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Rough Guide To 3G and HSPA (Radio Part)
Rough Guide To 3G and HSPA (Radio Part)
Nandakumar Nair
10/24/2009
nandakumarcnair@gmail.com
This rough guide is an effort to help RF engineers who are interested in learning the basic
principles of 3G/HSPA and apply in their daily work.
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 5
2.9 What are the main services available (and used) in 3G/HSPA as of October 2009? 8
3.2 Pilot 9
3.4 Codes 10
What is the difference between Scrambling, Spreading and Channelization Codes? 10
3.8 Spreading and Processing Gain : What do they mean for us? 13
2
3.10 Power Control 15
4. HSDPA 20
5. EUL 25
7. KPIS 28
8. CAPACITY MANAGEMENT 28
3
10.1 Inter-RAT Handovers 31
11.1 HSPA+ 33
11.2 MIMO 34
12. APPENDIX 37
12.1 UE Categories 37
4
Rough Guide to 3G and HSPA
1. Introduction
This Rough Guide has been written with the objective of aiding those, who already have
some experience with 3G. Prior knowledge will be helpful for deeper understanding of
the material presented in this guide.
Please note that only WCDMA is considered in this guide and for 2G, only GSM is
considered. Most of the topics covered are Radio related. Core Network details are not
explained.
3GPP Releases
Rel 99 3G UMTS
Rel 5 HSDPA
Rel 6 EUL
Rel 7 HSPA +
Rel 8 LTE, All IP network (SAE)
Rel 9 SAES Enhancements, WiMax and LTE/UMTS Interoperability
Rel 10 LTE advanced
UMTS can be considered as an evolution of GSM. While UMTS has its own radio access network
known as UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network ), usually UMTS and GSM/EDGE
have a shared Core Network.
Generally UMTS networks are built up on existing GSM networks and both networks co-exist.
UMTS networks in general have lesser coverage due to the fact that most of them operate at
higher frequency bands. This is not a big issue as UMTS-GSM handover is possible.
5
Please note that the network below has a common core network for both 3G and 2G.
3G gives much higher data rates compared to 2G. 2G was mainly designed keeping in
mind the requirements for Speech traffic. 3G has been developed mainly to cater to data
services, in addition to Speech traffic. Multiplexing of services with different QOS
requirements on a single connection is possible with 3G.
6
2.4 What is the main difference between 3G and 2G?
WCDMA GSM
Carrier Bandwidth 5MHz 200kHz
Frequency Re-use Factor 1 1-18
Frequency Diversity Multipath diversity with Frequency Hopping
rake receivers achieved
with 5MHz bandwidth
Packet Data Load based Scheduling Time Slot based Scheduling
with GPRS
Power Control Frequency 1500Hz 2Hz or lower
FDD – Frequency Division Duplexing is mainly used for UMTS. Hence, for uplink and
downlink, we have different frequency bands.
Point to remember: Generally, operators are given 5MHz Carriers and can have one or
more carriers depending on the operator requirements as well as frequency band
availability.
7
2.8 QOS Classes in 3G
2.9 What are the main services available (and used) in 3G/HSPA as of
October 2009?
Service
CS12 – Speech Service with 12.2 kbps dedicated channel
CS64 – Video Telephony with 64kbps dedicated channel
PS64 - Packet Switching with 64kbps dedicated channel
PS128 – Packet Switching with 128kbps dedicated channel
PS384 – Packet Switching with 384kbps dedicated channel
HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access – shared channel
EUL – Enhanced Uplink
- R99 Packet service requires dedicated channels whereas HSDPA users have a
shared channel
- Speeds of HSDPA are much higher compared to 3G(R99). In real networks, an
average HS subscriber gets around 5-8 times throughput, compared to an R99
data user. We can easily say that an average HS user can get between 1100kbps
to 2000kbps..whereas an average R99 user can get around 250- 280kbps.
8
Ofcourse, all these values depend on the configuration of the network. For
example speeds of about 6Mbps was reported during random field tests in one of
the networks in Kuwait. Introduction of higher capacity UEs as well as higher
modulation schemes will further increase the HS throughputs.
