Exploring the

Mount Pinatubo
GROUP 4
RESEARCHERS:

Leader: Ayezha M. Lipasan

Members:
Lyka Tejam
Jovilyn Caillo
Erwin Gutual
Sarah Jane Libre
Jhon Carlo Publico
Andrea Francisco
Ronald Lumacao
Kriezle Dala Dwayne Ayala
What comes to your mind when you heard
about Mount Pinatubo ?
Do you think it's a destructive volcano?
INTRODUCTION

In the northern island of Luzon, in

the Zambales Mountains, is where
you'll find Mount Pinatubo.
Moreover, it is situated on a
geological formation known as the
Ring of Fire.
INTRODUCTION

One of the most destructive volcanoes in the

world is Mount Pinatubo. The second-largest
volcanic explosion of the 20th century occurred
on June 15, 1991, and it caused a lot of damage
in property of agricultural, forestry and land
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About 3 million people and 20,000

indigenous aeta/ita are living around the
volcano. It is surrounded by rich forests
that support the population of thousands
of ita.
 Mount Pinatubo is belong to Cabusilan
Mountain Range as well as Mt. Cuadrado,
Mt. Mataba and Mt. Negron. They are
subducting volcano formed by the Eurasian
Plate sliding under the Philippine Mobile
Belt along the Manila Trench to the west.

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 Pinatubo are not actually a well-known
volcano not until after the deadly eruption
in 1991 that felt worldwide. After that
eruption the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
is considered as the most phenomenal
eruption in 20th century.

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GEOPHYSICAL
WHAT TYPE OF VOLCANO IS MOUNT PINATUBO?

Pinatubo is a stratovolcano on the

island of Luzon also known as a
composite volcano. It is referred
because it is tall, conical, and built by
lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.
THE TWO KIND OF THE VOLCANO

ANCESTRAL PINATUBO

An ancestral Mount Pinatubo began to

grow at least 1 million years ago and an
andesite-dacite stratovolcano for which
we have no evidence of large explosive
eruptions.
THE TWO KIND OF THE VOLCANO

MODERN PINATUBO

The modern Pinatubo is a dome complex and stratovolcano

made of dacite and andesite. This complex is surrounded
by pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits from large explosive
eruptions
 Mt. Pinatubo is a composite volcano because of its
broad base and because the slopes of the volcano get
steeper the closer you get to the summit. Composite
volcanoes are made with a combination of pyroclastic
material and lava. Composite volcanoes are also
referred to as stratovolcanoes
 But the crater of Mount Pinatubo change
after the 1991 eruption, The summit
collapsed due to the extreme force of its
explosion

it made a crater lake formed in the 1991 caldera,

with the 1992 lava dome forming an island. At
first, the lake was small, hot and highly acidic,
with a minimum pH of 2 and a temperature of
about 40°C.
NOW LET'S KNOW HOW
THE VOLCANO ERUPT
GEOLOGICAL

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On July 16, 1990, an earthquake of magnitude
7.8 struck in central Luzon. Its epicentre was
about 100 km northeast of Pinatubo.

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In March and April 1991 magma start rising toward the surface from
more than 20 miles (32 kilometers) beneath Pinatubo triggered small
earthquakes and caused powerful steam explosions that blasted three
craters on the north flank of the volcano

From June 7 to 12, the first magma reached the surface of Mount
Pinatubo. Because it had lost most of the gas contained in it on the way
to the surface (like a bottle of soda pop gone flat), the magma oozed out
to form a lava dome but did not cause an explosive eruption.
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And on June 15, 1991 began one of the most aggressive
volcanic eruptions that happen in 20th century at 5:55
AM seismographs go off the chart the western horizon
is one giant boiling cloud of ash pinatubo's climactic
eruption sequence has started .

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 The Volcano exploded in a cataclysmic eruption
that ejected more than 1 cubic mile (5 cubic
kilometers) of material. Day become Night at three
o'clock and it seems that as if it's the end of the
world.

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The ash cloud from this climactic eruption rose 22 miles (35
kilometers) into the air. At lower altitudes, the ash was blown
in all directions by the intense cyclonic winds of a
coincidentally occurring typhoon, and winds at higher
altitudes blew the ash southwestward. A blanket of volcanic
ash (sand- and silt-size grains of volcanic minerals and glass)
and larger pumice lapilli (frothy pebbles) blanketed the
countryside.

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 Huge avalanches of searing hot ash, gas, and pumice
fragments (pyroclastic flows) roared down the flanks of
Mount Pinatubo, filling once-deep valleys with fresh
volcanic deposits as much as 660 feet (200 meters) thick.
The eruption removed so much magma and rock from
below the volcano

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 The eruption lasted for nine hours
and caused numerous large
earthquakes due to the collapse of the
summit of Mount Pinatubo and the
creation of a caldera

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WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF
THE ERUPTION?
 SOCIAL
EFFECTS

58,000 people had to be evacuated from a 30km radius of the

volcano

1.2 million people lost their homes around the volcano and had to
migrate to shanty towns in Manila.
ECONOMIC
EFFECTS
Houses and bridges destroyed and needed replacing and Manila
airport had to be closed

Heavy rainfall from Typhoon Yunga causes buildings to

collapse.

Farmland destroyed by falling ash and pumice, unusable for

years, the 1991 harvest was destroyed and 650,000 people lost
their jobs
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Volcanic ash is blown in all directions over hundreds of KMs,
smothering fields and buildings

Fast flowing volcanic mudflows (lahars) cause sever river bank

erosion, undercut bridges etc

Global cooling caused by ash in the atmosphere of 0.5°C.

AFTER THE
ERUPTION
 More than 350 people died during the eruption, most of them
from collapsing roofs. Disease that broke out in evacuation camps
and the continuing mud flows in the area caused additional
deaths, bringing the total death toll to 722 people however,the
1991 eruption of Pinatubo is an incredibly well documented one
and is particularly famous for its successful evacuation of 58,000
people, due to the combined efforts of Philippine Geologists and
the USGS.
 WHAT ARE THE
CHEMICALS/PRODUCTS THAT THE
VOLCANO RELEASED WHEN IT
ERUPT?
When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines June 15, 1991, an
estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide and ash particles blasted
more than 12 miles (20 km) high into the atmosphere. The eruption
caused widespread destruction and loss of human life.
 Gases and solids injected into the stratosphere circled the globe
for three weeks. Volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact
global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching
the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and
changing atmospheric circulation patterns. The extent to which
this occurs is an ongoing debate.

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 During the eruption Mount Pinatubo released large quantities of
relatively cool ash and dacite magma. It follows that a large, shallow
magma chamber exists beneath the volcano. When gas and crystal
rich magma evolves in this chamber, explosive eruptions occur.

Bursts of gas-charged magma exploded into umbrella ash clouds, hot

flows of gas and ash descended the volcano’s flanks and lahars swept
down valleys.
The huge volcanic eruption were not enough, Typhoon Yunya moved ashore at
the same time with rain and high winds. The effect was to bring ashfall to not
only those areas that expected it, but also many areas (including Manila and
Subic Bay) that did not. Fine ash fell as far away as the Indian Ocean, and
satellites tracked the ash cloud as it traveled several times around the globe.

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