List the six steps in

1. Decide on a topic
2. Review the literature
3. Develop a hypothesis
4. Collect data
5. Analyze results
6. Share and publish results sociological research:

Poverty so severe that one

Absolute Poverty
lacks resources to survive.

Type of position that you earn

Achieved Status or do something to attain.

The people and groups who shape our

Agents of Socialization self-concept, beliefs, and behavior.

Suicide that occurs when the level of solidarity is

Altruistic Suicide exceptionally high and when the individual views the
group's interest as superior to all other interests.

Suicides that occur as a result of

Anomic Suicide rapid change, usually economic.

Position in society that is

Ascribed Status
given or assigned.
The process by which minority groups
Assimilation adopt the patterns of the dominant
culture.

Leaders who determine the

Autocratic Leaders group policies and assign tasks.

Refers to members of the

Bourgeoisie
capital class.
 Investigations of one
Case studies
person or event in detail.

The relationship between

Causation
cause and effect.
Uses data from different sources in
Comparative studies order to evaluate them against each
other.

A theoretical framework that views

Conflict Theory society as an unequal system that brings
about conflict and change.

The degree to which we will alter our behavior,

Conformity attitudes, and points of view to fit into our
perceived expectation of what is appropriate.

An indication that one factor might

Correlation be the cause for another factor.

Groups with value systems that are in

Countercultures opposition to the dominant group's
values.

Studies that look at one event

Cross-Sectional Studies at a single point in time.

Means making a deliberate effort to

Cultural Relativism appreciate a group's way of life without
prejudice.

Culture passing form one generation

Cultural Transmission to the next through language.
 The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors,
Culture and material objects that are important enough
to pass on to future generations of a society.

Happens when social and cultural

Culture Lag changes occur at a slower pace than
technological changes.

Occurs when a person encounters a culture foreign

Culture Shock to his or her own and has an emotional response to
the differences between the cultures.

Leaders who strive to set group

Democratic Leaders policy by discussion and agreement.

A stigma that can be

Discreditable Stigma
concealed from others.
A stigma that cannot be hidden from
Discredited Stigma others or is no longer hidden from
others.

The theory of interaction in

Dramaturgy
which all life is like acting.

Groups consisting of only

Dyad
2 people.
Suicide that result from a lack of solidarity, occurring

Egoistic Suicide
among those have few social. connections, feel
isolated and alone, and are more likely to fall into
despair.

Research based on the

Empirical Research
collection of data
 Occurs when a person uses his or her
Ethnocentrism own culture to judge another culture.

A research method that attempts to understand the

Ethnography
beliefs, practices, and behaviors of the culture of
study from the perspective of those living within the
culture.

Suicide that results from

Fatalistic Suicide
too much social control.

Research conducted in
Field Research
natural setting

A theoretical framework that defines

Functionalism society as a system of interrelated parts.

The term for group decisions that

Group Think are made without objective thought.

Occurs when people behave differently

Hawthorne Effect because they know they are part of an
experiment.

Refers to moving within

Horizontal Mobility
the same status category.

The money received for

Income work or through investments.

Groups to which we feel

In-groups
an affinity or closeness.
 Refers to the change that family
Intergenerational Mobility members make from one social class to
the next through generations.

Intimate Distance 0-18 inches of space

Occurs when an individual changes

Intragenerational Mobility social standing, especially in the
workforce.

Leader who lead by absence and may in

Laissez-Faire Leaders fact not want to be leaders at all.

Studies that include data from

Longitudinal studies observations over time using a cohort.

Social class living in

Lower Class
poverty.

Large-scale (in reference

Macro
to a perspective)

A state of poverty that occurs when

Marginal Poverty a person lacks stable employment.

Consists of items within a culture that

Material Culture you can taste, touch, and feel. ( jewelry,
clothes, oil, etc.)

The model in which the US models after

McDonaldization based on efficiency, practicality, and
affordability.
 Mean An Average

Median Middle number

Small-scale (in reference

Micro
to a perspective)

A social class that consists of those have

Middle Class moderate incomes. 40-80k a year.

Study of the phenomenon of obedience to an

authority figure, examined the effects of punishment
Milgram Obedience study on learning (shock treatment for mistakes, 65%
shocked dangerous amounts when ordered).

the most frequently occurring

Mode score(s) in a distribution

Norms that represent a community's

Mores most important values.

Concept that supports that inherent

Multiculturalism value of different cultures within society.

States that genes we get from our

Nature theory parents at conception are the primary
cause of human behaviors.

