑆1 𝐹2 𝑆2 are equal and perpendicular
Return to Top Hence, 𝐹1 𝑆1 𝐹2 𝑆2 is square
 Rectangular hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑉: 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2
𝑦=𝑥
• If in the hyperbola 𝑎 − 2 = 1; 𝑎 is equal to 𝑏,
2
𝑏 𝑌
then rectangular hyperbola forms.
• 𝑥 22− 𝑦 22 = 𝑎22is a rectangular hyperbola and
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑎 its conjugate rectangular hyperbola.
• Eccentricity of rectangular hyperbola and its
conjugate hyperbola: 𝑋
𝑂
𝑏2
𝑒= 1+ = 2
𝑎2 𝑦 = −𝑥
• Asymptotes
𝑏
of rectangular hyperbola:
𝐻: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑦 = ± 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±𝑥
𝑎

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 Key Takeaways
Conjugate hyperbola

• Transverse axis along 𝑌 − axis and conjugate axis along 𝑋 − axis.

Equation of a conjugate hyperbola:
𝑥2 𝑦2
2 − = −1 𝑌
𝑎 𝑏2

where, 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 (𝑒 2 − 1)

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 Key Takeaways
Conjugate hyperbola
𝑌

Centre 𝑂 ≡ 0,0

Foci 𝐹1 0, 𝑏𝑒 , 𝐹2 (0, −𝑏𝑒) 𝐹1 (0, 𝑏𝑒)

Vertices 𝐵 0, 𝑏 , 𝐵′ (0, −𝑏)

𝐵(0, 𝑏)
Transverse axis 𝐵𝐵′ 2𝑏
2𝑎 𝑋
𝐴′ 𝑂
Length of TA 2𝑏 𝐵′ (0, −𝑏) 𝐴

Conjugate axis 𝐴𝐴′

Length of TA 2𝑎 𝐹2 (0, −𝑏𝑒)

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 Key Takeaways
Conjugate hyperbola
𝑌

Equation of TA 𝑥=0
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
Equation of CA 𝑦=0 𝐹1 (0, 𝑏𝑒)

2𝑎2
Length of LR 𝑏
𝐵(0, 𝑏)
2𝑏
Focal distance of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒𝑦 ± 𝑏 2𝑎 𝑋
𝐴′ 𝑂
𝐵′ (0, −𝑏) 𝐴
𝑎2 +𝑏2
Eccentricity
𝑏2

𝑏
Directrix 𝑦=±
𝑒 𝐹2 (0, −𝑏𝑒)
𝑏
Feet of directrix 0, ±
𝑒

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 Session 07
Parametric equations of
hyperbola

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Let 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 be the eccentricities of the ellipse + =1 𝑏<5
25 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
and the hyperbola − = 1 respectively satisfying 𝑒1 ⋅ 𝑒2 = 1. If 𝛼 and
16 𝑏2
𝛽 are the distances between the foci of the ellipse and the foci of the
hyperbola respectively. Then ordered pair is 𝛼, 𝛽 is equal to

𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏4 JEE(MAIN)-2020
Ellipse: ⇒1+ − − =1
16 25 16×25
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 ⇒ 𝑏 4 − 9𝑏2 = 0 A
25 𝑏2 𝑏 2 = 0 (Rejected) 𝟖, 𝟏𝟐
𝑏2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 (𝑏2 − 9) = 0
𝑒12 = 1 − 𝑏2 = 9
25
9 4
Hyperbola: 𝑒1 = 1−
25
=
5 B 𝟐𝟒
𝑥2 𝑦2 , 𝟏𝟎
𝟓
− =1 𝑒2 =
1
=
5
16 𝑏2
𝑒1 4
𝑏2
𝑒22 = 1+ 4 C
16 𝛼 = 2𝑎1 𝑒1 = 2 5 × = 8 𝟐𝟎
, 𝟏𝟐
5
𝟑
𝑒1 ⋅ 𝑒2 = 1 5
𝛽 = 2𝑎2 𝑒2 = 2 4 × = 10
𝑏2 𝑏2 4
⇒ 1− ⋅ 1+ =1 D
25 16
𝛼, 𝛽 = 8, 10 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎 ,
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 An explosion is recorded by two microphones that are 3.2 𝑘𝑚 apart. Determine the
possible locations of the explosion relative to the locations of the microphones.
Assuming that sound travels at 340 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑀1 received the sound 4 seconds before
𝑀2 . Determine the possible locations of the explosion relative to the locations of
the microphones.