3.2 Pilot
Pilot coverage decides the coverage boundary for a particular site. Proper Pilot power planning
is very important. Too-weak pilot will lead to coverage holes, whereas too-strong pilots will lead
to overshooting and interference.
Point to remember : In real networks Pilot power normally varies between 27-33dBm. Usually in
urban areas Pilots have values between 27-30dBm.
No is the noise floor, which signifies all the signals (useful and interfering) present at the
receiver side.
For example: A value of Ec/No= -8dB tells us that the spread signal is 8 dB below the noise floor
Please note that the existing receivers have rake receiver functionality which enables them to
decode multiple pilots and use them accordingly based on their strength.
For example:
If there are 3 pilots present….the mobile receiver will compare Ec1/No, Ec2/No and Ec3/No and
decide which pilot will be the best server. More details are provided in Handover and Pilot
Pollution Sections.
RSCP : Received Signal Code Power is the received power on one code after despreading,
defined on the pilot symbols.
Ec/No = RSCP/RSSI
9
3.4 Codes
3 types of scrambling codes are available in DL: primary, secondary and alternative.
Downlink primary scrambling codes are used for cell separation. One primary scrambling
code, is allocated for each cell. Secondary scrambling codes arere not used. Alternative
scrambling codes can be used in compressed mode.
10
How many Scrambling Codes are available in DL? – 512
2 types of scrambling codes are available in UL : long and short. Only the long ones are
used. Uplink scrambling codes are used for separating the different UEs in the same cell.
RNC allocates the code.
DL spreading codes differentiate the dedicated user connections/channels within one cell.
Ideally they are orthogonal to each other, though due to multipath propagation, some
orthogonality might be lost.
Channelization codes are managed with the help of a code-tree. Basic rule is that codes
are orthogonal, if they do not descend from an already used code. If a code is used, then
all the codes below and above on the same branch are unavailable for service. Resource
manager keeps track of the codes allocated so that orthogonality of the code tree is
preserved.
If code C2(0) in the Tree of orthogonal spreading codes (in the figure above) is allocated,
then:
11
All codes below it in the same branch become unavailable, starting with C3(0) and C3(1),
then, on the next level, C4(0), C4(1), C4(2) and C4(4), and so on.
All codes above it in the same branch to root become unavailable, that is, C1(0) and
C0(0) cannot be assigned to any user .
Spreading codes of some channels (mainly Pilot and P-CCPCH) are fixed. Spreading
codes for all other downlink physical channels are allocated by the resource manager.
Higher the bit rate of the data service, lesser the spreading factor.
Points to remember :
Usually UL spreading factor for a service is half the value of that in the DL (when the
RAB bearer rates are the same in both UL and DL).
During the silent periods, only information for link maintenance purposes are needed in
UL direction. A typical example is Power Control commands at 1.5KHz which can
interfere with the telephony voice frequency band.
To avoid audible interference to audio devices in UL, data and control channels are not
time multiplexed in WCDMA. Continuous transmission is achieved with I/Q code
multiplexing or by using parallel control and data channels.
12
3.8 Spreading and Processing Gain : What do they mean for us?
By spreading,
1) Baseband signal is spread over the entire spectrum (3.84MHz), with help of a
spreading code
2) Overall noise floor rises, but the baseband signal is hidden below the noise floor
and hence difficult to detect
3) Effect of Narrow-band interference is reduced, since only a small part of the
signal will be affected and data can be recovered with effective techniques
4) Effect of Multipath fading is also reduced
5) Higher the bit rate of the service, lower the SF (Speech SF = 128, PS384 SF= 8)
and lower the processing gain
By despreading
1) We get the baseband signal back and gain from the processing gain.
Rx sig level = 5 – 25 = -20dB (which implies that even if the received signal is 20 dB
below the noise floor, the WCDMA receiver can detect the speech signal).
