LESSON 12

SOCIALIZATION AND
ASSERTION OF AGENCY
PROFESSOR ROLANDO HERRERO
Self Making and
Agency
Primary
Socialization
refers to the molding of the members according to the norms and
rules of a group.

Secondary
Adjustment
according to Goffman, is when "an individual cooperatively
contributes required activity to an organization and under
required conditions... he is transformed into a cooperator, he
becomes normal, programmed or built in member.
the individual used what he or she has learned from primary
socialization and uses it to circumvent the rules of society for his
or her own advantage.
 EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY
ADJUSTMENT
The same student who has learned to
borrow the books from the library may
use these same policies and rules to
borrow for his or her friends without the
library knowing it. Or the student may
take out books without proper
permission from the librarian.

RESISTANCE
According to the French sociologist
Michel Foucault, whenever there is
power, there is resistance. This means
that social norms and regulations are
repressive and people have the
capacity to resist the norms imposed
on them.
Essentialism and
Reductionism

Socialization Moral Panics - are social currents that

and Deviance
When daily resistance of people
1 mobilize majority of the people to
condemn certain acts; and groups that
are considered as threats to the social
against a social norm or regulation order.
breaks into a moral panic, it turns
Deviance - encompasses a variety of
into a form of deviance.
forms of human conduct that have
2
been defined or reacted to by the
members of society.

Sociology of Deviance - is the study of

3 social forces and process involved in
the formulation of such evaluative
standards.
 Essentialist
Theory
• In this theory, deviance is an
inherent property of an
individual or the act that
merits social control and
regulation.
• Deviance is an objective
abberation in the normal
development of individuals.
Social Constructionist
Approach
• Deviance is not an obectie
property that is inherent in an
individual but rather a label
successfully created and
attached to a particular person
or group.
• Deviance is created and not
based on biological or
psychological causes.
THE BIOLOGICAL MODEL OF DEVIANCE
• Cesare Lambroso - Italian physician
and criminologist, provided the
earliest attempt to explain the nature
of a criminal.

• Physically, they could be identified

with a sloping forehead, ears of
unusual size, asymmetry of face,
excessive length of arms and
asymmetry of cranium.
The Criminal Man used racial
hierarchy theory to explain
criminal behavior.
Born Criminals - people with physical
primitive-like characteristics.
Insane Criminals - idiots, imbeciles,
paranoiacs, epileptics and alcoholics.
Ocassional Criminals - people who have the
predispositions to commit crimes.
Criminals of Passion - motivated to commit
crime because of emotional motivations.
 1 Positivist Criminology - this is
when Lombroso begun to look at
deviance in a scientific point of
view. This branch based their
Contributions studies on biology and the
evolutionary theory.
of Lombroso
2 Eugenics Movement -
scientists advocated the
improvement of the
condition of the human
race through biological
means.
 William Sheldon proposed a theory of
1 crime as he associated them with
temperaments to body types :
a) Endomorphs - tend to be soft, fat
people.
More b) Mesomorphs - muscular and

Information : athletic
c) Ectomorphs - skinny and flat

2 Phrenology - explains the

existence of deviance
through shapes of skulls.
This pseudoscience is
developed by Joseph Franz
Gall.
 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
DEVIANCE

SOCIAL SOCIOLOGICAL Howard

SOCIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIO STUDIES Becker
APPROACH NISM
move away from states that
emphasizes the is a theory that the biological deviance is
social states objects created by
and medical
construction of can only be model of society... social
deviance rather known through groups create
deviance, or
than its some theoretical deviance by
sometimes
essential assumptions. making the rules.
known as bio-
characteristics medical
 DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL

Social Control - Conflict Approach - Deviance

according to Edward sees definition of Designations -
Ross, is the term deviance that exists in are produced and
used to describe the a given society as the influenced more by
processes societies product of interest the powerful and
developed to group competition or applied more to the
regulate themselves. class conflict. powerless.
DEVIANCE IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER?
The Cultural Relativity of Deviance

• Sociological understanding of deviance should be focused

more on the power of social groups to define others as
"outsiders".