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 An explosion is recorded by two microphones that are 3.2 𝑘𝑚 apart.
Determine the possible locations of the explosion relative to the
locations of the microphones. Assuming that sound travels at
340 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑀1 received the sound 4 seconds before 𝑀2 . Determine
the possible locations of the explosion relative to the locations of
the microphones.
Solution: 𝑃
𝑑2
Given : 𝑀1 received the sound 4 seconds before 𝑀2 𝑑1
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 4, where 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 represent the time to 3200 𝑚
𝑀2 𝑀1
receive the signal at 𝑀1 & 𝑀2 respectively.
𝑑2 𝑑
− 1 = 4, where 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 represent the distance of explosion to receive the signal
𝑣 𝑣
at 𝑀1 & 𝑀2 respectively and 𝑣 is the velocity of sound
⇒ 𝑑2 − 𝑑1 = 4𝑣 = 4 340 = 1360 𝑚
∵ 𝑑2 − 𝑑1 = 2𝑎
⇒ 2𝑎 = 1360 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑎 = 680 𝑚 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑀1 𝑀2 = 3200𝑚 (given)
2𝑎𝑒 = 3200𝑚
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⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
 An explosion is recorded by two microphones that are 3.2 𝑘𝑚 apart.
Determine the possible locations of the explosion relative to the
locations of the microphones. Assuming that sound travels at
340 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑀1 received the sound 4 seconds before 𝑀2 . Determine
the possible locations of the explosion relative to the locations of
the microphones.
Solution:
𝑎 = 680 𝑚 ⋯ (𝑖) 𝑃
𝑑2 𝑑1
2𝑎𝑒 = 3200𝑚 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑀2 𝑀1
Solving 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , we have
𝑒 = 2.35
∵ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑒 2 − 1)

= 680 2 ( 2.35 2
− 1)
⇒ 𝑏 = 1446 𝑚
∴ Locus of possible locations of explosion relative to locations of
𝑥2 𝑦2
microphones is 2 − =1
680 1446 2
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 Key Takeaways

Parametric Form:

For Hyperbola :
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
=1

The parametric Co-ordinates are:

𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃

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 Key Takeaways

Auxiliary Circle:
The circle described on the transverse axis as diameter is called
the Auxiliary Circle of the given hyperbola.
𝑌
For the Hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
(𝑖) 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2

Equation of auxiliary circle:

𝑎
2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑎 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴

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 Key Takeaways

Auxiliary Circle:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑌
(𝑖𝑖) 2 − = −1
𝑎 𝑏2

Equation of auxiliary circle:

𝐵
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2
𝑏
𝑋
𝑂

𝐵′

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 Key Takeaways

Proof: Let’s have a hyperbola with the equation 𝑃

𝑥2 𝑦2
− 2 = 1 with the auxiliary circle equation as 𝑃′
𝑎2 𝑏
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
2
𝜃
Let there be a point 𝑃′ on the auxiliary circle 𝐴′ 𝑂𝐴 𝑄(𝑎 sec 𝜃, 0)
i.e., 𝑃 ′ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎 sin 𝜃 . Let the tangent at 𝑃′ meets
the 𝑋-axis at 𝑄.