In GSM, the C/I requirement is about 9-12dB. This directly gives an advantage of about
20-25 dB for WCDMA.
13
3.9 Soft & Softer Handover
Soft handover is the condition in which the UE is connected to more than one NodeB at
the same time. While in connected mode, UE continuously measures the neighbouring
signals and compares the measurement results with specific handover thresholds set by
the operator. When the threshold is exceeded, UE sends a measurement report to the
RNC. RNC decides if the SHO should take place.
Advantages of SHO:
Disadvantages of SHO
1) Increased consumption of radio resource as one UE in SHO, will use more than
one radio link at a time
Point to remember : SHO is kept in mind during the initial planning and ideally an
overhead of 30-40% is assumed.
Events
Mobile sends Measurement Report to RNC, when certain thresholds are crossed. For
SHO, it is important to know Event 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d.
14
Event 1c: replacement of weaker cell in Active Set by another stronger cell (not in the
Active Set)
Event 1d : replacement of best cell in Active Set by a stronger cell (from Active Set,
Monitored Set or Detected Set)
In WCDMA, downlink transmitted power determines the interference and hence the air
interface capacity. So it is important to avoid excessive transmission in DL.
A single UE can create problems with excessive transmission in the UL. Power control
mechanism takes care of this.
Power control is done on both common and dedicated channels. Power control in
common channels ensure that sufficient coverage is available to setup UE-originating and
UE-terminating calls as well as data transfer on RACH and FACH. Power control in
dedicated channels ensure that connection quality is maintained in terms of BLER (Block
Error Rate)
Open Loop Power Control – When the UE accesses the system it first sends a preamble
and waits for a response from the NodeB. If this expected response, AI (Acquisition
Indicator), is not obtained, the UE transmits another preamble with slightly higher power.
The process of ramping up preamble power continues till either a response is obtained
from the NodeB or the allowed number of preamble steps are used. When the maximum
number of steps in a preamble cycle is used, another preamble cycle is started, which in
turn is limited by a maximum number of preamble cycles set by the operator.
15
Point to remember : Three parameters are controlled by the operator in the case of
Open loop power control ( preamble step, number of preamble steps in a preamble cycle
and the number of preamble cycles).
Closed Loop Power Control (Fast Power Control) – setting of TX power based on SIR
target (in NodeB). Done with a frequency of 1500Hz.
UE and BTS continuously compare the actual SIR of the received signal with a target
SIR. Based on the comparison, BTS/UE tells the UE/BTS to either increase or decrease
the transmission power.
Outer Loop Power Control – setting of SIR target based on Frame quality (in RNC).
Outer loop power control aims to provide the required quality in both UL and DL, by
monitoring the BLER of the received signal. Based on the BLER, the SIR target for the
Fast Power Control is increased or decreased.
For example: if the received BLER is not meeting the expected quality, then the SIR
target is increased and if the received BLER is higher than the expected quality, then the
SIR target is decreased.
16
3.11 Achievable Speeds in 3G
BUT, Data Rate = Net User Data + Channel Code Redundancy + Control Data
After taking out Channel Code Redundancy and Control data, Net User Data == 2Mbps
(the above value is for one sector with one carrier)
Why do we have 384kbps as the max possible data for a single R99 Packet user in
3G?
Currently PS384 is the highest RAB available in DL for R99 Packet users.
SF for PS384 = 8
Data Rate for one SF4 code = (3.84Mcps / 8 ) = 480ksps
ksps = kilo symbols per second
Since R99 uses only QPSK, 1 symbol = 2 bits
Hence, Data Rate = 480ksps = 480 * 2 bits = 960kbps
BUT, Data Rate = Net User Data + Channel Code Redundancy + Control Data
After taking out Channel Code Redundancy and Control data,
Net User Data == 384kbps (max possible)
17
How do you calculate maximum possible speed in HSDPA?
Theoretical max of HSDPA with one carrier = 15 Codes * 1440kbps = 21.6Mbps for a
single carrier (assuming coding rate of 1, which is impossible in actual conditions)
18
signals due to low Useful Signal-to-Interference ratio (Ec/No) and hence the call gets
dropped.