Occurs when variables move

Negative Correlation in opposite directions.
 Consists of the nonphysical products of
Nonmaterial Culture society, including our symbols, values,
rules, and sanctions. (symbols, language)

Rules developed for appropriate behavior

Norms based on specific values that are conditional;
they can vary from place to place.

States that our environment influences

Nurture theory the way we think, feel, and behave.

Groups to which we feel

Out-groups
disconnected.
The process of taking a bigger sample if the
Oversampling group you wish to study makes up a small
percentage of the whole population.

A type of field research in which the

Participant Observation researcher poses as a person who is
normally in that environment.

Personal Distance 18 inches to 4 ft of space

Includes two variable that

Positive Correlation move in a parallel direction.

a small social group whose members

Primary group share personal and lasting relationships.

Socialization that occurs

Primary Socialization
during childhood.
 Refers to members of the
Proletariat
poor working class.

Public Distance 12 feet or greater of space

Data that include words, pictures, photos, or

Qualitative Data any other type of information that comes to
the researcher in a non-numeric form.

Refers to data based on

Quantitative Data
numbers.
A group of subjects representing the
Random Sample population who are selected through
chance.

Groups that people use to

Reference Groups
evaluate themselves.

A state of poverty that occurs when we

Relative Poverty compare ourselves to those around us.

Chronic and multi-

Residual Poverty
generational poverty.
The process of learning new norms,
Resocialization values, attitudes, and behaviors and
abandoning old ones.

A phenomenon occurring when one is

Role Conflict forced to choose between the
competing demands of multiple roles.
 The anticipated behaviors
Role Expectation
for a particular role.

The degree to which a person plays

Role Performance the role in a manner we expect.

Occurs when the demands and

Role Strain expectation of one role are impossible
for us to satisfy.

A nonrandom sample
Sample of Convenience
available to the researcher.

A prize or punishment you receive when

Sanction you either abide by a norm or violate it.

Data that others have already

Secondary Data collected and published.

Formal, superficial, temporary groups

Secondary group that form from the secondary
relationships in our lives.

The dynamic whereby socialization

Secondary Socialization continues throughout our lives.

The likelihood that a non-representative

Section Effects sample may lead to inaccurate results.

Refers to the social mechanisms

Social control that regulate a person's actions.
 Social Distance 4 feet to 12 feet of space

The process that teaches the norms,

Socialization values, and other aspects of culture to
new group members.

The ranking of people and the rewards they

Social Stratification receive based on an objective criteria, often
including wealth, power, and or/prestige.

Patterns of relationships that endure

Social Structures from one generation to the next.

The ability to look beyond the individual as

Sociological Imagination the cause for success and failure and see
how one's society influences the outcome.

A science guided by the basic understanding that

Sociology
"the social matters": our lives are affected, not only
by our individual characteristics but by our place in
the social world.

Refers to the level of connectedness

Solidarity and integration a person feels to others
in the environment.

Occurs when two variables appear to

Spurious Correlation be related, but actually have a different
cause.

The mark of disgrace associated with

Stigma a particular status, quality, or person.

Occurs when social changes

Structural Mobility affect large numbers of people.
 A subset of the dominant culture that
Subculture has distinct values, beliefs, and norms.

A theoretical framework that focuses on

Symbolic Interactionism how people interact with others in their
everyday lives.

Places in which the most effective forms of

Total Institutions
resocialization can occur because they isolate
people from outside influences so they can be
reformed and controlled.

A temporary state of poverty that

Transitional poverty occurs when someone loses a job for a
short time.

Groups consisting of only

Triad
3 people.

The process of using multiple

Triangulation approaches to study a phenomenon.

A social class that is very small in

Upper/Elite Class number and holds significant wealth

A social class consisting of mostly highly educated

Upper Middle Class

professionals and managers who have considerable
financial stability; they constitute about 14 percent of
the U.S. population.

A social class living in disadvantaged

neighborhoods that are characterized by
Urban Underclass components: poverty, family disruption, male
unemployment , and lack of individuals in high-status
occupation.

two or more values that

Value Clusters
support each other.
 Occurs when two or more
Value Conflict
values are at odds.

These help us define values,

Value pairs usually in terms of opposites.
Refers to moving from one social
Vertical Mobility status to another (either up or
down).

All of your material

Wealth possessions, including income.

Social class generally made up of

Working Class people with high school diplomas and
lower levels of education.

Perceiving other groups or

Xenocentrism societies as superior to your own.

Refers to fear and hostility toward

Xenophobia people who are from other countries or
cultures.