⇒ 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑄 𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 0

Let’s draw a perpendicular from 𝑄 to the hyperbola and let

that point be 𝑃 i.e., the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝑃 is 𝑎 sec 𝜃.

As the point 𝑃 lies on the hyperbola, we have

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎 sec 𝜃 2 𝑦2
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
=1 ⇒
𝑎2
−
𝑏2
= 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃

⇒ 𝑃 ≡ 𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 𝑏 tan 𝜃
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 Key Takeaways

Parametric Equations:

𝜃 𝑄 𝑎cos 𝜃 , 𝑎sin 𝜃 𝑃 𝑎sec 𝜃 , 𝑏tan 𝜃 𝑎cos 𝜃 , 𝑎sin 𝜃

𝜋 𝑎 sec 𝜃 > 0;
0, I Quadrant
st
𝑏 tan 𝜃 > 0
2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑄 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
=1
𝜋 𝑎 sec 𝜃 < 0;
,𝜋 II nd Quadrant 𝑏 tan 𝜃 < 0 𝐵 𝜃
2
𝑎 sec 𝜃 < 0; −𝑎 sec 𝜃 , 0 𝐴
3𝜋
𝜋, IIIrd Quadrant 𝑏 tan 𝜃 > 0
2

3𝜋 𝑎 sec 𝜃 > 0; 𝑃
, 2𝜋 IV th
Quadrant 𝑏 tan 𝜃 < 0
2

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 Key Takeaways

Parametric Equations: 𝑌

The general equation of Hyperbola is:

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
= −1 𝐵
𝑏
𝑋
The parametric Equation of hyperbola is given by: 𝑂
𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sec 𝜃 𝐵′

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 Key Takeaways
Chord Joining Two Points:
For a parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 :
Let 𝑃 𝑡1 , 𝑄 𝑡2 be two points on the parabola 𝑃
Chord of Contact of these points is given by:
2
𝑦 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = 0 & 𝑚 =
𝑡1 +𝑡2

If it is a focal chord, then 𝑡1 𝑡2 = −1 𝑄

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 Key Takeaways
Chord Joining Two Points: 𝑄
ℎ, 𝑘
For a circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 :
2 2 2
𝑃
Let 𝑃 𝜃1 , 𝑄 𝜃2 be two points on the circle
Chord of Contact of these points is given by:
𝑥 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝑦 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝜃1 −𝜃2
cos + sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑎 2 2
𝜃 +𝜃 𝜃 +𝜃
𝑎 cos 1 2 𝑎 sin 1 2
The point of intersection of Tangents at 𝑃 & 𝑄 is ℎ, 𝑘 = 2
𝜃1 −𝜃2 , 2
𝜃1 −𝜃2
cos cos
2 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
For an ellipse 2 + =1: 𝑃 𝜃1
𝑎 𝑏2 ℎ, 𝑘
Let 𝑃 𝜃1 , 𝑄 𝜃2 be two points on the ellipse
Chord of Contact of these points is given by:
𝑄 𝜃2
𝑥 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝑦 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝜃1 −𝜃2
cos + sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2
𝜃 +𝜃 𝜃 +𝜃
𝑎 cos 1 2 𝑏 sin 1 2
The point of intersection of Tangents at 𝑃 & 𝑄 is ℎ, 𝑘 = 2
𝜃1 −𝜃2 , 2
𝜃1 −𝜃2
cos cos
2 2

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 Key Takeaways
Chord Joining Two Points:
𝑄′
𝑥2 𝑦2
For a hyperbola − =1:
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑃 𝑃′
Let 𝑃 𝜃1 , 𝑄 𝜃2 be two points on the hyperbola
ℎ, 𝑘
Chord of Contact of these points is given by:
𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴
𝑥 𝜃1 −𝜃2 𝑦 𝜃1 +𝜃2 𝜃1 +𝜃2
cos − sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2
The point of intersection of 𝑄
𝜃 −𝜃 𝜃 +𝜃
𝑎 cos 1 2 𝑏 sin 1 2
tangents at 𝑃 & 𝑄 is ℎ, 𝑘 = 2
𝜃1 +𝜃2 , 2
𝜃1 +𝜃2
cos cos
2 2