Points to remember:
Power, Tilt and Azimuths optimization mainly used to avoid pilot pollution.
This can be observed on Field with Tems or any monitoring tool (as Detected Set).
When the UE is getting a strong signal which is not defined as a neighbour to the existing
cells in the Active Set, the new signal adds to the interference. Soft handover does not
take place and as a result Ec/No degrades. As a result the call drops when the new signal
is about 15dB higher than the cells in the Active set.
Improper UEs
Though not observed on a wide scale, this can be a problem. A malfunctioning UE can
cause many problems like
- Improper definitions can lead to un-necessary handover between 3G and 2g. This
can be a problem especially for indoor customers using HSDPA or data services.
Overall throughput of the data user will be affected due to unnecessary
handovers/cell changes.
Cell Breathing
With more and more users coming into a cell, the actual power available for services is
lesser than the power available in an empty cell. So the overall coverage of the cell
shrinks.
Cell breathing is more of a planning issue and has to be considered at the planning stage
itself. Proper handover regions should be planned, to avoid any coverage gaps.
19
Prioritizing Neighbours
One major mistake RF planners did in the beginning was to install low sites for UMTS,
thinking mistakenly that since interference is to be avoided in UMTS, it is better to have
low sites with lower coverage areas.
In actual practice, low sites are generally problematic as they overshoot and contribute to
Pilot Pollution. Down-tilting of low sites can lead to coverage holes…(we should keep in
mind that down-tilting is an efficient way of reducing overshooting).
4. HSDPA
HSDPA has a fixed spreading factor of 16. Multiple codes can be reserved for HSDPA at
this SF level and depending on the number of codes available, the speed varies. Details
are given in the section What is the maximum possible speed in HSDPA?
Generally operators reserve 5 or 10 codes per carrier (out of the 15 available) for HSDPA
service, which implies that these codes are not available for other R99 services like
Speech, CS64 and PS. There are different ways of code allocation for HSDPA, and this
varies from vendor to vendor.
When there is a shortage of codes, due to higher traffic, the operators can go for a second
carrier. Operator can decide how to distribute HS and R99 traffic in different carriers. It
is also possible to have a carrier fully allocated to HS, which implies that 15 codes will be
available solely for HS and no other services will be possible in that carrier.
Point to remember: Greater the number of codes you reserve for HS, lesser the
resources available for R99 services.
20
4.1 HSDPA – Techniques
- Shared Channel Transmission (enabling one user to have more than one code)
- Shorter TTI (2ms)
- Higher Modulation Technique (16QAM )
- Hybrid ARQ Retransmission
- Faster Scheduling based on Radio conditions
- Better Scheduling Techniques(code rate, modulation technique)
In addition to the new downlink shared channel HS-DSCH, some control channels are
also required for HSDPA. Mainly they are HS-SCCH and HS-DPCCH.
21
Channel Direction Content
HS – DSCH DL User Data
Control information to address UEs and
information for decoding the transport block.
HS-SCCH DL UEs can see upto 4 HS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH UL ACK/NAK, CQI
SRB (Control signaling: RRC and NAS) in DL
A-DCH UL and DL SRB and User data in UL
Table giving HSDPA Channels and related R99 Channels
22
Fig 7: Retransmission methods in R99 and HSDPA
As seen in the picture above, in case of R99, retransmission decision is taken in the RNC
(RLC layer), whereas in HSDPA, the retransmission decision is taken in NodeB (MAC-
hs layer). This leads to a great reduction in overall RTT (Round Trip Time)
Point to remember : There are mainly 2 types of scheduling in HSDPA – Round Robin
and Proportional Fair. Round Robin scheduling, allocates resources to every user in a
round robin manner regardless of the radio conditions, the users are in.
Proportional fair scheduling takes into account, the radio conditions also and tries to
improve the overall cell throughput by giving slightly higher preference to users in better
radio conditions.
