Mt. St.

Helens Fuego volcano

(1980) (1974)
Pyroclastic flow material The 1974 eruption was the largest
passed over the moving since 1932. Magma was inferred to
avalanche and spread outward,
have risen into a dike-like conduit
devastating a fan-shaped from
area a deeper magma body as a
result of tidal influences. The
23 miles across by 19 miles
eruption began on 10th October with
long. In total about 230 square
ash eruptions and from a central
miles (600 km2) of forest was
crater. On 14th October ash clouds
knocked down, and extreme rose to 11 km above the summit.
heat killed trees miles beyond
Nuees ardentes descending the
the blow-down zone. AtQuebranda
its San Jose were visible
 Krafla, Iceland Kilauea volcano
(1984) (1959)

Some of the most impressive parts of

The activity that took place there has
the eruption were the lava fountains
been termed a rifting episode. It started
thatin flowed
with increasing seismic activity the from Puʻu Puaʻi. By
November
Krafla caldera during the second half of 17, the fountain was
reaching 60–80 meters tall with
1975, culminating with an earthquake
swarm, ground fissuring, and a occasional
small lava bursts as high as 180
meters.
eruption just north of Leirhnjúkur The fountain grew to over 320
crater
on December 20, 1975. meters on November 18. On
During an active episode,November magma 21, the lava lake was over
a meter
ascends below the central volcano and isdeep over the vent causing
ripplesat across
stored in shallow magma chambers a the surface of the lava
depth of 3 km. These events lake were
causing lava on the shores to
accompanied by volcanic tremor,
earthquakes swarms, vertical ground
movements and widening of one part or
other of the fissure swarm and increased
geothermal activity. Some 17 volcanic
events of this kind occurred from
December 1975 until September 1984.
After 1980 these events were
accompanied by extrusion of lava.
 Nevado del Ruiz
(1985)
At 3:06 pm, on November 13, 1985,
Nevado del Ruiz began to erupt,
ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30
km into the atmosphere. The
eruption reached a value of 3 on the
Volcanic Explosivity Index. The
mass of the ejected sulfur dioxide
was about 700,000 tonnes, making
the eruption atypically sulfur-rich.
The eruption produced pyroclastic
flows that melted summit glaciers
and snow, generating four thick
lahars that raced down river valleys
on the volcano's flanks. One of the
lahars virtually erased the small
town of Armero in Tolima, which
lay in the Lagunilla River valley.
The second lahar killed about 1,800
Mount Pinatubo
(1991)
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
caused lahar flows: the first eruption
itself killed six people, but the lahar
flows killed more than 1500. The eye of
Typhoon Yunya passed over the
volcano during its eruption on June 15,
1991. The rain from the typhoon
triggered the flow of volcanic ash,
boulders, and water down the rivers
surrounding the volcano. Angeles City
was damaged by the volcano's sticky
mud when Sapang Balen Creek and the
Abacan River became the channel for
the lahar and carried it to the heart of the
city.
Over 6 metres of mud destroyed or