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 Key Takeaways

Chord of Contact:
If the pair of tangents drawn from an 𝑌
external point 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to the hyperbola 𝐴(𝛼)
𝑆 = 0 touch it at the points 𝐴 and 𝐵, then 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝐴𝐵 is called Chord Of Contact.
Equation of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑇 = 0 𝑋
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝐵(𝛽)
where 𝑇 ≡ − −1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Note:
Point of intersection of the tangents 𝐴 𝛼 , 𝐵(𝛽)
𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin
on the hyperbola 𝑆 = 0 is 2
𝛼+𝛽 , 𝛼+𝛽
2
cos 2
cos 2

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 Key Takeaways

Chord of Contact: 𝑌
𝐴(𝛼)
Proof:
Equation of chord 𝐴𝐵 in terms of 𝛼 and 𝛽 : 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑥 𝛼−𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
cos − sin = cos ... 𝑖 𝑋
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2

Equation of chord 𝐴𝐵 in terms of 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝐵(𝛽)

𝑇=0
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
⇒ − = 1 . . . 𝑖𝑖
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 represents same line
𝑥1 𝑦
− 21 1 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin
𝛼−𝛽 = 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝛼+𝛽 𝑥1 = 2
& 𝑦1 = 2
cos 2 − sin 2 cos 2 cos
𝛼+𝛽
cos
𝛼+𝛽
𝑎 𝑏 2 2

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 If there are two points 𝑃 𝛼 and 𝑄 𝛽 on the standard hyperbola
and the chord joining the points 𝑃𝑄 is a focal chord, then prove
𝑒−1 𝛼 𝛽
that = − tan . tan
𝑒+1 2 2
Solution: 𝑌
The equation of standard hyperbola is 𝐴(𝛼)
𝑧2 𝑦2
− = 1 and 𝑃 𝛼 and 𝑄 𝛽 are two points on it. 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑎2 𝑏2

The equation of Chord of Contact is: 𝑋

𝑎𝑒, 0
𝑥 𝛼−𝛽 𝑦 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
cos − sin = cos 𝐵(𝛽)
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2

This passes through the focus 𝑎𝑒, 0

𝑎𝑒 𝛼−𝛽 0 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
⇒ cos − sin = cos
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 2

𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
⇒ 𝑒 cos = cos
2 2

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 If there are two points 𝑃 𝛼 and 𝑄 𝛽 on the standard hyperbola
and the chord joining the points 𝑃𝑄 is a focal chord, then prove
𝑒−1 𝛼 𝛽
that = − tan . tan
𝑒+1 2 2
Solution: 𝑌
𝐴(𝛼)
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
cos
2 𝑒−1 cos
2
−cos
2 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
⇒𝑒= 𝛼−𝛽 ∴ = 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
cos 𝑒+1 cos +cos
2 2 2
𝑋
𝛼
−2 sin sin
𝛽 𝑎𝑒, 0
2 2 𝛼 𝛽
= 𝛼 𝛽 = − tan tan 𝐵(𝛽)
cos 2 cos 2 2 2

Note: if chord joining 𝑃(𝛼),𝑄(𝛽) is a focal

𝑒−1 𝛼 𝛽
chord then = − tan . tan
𝑒+1 2 2

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 Position of a Point w.r.t. Hyperbola:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 be any point in the plane of the hyperbola: 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥12 𝑦12 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1

𝑆 ∶ 2− 2−1 𝑆1 ∶ 2 − 2 − 1 𝑇 ∶ − 2 −1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏

𝑌 If 𝑆1 > 0, then the point lies inside the

hyperbola.
Exterior
Interior If 𝑆1 = 0, then the point lies on the
Interior 𝑆1 < 0
𝑆1 > 0 hyperbola.
𝑆1 > 0
𝑋 If 𝑆1 < 0, then the point lies outside the
𝐹2 𝐴′ 𝑂 𝐴 𝐹1
hyperbola.
On 𝑆1 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

A Line and a Hyperbola:

Consider a line 𝐿 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 and a 𝐿: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑌 𝑥2 𝑦2

𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
=1
𝑥2 𝑦2
hyperbola ∶ − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Solving line and hyperbola we get :

𝑂
𝑥2 𝑚𝑥+𝑐 2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑚𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 = 0

Discriminant of the above equation is :

𝐷 = 4𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑚2

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 Key Takeaways

A Line and a Hyperbola: 𝐿: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Case 1: 𝐿 meets the hyperbola at two 𝑌 𝑥2 𝑦2
distinct points. 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑎 2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 < 𝑐 2

𝑋
𝑂
Case 2: 𝐿 touches the hyperbola.

𝑎 2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

𝐷>0 𝐷=0 𝐷<0

Case 3: 𝐿 doesn’t meet the hyperbola.

𝑎 2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 > 𝑐 2

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 Key Takeaways

Equations of tangent to Hyperbola:

𝑥2 𝑦2
Consider a hyperbola ∶ 2 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2

Various forms of equations of tangents to the hyperbola are:

Parametric Form:
𝑥 sec 𝜃 𝑦 tan 𝜃
− =1
𝑎 𝑏

Slope Form:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2
𝑏2
Tangents will exist only when 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑚2 >
𝑎2
𝑏
𝑚 >
𝑎

Point Form:
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the equation of tangent to hyperbola − =1
36 9

passing through 0,4 .

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑌 𝑇1
Solution: − =1
36 9
02 42
Putting 0,4 − <0
36 9
∴ 0,4 lies outside the hyperbola
0,4
⇒ Two tangents. 𝑋
𝑆′ 𝐶 𝑆
Equation of tangent to hyperbola is

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2
𝑇2
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 36𝑚2 − 9
Tangent passes through 0,4

⇒ 4 = ± 36𝑚2 − 9
5
⇒ 16 = 36𝑚2 − 9 ⇒ 𝑚 = ± 6
∴ Equation of tangent is 𝑦−4 =± 𝑥
5
Return to Top 6
 Session 08
Rectangular hyperbola

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 Key Takeaways
Tangent from a Point: 𝑚1
ℎ, 𝑘
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 − ℎ2
𝜃
𝑚2
𝑘 = 𝑚ℎ ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 − ℎ2

𝑘 − 𝑚ℎ = ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 − ℎ2

𝑚2 ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 2𝑚𝑘ℎ = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2

𝑚2 ℎ2 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑚𝑘ℎ + 𝑘 2 + 𝑏 2 = 0
2𝑘ℎ
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =
ℎ2 −𝑎2

𝑘 2 +𝑏2
𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 =
ℎ2 −𝑎2

𝑚1 −𝑚2
tan 𝜃 =
1+𝑚1 𝑚2

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 Key Takeaways
Director Circles → Locus of points of
intersection of perpendicular tangent
𝑘 2 +𝑏2
𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 ⇒
ℎ2 −𝑎2

⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑂 90°
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 → centre = 0, 0

Radius = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Director Circle

𝑎>𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑅𝐻𝐵 𝑎<𝑏

Real Rad = 0
D.C. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 (pt. circle) No D.C.
No D.C.
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 Prove that the tangents drawn from any point on the hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻 ∶ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 to ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 makes complimentary
𝑎 𝑏
angles with the 𝑋 axis.

Solution: Hyperbola : 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 (say) 𝑌

𝑃
𝑃 ≡ 𝑐 sec 𝜃 , 𝑐 tan 𝜃

To prove ∶

𝑇1 and 𝑇2 make 𝑇1 𝐶 𝑋
complimentary angles with 𝑋 axis.