In actual testing conditions, not much difference in overall cell throughput was observed
between the two scheduling techniques and since Round Robin scheduling came free of
charge, with most vendors, it was the preferred scheduler.
23
4.5 Why is CQI important?
CQI is the feedback which the system receives from the UE and it mainly indicates the
radio condition of the UE. Depending on the CQI values, NodeB scheduler allocates
resources to the UE.
Higher the CQI, better the network. An average CQI value of about 22 and above,
indicates a reasonably good network. CQI values less than 17, indicates a low quality
network and optimization is required.
Fig 8: Overall picture of how radio conditions affect HS Throughput and Power
Requirement
The figure above summarizes the tests conducted for a HS user in both bad and good
radio conditions.
In all the 3 graphs above, the left side represents a user in bad radio condition and the
right side represents a user in a good radio condition.
24
A user in a very bad radio condition reports an average CQI of 14, whereas the same user
in excellent radio conditions reported an average CQI of 26. In bad radio conditions, the
user consumed much more power, though he got almost the same throughput as the user
in good radio condition.
Points to remember :
5. EUL
Main idea of EUL is to effectively use the interference headroom available in the uplink.
Currently achievable peak individual user throughputs are around 1.4 to 2Mbps in EUL
where as it is 384 kbps with R99. Overall, EUL should give higher throughputs and
greater capacity than R99.
For example: Assume that 4 users want to upload big amounts of data…(let us say,
movies)
With R99, assuming that they are using 384 RAB in uplink, total CE requirement = 4 * 16
= 64 CEs, since each 384UL RAB requires 16 CEs. Hence in this case, 32 CEs are saved by
using EUL.
- Multi-code Transmission
25
- Power Control
- Soft Handover
Case 1: Assuming that the UE category available can support only upto 2 SF4,
26
After taking out all FEC, CRC, MAC-headers and L3 signaling, data rate at RLC level =
1.376Mbps
Point to remember: Above figure is the total bit rate achievable with EUL in one cell,
when the maximum possible configuration is 2 * SF4 channels (and only BPSK is
available). If we have SF2 available, we will be getting higher UL throughputs.
Case 2: Assuming that the maximum channel capacity of 2SF2 + 2SF4 is available,
27
6.2 Difference between HSDPA and EUL
HSDPA EUL
Spreading Factor Fixed = 16 Variable from 256-2
Soft Handover No (only A-DCH in SHO) Yes
Power Control No (Check RPA ) Yes
Modulation Scheme 16QAM & QPSK BPSK
Link Adaptation Rate Control Rate & Power Control
7. KPIs
Traffic – Erlangs for Speech/CS64 services, Data Volume for PS/HS services
8. Capacity Management
Main purpose of capacity management is to provide sufficient QOS and coverage for
users. Admission Control and Congestion Control are the two main mechanisms used
for capacity management.
Admission Control ensures that a new user will be connected only if there are enough
resources available for him.
Congestion Control tries to keep the usage of the system within reasonable limits. For
example, if there are 3 PS384 users in a cell and one of them moves into a bad signal
area and requires more power to maintain the data rate, the system checks the used DL
transmitted power. If it has crossed a threshold, the user is downgraded from PS384 to
PS128 or to PS64, depending on the available power. By doing this, channel element
28
utilization is also reduced from 16 to 8(PS128) or 4(PS64), which effectively means that
more speech users can be accommodated.
Point to remember: Generally congestion control comes into play before admission
control. Speech and video call users have higher priority over HS and PS users.
Admission for speech and video calls have strict criteria. Speech/video call users are
connected only if dedicated resources are available for them. Data services have easier
admission policies. EUL, especially has a very lenient admission policy, as connected
users are allocated capacity based on availability and do not use other system resources.
This section gives a rough idea of the parameters to be monitored to calculate the
utilization of different network elements
29
- RNC: Total Traffic, Simultaneous number of HS users, ATM connectivity, total
number of NodeBs which can be connected to one RNC
Channel Elements are one of the major hardware resource in NodeB to be planned
and monitored carefully. Different services have different requirement of CEs. In
most of the vendors, there is a fixed allocation of CEs for HS services. R99
services use CE when required. The tables below give sample CE requirements
for different services. HS requirements are not included in these tables, as they
are different for different vendors.