• This leads sociologists to argue that deviance is culturally

and socially relative. A deviant behavior in one tribe is not
necessarily deviant in another. Example, the use of
marijuana is illegal in the Philippines but legal in
Netherlands.
Deviance is relative and change is dynamic, so what is deviant today, June 1, 2021
might be normal tomorrow.

Many contemporary
sociologists tend to
dismiss the category of
deviance as useless and
misleading.
Deviance or
With the growing Alternative Life
proliferation and rise of Styles?
many forms of subculture,
life styles and behaviors
that have been considered
taboo before are socially
accepted nowadays such
THE SATURATED SELF IN THE
GLOBALIZED WORLD
• Deviance is culturally relative.
• Globalization enables people from around the
world to acknowledge the presence of others and
cultures around the world.

• Fast Capitalism - accelerated movement of people,

information and goods through technological
innovations and internet-mediated communication.

• Web 2.0 - coined by Tim O'Reilly which means that

technology allows users to interact with the
Internet mediated technologies.
THE SATURATED SELF IN THE
GLOBALIZED WORLD
• Politics of Identity - or life politics, is a term coined
by Anthony Giddens, to define life politics as a new
political trend emerging in globalization.

• Saturated Self - is coined by Kenneth Gergen,

which describes the identities of people living in
the globalized world. People can adopt to multiple
personalities and identities through engagement in
social media and other social networks.
• However, the secrecy of the Internet could also
empower criminals or lawless groups of individuals
to tap into one's computer and assume the
character of the person.
 Globalization
and the
Hybridized Self

According to Keri Smith,

globalization is a historical and
dialectal process.
• Cultural Globalization produces
three outcomes; differentiation,
assimilation and hybridization.

Cultural Cultural
• Cultural Hybridization - the ways in
Hybridization Hybridization
which forms become separated Example Example
from existing practices and
recombine with new forms of
practices.
 Globalization
and the
Hybridized Self

• Glocalization - is the mixing of the

local and the global cultures or
trends.

• For example, American rap music

can be sexist and violent, but
combined with Asian popular
culture, it takes a different content
• with the same
Cosmpolitan style.
Consciousness - when Glocalization Cosmpolitan
people become aware that there Example Consciousness
are other cultures of their own and Example
welcomes the opportunity to know
it.
 The
Dynamics of
Culture and
Human Professor
Rolando
Herrero

Evolution
UCSP ;)

The Problem of
Defining Culture
Culture is a controversial concept among social scientists especially,
1 anthropologists.

Culture is always changing. It is both given and created anew by each

2 individual and generation.

According to Raymond Williams, cultue is ordinary. This means that all

3 societies have a definite way of doing and understanding things.
Different
Approaches to the Evolutionary Conept of
Culture

Study of Culture
Study
• Evolutionism - is the notion
that there exists one dominant
line of evolution or stages of
development of culture.
• In this theory, culture is seen as
evolving from primitive to civilized ,
simple to complex. l tu re
Cu
• Edward Tylor - culture is the complex
whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals etc.
capabilities and habits acquired by
man as member of society.
Functionalist Analysis
of Culture

m • defines culture as a whole that provides an overarching

t i o n a l i s
Fu n c system of meanings o what people do.
• focuses on the social roles that cultural items play within
the social system as a whole.

l t u r a l • Marvin Harris' study of sacred crows of India provides a

Cu good example of functionalist analysis. For Harris, the
r i a l i s t
Mate reverence of the cows among Indians has more to do
r a d i g m
Pa with the economic adaptation than religious doctrine.
MoooOo
OoO
 Structuralist
Analysis of Culture

s t An a ly sis
ructural i
St

• define culture as a set of narrative or

linguistic system that has underlying
structures or codes.
• Levi Strauss said that one of the first
and most important distinction humans
make is between self and others.
Structuralist Levi Stra
Analysis uss
Feminist View of Culture Women
rules!

• The entry of women in anthropology meant the

radical questioning of the male bias in the study of
culture.