→ 𝛼 and 90 − 𝛼
𝑇2
𝑚1 = tan 𝛼 and 𝑚2 = tan 90 − 𝛼

𝑚1 𝑚2 = 1

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 Prove that the tangents drawn from any point on the hyperbola
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻 ∶ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 to ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 makes complimentary
𝑎 𝑏
angles with the 𝑋 axis.

Solution: Hyperbola : 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 (say) 𝑌

𝑃
𝑃 ≡ 𝑐 sec 𝜃 , 𝑐 tan 𝜃

For Pair of tangents drawn from a

point on hyperbola to an ellipse, 𝑋
𝑇1 𝐶
We have
𝑘 2 −𝑏2 𝑐 2 tan2 𝜃−𝑏2
𝑚1 𝑚2 = =
ℎ2 −𝑎2 𝑐 2 sec2 𝜃−𝑎2
𝑇2
𝑎2 −𝑏2 tan2 𝜃−𝑏2
=
𝑎2 −𝑏2 sec2 𝜃−𝑎2

𝑎2 −𝑏2 tan2 𝜃−𝑏2

=
𝑎2 −𝑏2 1+tan2 𝑥 −𝑎2

𝑎2 tan2 𝜃−𝑏2 sec2 𝜃

= =1
𝑎2 tan2 𝜃−𝑏2 sec2 𝜃
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 Key Takeaways

Point Form Equation of Normal: 𝑌

Equation of normal to the hyperbola

𝑃 𝑥1, 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑆: − = 0 at 𝑃(𝑥1, 𝑦1) is
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑋
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑦
⇒ + = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑆=0

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
Parametric Form Equation of Normal:

The equation of normal to the hyperbola 𝑃 𝜃

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑆: 2 − = 0 at 𝑃(𝜃) is
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑋
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦
+ = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃

𝑎𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑆=0

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌 Slope ′𝑚′
Slope Form Equation of Normal:

The equation of normal to the hyperbola

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑆: 2 − = 0 whose slope is ‘𝑚′ , is
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑋
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑚
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ±
𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑚2

−𝑎 𝑎 𝑆=0
where, 𝑚 ∈ ,
𝑏 𝑏

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 Key Takeaways 𝑌

Chord with given midpoint 𝐴

The equation of a chord of the

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
hyperbola 𝑆: 2 − = 0 whose mid point
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑋
is 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 is 𝑇 = 𝑆1
𝐵
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
where 𝑇 ≡ − −1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥1 ⋅𝑥1 𝑦1 ⋅𝑦1
& 𝑆1 ≡ − −1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥12 𝑦12
Or 𝑆1 ≡ 2 − −1
𝑎 𝑏2

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
Pair of Tangents

The equation to the pair of tangents which can be drawn 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

from any point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the hyperbola is
𝑋
𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇2

𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
where 𝑇 ≡ − −1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥12 𝑦12
& 𝑆1 ≡ 2 − −1
𝑎 𝑏2

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
If line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 7 3 is normal to the hyperbola − = 1, then the
24 18
value of 𝑚 is _________.

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐻: − =1 𝑎2 = 24 & 𝑏 2 = 18
24 18

Using the normal condition

𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ±
𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑚2

42 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ±
24−18𝑚2

The given line will be normal if:

42𝑚
7 3=
24−18𝑚2

2𝑚2 = 4 − 3𝑚2

4 2
𝑚2 = ⇒ 𝑚 = ±
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 Find the equation of the common tangents to hyperbolas
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1 and − = −1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2

Solution: 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
= −1 ⇒
(−𝑏2 )
−
(−𝑎2 )
=1 𝑐=± −𝑏 2 𝑚2 − −𝑎2 ⋯ 𝑖

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2
=1 𝑐 = ± 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