Spreading
Factor Bearer Data Rate (kbps) Channel Element Requirement
128 AMR 12.2 1
32
32 64 2
16 128 4
8 384 8
Sample Table for DL Channel Element Requirement
30
DL Transmit Power : In WCDMA, downlink is power limited, assuming that we
have enough resources like CEs and channelization codes. Hence it is important
to monitor the DL power consumption. We can say that Power == Capacity. We
have to keep in mind that Packet users require more power compared to Speech
users.
- Iub: Proper planning should be done for VP/VC. Different methods are
available. One of the main limitations if you have AAL2 switching is the number
of CIDs available per VC.
For example: If you have one STM1 link with 155Mbps, you can divide it into
any number of VCs as you need.
Case 1: If you assign just one VC, you have a total of 248 CIDs available…
Case 2: If you assign 10 VCs, you have 248 * 10 = 2480 CIDs available….
Assuming only voice users in the network, since each Voice user needs 2 CIDs,
Total possible subscribers in case 1 = 248 / 2 = 124 speech users
Total possible subscribers in case 2 = 2480 / 2 = 1240 speech users
So in case1, even when there was more than enough capacity (155Mbps), we have
a limitation of 128 speech users due to the definition of VC.
In case2, with the same capacity available as in Case1, we have 10 times more
speech users.
Please keep in mind that the each HS user require 3 CIDs. Further, separate CIDs
are needed for Control purpose also.
Event 2d occurs when the 3G measured quality is below a certain threshold for a certain
period of time and this triggers measurement on IRAT or Inter-Frequency (depending on
31
vendor). Compressed mode measurements on 2G start after event 2d. Once event 2d is
triggered, if the measured quality of 2G is above a certain threshold for a certain period
of time, then event3a occurs. Actual 3G-2G handover is triggered by event 3a.
Event 2d occurs when the measured quality is below a certain threshold for a certain
period of time and this triggers measurement on IRAT or Inter-Frequency (depending on
vendor). Compressed mode measurements on the 2nd frequency start after event 2d.Once
event 2d is triggered, if the measured quality of the 2nd frequency is above a certain
threshold for a certain period of time, then event2b occurs. Actual IF HO is triggered by
event 2b.
Point to remember :
- Event 3a : 3G-2G HO
- Event 2b : Inter-Frequency HO
Event 2f occurs when the measured quality is above a certain threshold for a certain
period of time and this triggers the stopping of IRAT/Inter-Frequency measurements.
Depending on the settings, when event 2d occurs, the system decides if IRAT or IF
handover should take place . In some vendors both are possible.
For example: In Ericsson you have to set either IRAT or IF HO, where as in Nokia it is
possible to have IRAT and IF handovers from the same carrier.
Event 6d occurs when the UL UE Tx power exceeds a certain threshold for a certain
period of time. Event 3a (IRAT HO) or Event 2b(IF HO) follows.
Event6b, occurs when the UL UE Tx power is below a certain threshold for a certain
period of time. All ongoing HO attempts are aborted if DL Quality for both Ec/No and
RSCP are good.
32
- Halving the spreading factor so that the same amount of data can be sent in half
the time
- Higher layer scheduling in which layer2 restricts the high bit rate TFC (transport
format combinations) so that the user throughput is reduced temporarily
Points to remember :
11.1 HSPA+
- MIMO
- Higher Order Modulation (64QAM)
- Multi-carrier HSPA
- Continuous Packet Connectivity
33
- Enhanced Cell_FACH
- Voice Over HSPA
Below sections will give you a brief idea of some of these features.
11.2 MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output involves using multiple antennas at both transmit and
receive side which leads to significant increase in achievable throughputs, without the
necessity for additional bandwidth or transmit power.