• Traditional Study of Culture - equated

women with traditional gender roles, feminists
challenging the male bias.
• The traditional roles and stereotypes about women
are not given but are products of cultural
upbringing.
Marxist Analysis of
Culture
Economic
Basis

• Karl Marx believes that culture is

completely determined and shaped by
the mode of production or the
economic base. MONEY

• For example, middle class families can

RICH
afford private schooling because they
have high income while the working
class has difficulty sending their
children to good quality schools. POOR
Postmodern and
PostcolonialTHEORIES of Culture

• Postmodern View of Culture - challenges the notion that there

is a single definition or narrative of culture.
• Cultural Relativism - is the belief that all cultures are equally
complex; there is no superior or inferior culture.
• Ethnocentrism - according to William Sumner, is the technical
name for viewing things in which one's own group is the center of
everything.
The Biological and Cultural
EVOLUTION of Human beings

• Religious-Theological View of the Origin of Human Beings - began

to be challenged in the beginning of the modern period with the rise of science.
• Geology - another field of science that contributed to the ascendancy of the
modern account of human origin.
• Fossils - preserved remains or traces of animals, plants and etc.
• Archaeologists - scientists who study the past by excavating the
remains buried underneath.
• Paleoanthropology - scientific study of history
• Physical Anthropology - study the evolution of human beings
Charles Darwin • Hominin - anatomically
• believed that all biological modern humans.
change can be described in
• Africanus - earliest hominin
terms of three basic
preconditions :
1 Variation

2 Competition

3 Inheritance
The Museum as a Door to
the Past

Through museums, we are

able to tap into human
experiences in the past.
Education begins with
experience.
 The Elements of
Culture

Culture
• Belief System - provides the individual actor with the cognitive mode
to enable him or her to see "an object in relation to his or her system of
need dispositions".
• Folkways - norms guiding ordinary usages and conventions.
Example, polite terms such as po and opo.
• Mores - serve as rules that maintain order within a community or
society. Example, in some traditional Muslim societies, women are
expected to wear proper dress or they will be met with stiff penalty
and punishment.
• Cultural Values - are hierarchically ordered system both within the
individual and society. This is a type of belief, centrally located in one's
belief system; how one ought to behave.
 The Elements of
Culture

Culture
• Attitudes - are defined at least implicitly as responses that locate objects
of thought on dimensions of judgement.
• This judgement is based on three general classes of
Products of information; the cognitive, affective and emotional
Cultural information.
Construction : • Van Deth and Scarborough - said that "attitudes
influence values by the way individuals learn from their own
• Value experience in engaging values from the influences of other
Orientation
• people".
Material Aspects of Culture - refer to those things
s
physically tangible.
• Attitudes
• Non-Material Aspects of Culture - not physically
• Belief
tangible such as values, traits and characteristics.
Systems
Characteristics of
Culture
Culture is Learned -
1 • Enculturation - cultural practices are transmitted by society
• Socialization - people who share a culture have recurring common
experiences that are used to make sense of their world.

Culture is Shared -
2 • While individuals, differences among members of a society vary, they
share large numbers of beliefs and practices.

Culture is Dynamic and Changing -

3 • In the era of globalization, migration, Internet, mediated communication,
the reality of diversity is hard to deny. Culture
Nature and
Nurture Biology and Culture

Divide
• Simon de Beauvoir said "one is
not born, but rather, becomes Biolog
y
a woman".
• Essentialism - the belief that the
biological nature of human beings
predispose them to behave in
certain ways to develop
characteristics.
• Eugenics Movement - changing u l tu re
C
the biological traits of humans to fit
society
• Euthenics - changing social and
cultural structures to shape people's
social character.
 KEEP

Diversity of
GOING

culture

Cultures
• There is no single culture, but plural cultures.
• Subculture - defines the unique character of youth culture
• Youth Subculture - distinguished by age and generation

• Fads - short-lived collectively shared fascination with being cool such as

playing video games or copying some celebrity looks popular online. An
example is the word jejemon.
• Counter Culture - a culture whose values and norms of behavior
differ substantially from those of mainstream society.

• Popular Culture - well liked or widely favored by many people. Those

who idolize popular culture are usually labelled as "jologs" or "baduy".

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