Since, both lines represent the same

line equation hence, 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖

Squaring and equating 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖

𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 = −𝑏 2 𝑚2 + 𝑎2

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 Find the equation of the common tangents to hyperbolas
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1 and − = −1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2

Solution: 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 = −𝑏 2 𝑚2 + 𝑎2

⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑚2 − 1 + 𝑏 2 𝑚2 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑚 = ±1

Equation of common tangent:

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑦 = −𝑥 ± 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑦 = −𝑥 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

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 Key Takeaways

Rectangular hyperbola: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2

When the centre of any rectangular hyperbola is at the origin

and its asymptotes coincide with the co-ordinate axes, its
equation is 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 . 𝑌

𝑂 𝑋

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 𝑌
𝑥+𝑦 =0 𝑥−𝑦 =0

Rectangular hyperbola: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2

Proof : 135°
45°
𝑋
The equation of a rectangular hyperbola is
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and its asymptotes are 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.

The asymptotes are inclined at 45° and

135° respectively with the 𝑋 − axis.

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 𝑌
Rectangular hyperbola: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 𝑥−𝑦 =0 𝑌′
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝑌
𝑥+𝑦 =0 𝑥−𝑦 =0

135° 𝑋
45°
𝑋

𝑋′

Let the axes be rotated by 𝜃 = −45° without changing the origin.

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 Rectangular hyperbola: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 𝑌
𝑥−𝑦 =0 𝑌′
𝒙 𝒚 𝑥+𝑦 =0

𝒙′ cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝒚′ − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑋

𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 cos −45° + 𝑦 sin −45°

𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 sin −45° + 𝑦 cos −45°

𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑋′
⇒ 𝑥′, 𝑦′ ≡ ,
2 2

∴ the equation of rectangular hyperbola

𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 reduces to
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎2

𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑎2 𝑎2
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ = 𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ = 𝑐 2
2 2 2 2
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 Key Takeaways
𝑌 • Solving 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 with 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑦=𝑥 𝑥 2 = 𝑐 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑐, 𝑦 = ±𝑐
𝐹1
𝑐, 𝑐 & −𝑐, −𝑐
𝐴
• 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑐 2 + −𝑐 2

𝑂 𝑋
𝑎 = 2𝑐

• 𝐿 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑐+𝑐 2 + 𝑐+𝑐 2

= 2 2𝑐

• R.H.B. then 𝑒 = 2 ; centre = 0, 0

• 𝑂𝐹1 = 𝑎𝑒 = 2 ⋅ 2 𝑐

𝐹1 ≡ 2 𝑐, 2 𝑐

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 Key Takeaways
𝑎
• Directric =
𝑌 𝑒
2𝑐
𝑦=𝑥 = =𝑐
2

𝐹1
𝑐
𝑐
𝐴 45 ° 𝑐 sin 45° =
2
𝑐
𝑋 𝑐 cos 45° =
𝑂 2

Equation of directrix : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑐 𝑐
+ =𝑘
2 2

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑐
Similarly equation of other directrix :

𝑥 + 𝑦 = − 2𝑐

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 Key Takeaways
2𝑏2 2𝑎2
𝑌 • LLR = = = 2𝑎 = 2 2𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
2 − 1 𝑐, 2+1 𝑐

𝑦=𝑥 2𝑐
𝐹1
2 𝑐 cos 45° = 𝑐
𝐴 2 + 1 𝑐, 2−1 𝑐 45°
𝑋
𝑂 2 𝑐 cos 45° = 𝑐

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 Key Takeaways
• EOT at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) of 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2
𝑌
𝑥𝑦1 +𝑦𝑥1
𝑇=0⇒ = 𝑐2 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑐 2
2

⇒ 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑥1 = 2𝑐 2

𝑂 𝑋 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑥1 = 2𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑥 𝑦
EOT + =2
𝑥1 𝑦1

• Parametric form → parametric

𝑐 coordinate of 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2
• EON at 𝑐𝑡,
𝑡
𝑥1 𝑐𝑡 𝑐
𝑚𝑁 = = = 𝑡2 ⇒ 𝑐𝑡,
𝑦1
𝑐 𝑡
𝑡

𝑐
𝑦− = 𝑡 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑡 ∈ ℝ − 0
𝑡

𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 3 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑡 4 𝑐

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 Prove that area formed by the tangent of 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 with respect to
coordinate axes is always constant.