Point to remember:
HSPA+ Rel: 7 (MIMO) can theoretically support up to 28Mbps with a single 5MHz
Carrier
34
Fig 11: DC-HSPA Channel Usage in the Multiplexed Carriers
- Higher data rates possible compared to the 5MHz single carrier, since a user can
get all the code and power resources of both carriers in a single TTI
- Improved load sharing due to dynamic statistical multiplexing of users at
connection management level
- Greater frequency selectivity and improved QOS due to joint scheduling. User
can be assigned resources dynamically either on the anchor or on the
supplementary carrier
-
In future, data users are expected to stay connected for long times, even if they are not
doing anything for a majority of the time they are connected. So it will be good to avoid
unnecessary transmissions during these idle periods, so as to avoid interference and
reduce system resource utilization.
35
UE DTX (discontinuous transmission from UE) enables the UE to switch off continuous
transmission of DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) when there is no
information to be transmitted in the uplink. This leads to
UE DRX (discontinuous reception at UE) enables the UE to switch off their receivers,
when there is no data to be received in downlink. This also leads to reduced battery
consumption.
Services like VoIP, require transmission of lots of small packets in DL. This leads to
significant overhead due to the HS-SCCH control channel. One solution to this problem
is to remove HS-SCCH transmission completely for the first HARQ transmission. This
involves blind decoding of up to 4 different formats of HS-DSCH, the DL data channel.
36
12. Appendix
12.1 UE Categories
Knowledge of different categories of UEs available is essential to understand the
achievable throughputs.
Code rate
MIMO -
Max. number of required to Max. data rate
Category Modulation Dual
HS-DSCH codes achieve max. [Mbit/s]
Carrier
data rate
1 5 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 1.2
2 5 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 1.2
3 5 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 1.8
4 5 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 1.8
5 5 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 3.6
6 5 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 3.6
7 10 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.75 7.2
8 10 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.76 7.2
9 15 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.7 10.1
10 15 QPSK and 16-QAM 0.97 14.4
11 5 QPSK only 0.76 0.9
12 5 QPSK only 0.76 1.8
QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-
13 15 QAM 0.82 17.6
QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-
14 15 QAM 0.98 21.1
15 15 QPSK, 16-QAM MIMO 23.4
16 15 QPSK, 16-QAM MIMO 27.9
19 15 QPSK, 16-QAM MIMO 35.3
20 15 QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM MIMO 42.2
21 15 QPSK, 16-QAM DC 23.4
22 15 QPSK, 16-QAM DC 27.9
23 15 QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM DC 35.3
24 15 QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM DC 42.2
25 15 QPSK, 16-QAM DC + MIMO 46.8
26 15 QPSK, 16-QAM DC + MIMO 55.9
27 15 QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM DC + MIMO 70.6
28 15 QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM DC + MIMO 84.4
37
Table giving UE categories for EUL
38
12.3 SIB List
System Information
Blocks Contents
MIB PLMN identity for serving cell, SIB Scheduling Information
SB1 SIB Scheduling Information
Paging parameters, Timers and counters in Idle and Connected mode, LA and
SIB1 RA updating
SIB2 URA identity list
SIB3 Cell selection and reselection parameters
SIB4 Cell selection and reselection parameters. Connected mode only
SIB5 and SIB5bis Paging parameters, Cell and common channel configuration
SIB7 Power control on common channel
SIB11 Measurement management, Cell selection and reselection parameters
SIB12 Measurement management
SIB18 PLMN identity for GSM neighbors listed in SIB11.
- Handles control plane signaling of Layer3 signaling between UEs and RNC
39
D-NBAP (Dedicated NBAP) controls radio links specific to UEs
- Author’s experience in 3G from year 2002 with Mobitel, Slovenia and Wataniya
Telecom, Kuwait
- WCDMA for UMTS by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
- Internet (especially Wikepedia)
- White Paper – Dual Cell HSDPA and its Future Evolution - Nomor Research
GmbH
- Articles from different vendors, especially Ericsson and NSN
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