𝑌
Solution:
𝑥 𝑦
E.O.T: + =2
𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑇
𝑥 −intercept = 2𝑥1 𝑅 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑦 −intercept = 2𝑦1
𝑂 𝑄 𝑋
1
Area of triangle = × 2𝑥1 × 2𝑦1
2

= 2𝑥1 𝑦1

= 2𝑐 2 ∵ 𝑥1 𝑦1 = 𝑐 2

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 Equation of normal
𝑌
Equation of normal to the
𝑁
rectangular parabola 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2

𝑇: 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑥1 = 𝑐 2

𝑚𝑇 = −
𝑦1
⇒ 𝑚𝑁 =
𝑥1 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑋
𝑂
𝑇
𝑥1
𝑁: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑦1

𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦12 = 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥12

𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑦12 − 𝑥12

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 Properties of Hyperbola Properties of Ellipse

Difference of the focal distances is a Sum of the focal distances is a

constant i.e., 𝑃𝐹1 − 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎 constant i.e., 𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 = 2𝑎

Locus of feet of perpendiculars drawn Locus of feet of perpendiculars drawn

from the foci upon any tangent to a
hyperbola is auxiliary circle and the
product of perpendicular is 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑏 2
𝑌
from the foci upon any tangent to a
hyperbola is auxiliary circle and the
product of perpendicular is 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑏 2
𝑁 𝑌

𝑃
𝑁′ 𝑑1
𝑑2 𝑑2
𝑋
𝑆′ 𝑆 𝐹2 𝑂 𝐹1 𝑋
𝑇
𝑑1

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 Properties of Hyperbola
The portion of the tangent to a
hyperbola between the point of contact
and the directrix subtends a right angle
at the corresponding focus.
𝑌
Properties of Ellipse
The portion of the tangent to an ellipse
between the point of contact and the
directrix subtends a right angle at the
corresponding focus.
𝑌

𝑈 𝑉

𝑄 𝑃 𝑆 ′ (−𝑎𝑒, 0) 𝑆(𝑎𝑒, 0) 𝑋
𝑆 ′ (−𝑎𝑒, 0) 𝑆(𝑎𝑒, 0) 𝑋
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥=− 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥=− 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑒
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 Properties of Hyperbola Properties of Ellipse

Only one normal passes through a For an ellipse only one normal passes
hyperbola which is the transverse axis, through the focus which is the “major
every else normal doesn’t passes axis”, else every other normal does not
through the focus passes through the focus.

𝑌
𝑌 𝑇2
𝑇1
𝑄 𝑄

𝑁1 𝑁2
𝑁1 𝑃
𝑆′ 𝑃 𝑆 𝑋 𝑂 𝐹 𝑎𝑒, 0 𝑋
𝑆=0
𝑇2 𝑁2
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𝑇1
 Properties of Hyperbola Properties of Ellipse
If an incoming light ray passing
The incident ray from focus 𝑆 after
through one focus 𝑆 strike convex
reflection by ellipse at point 𝑃 passes
side of the hyperbola, then it will get
through other focus 𝑆 ′ .
reflected towards other focus 𝑆′
𝑌 𝑌
Reflected
𝑁
ray 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝛼 Incident ray

𝛼
𝑁
𝑋 𝑂 𝑋
𝑆′ 𝑆 𝑆′(−𝑎𝑒, 0) 𝑆(𝑎𝑒, 0)
(−𝑎𝑒, 0) (𝑎𝑒, 0)

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Return to Top