Name: Fiona P.

Javen
Disaster Readiness Risk Reductions

CORE125 PERFORMANCE TASK 4

Section: 11- Embraer

Date: April 11, 2022

Activity 3: Look Out For the Warnings!

Direction: Read the following passages carefully. Analyze and determine the recognized sign of an impending volcanic eruption
in each case study.

CASE STUDY # 1

For 123 years, Mount St. Helens remained dormant. The large sleeping volcano was a favorite spot for hikers and outdoor
enthusiasts. Thousands of people of visited the national park to fish, camp, and play.

On March 16th, 1980, three small earthquakes were measured at the park ranger station. The earthquakes were so small most
visitors did not notice them. Each day after that, the number of earthquakes steadily increased. By the week of March 26th, an
average of 10 earthquakes was occurring daily.

On March 27th a helicopter tourist company flew a group around the crater of the still dormant volcano. During flight, the group
observed a small steam explosion blow a 15 meter hole in the top of the mountain. The group took pictures and passed them to
the United States Geological Service when they returned. For the next two weeks, small spots of steam could be seen shooting
out of the top of the volcano. By April 22nd, however, all steam activity ceased. Because there were no small steam eruptions,
the park rangers believed the volcano was returning to dormancy and did not issue an evacuation.

Geologists, however, started to notice a bulge forming in part of the mountain. Like the mountain was growing fatter, they could
see part of it growing in size. By May 17th, the bulge was growing at 2 meters per day. Finally, on May 18th, a final earthquake
occurred followed by the immediate eruption of the volcano. The blast from the volcano was so large the ash cloud circled the
Earth for 15 days. 57 people died.

(Before eruption, 1980) (After eruption, 1982)

Source: Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films (n.d.), Educator Guide: Volcanoes, The fires of creation, June 08, 2020, retrieved from
https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files
 According to my research, Mount St. Helens is part of the Cascades Volcanic Province, which is subject to subduction beneath it. This is very
hazardous as it can cause earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. In the case of Mount St. Helens, there are signs the
volcano will erupt. The difference in elevation between the before and after photographs indicates that it resulted in a lateral eruption that
lowered the mountain's summit.

Signs of an impending volcanic eruption in the case:

Number of earthquakes steadily increased
Small steam explosion blow a 15 meter hole in the top of the mountain.
Small spots of steam seen shooting out of the top of the volcano
Mountain was growing fatter, they could see part of it growing in size

The geologist and ranger should have had a bigger role in resolving the issue that surfaced at the time. They were well aware on April 22,
1980, that an earthquake was occurring 10 times per day and that the volcano was spitting a little mist, but they failed to generate enough
awareness for the community to escape. Although the eruption was clearly imminent, people's lives were taken as a result of the horrible
disaster due to a lack of responsibility.

CASE STUDY # 2

Mount Pinatubo is found on an island of the Philippines. The island is densely populated with large towns and tourist sites. Mount
Pinatubo had not erupted in 500 years. For the past 500 years, small bursts of steam would shoot from a hot spring on the
volcano. On July 16th, 1990, a magnitude 7.8 quake shook the volcano. This earthquake was followed by a series of smaller
earthquakes and increase in steam activity for one week. After the week, however, the volcano appeared to return to dormancy.

In March and April 1991, earthquakes returned and steam activity increased again. The steam explosions created three craters
towards the top of the volcano. For the next three months, steam explosions continued to increase in frequency. On June 7th, the
first magma explosion erupted. Though the eruption was weak, geologists decided to evacuate the area. On June 15th, a large
explosive eruption demolished the area, resulting in one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history.

(Before eruption, 1991) (After eruption, 2008)

Source: Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films (n.d.), Educator Guide: Volcanoes, The fires of creation, June 08, 2020, retrieved from
https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files

Mt. Pinatubo is a stratovolcano. According to my research Modern Pinatubo arose from Ancestral Pinatubo's cataclysmic and
most powerful eruptions, believed to be five times larger than the June 1991 eruption, after a long period of inactivity. Mt.
Pinatubo's eruption resulted in pyroclastic surges, pyroclastic falls, and flooding lahars.

Signs of an impending volcanic eruption in the case: Earthquakes have resumed, and steam
small bursts of steam would shoot from a hot spring on the volcano activity has increased once more.
series of smaller earthquakes The frequency of steam explosions continues
increase in steam activity for one week to rise.
 CASE STUDY # 3

Nevado Del Ruiz is a volcano located in the Andes Mountains. In November 1985, the volcano began to experience earthquakes.
For the next two months, geologists recorded 10 earthquakes per day. Scientists observed small spouts of steam shot from the
top of the volcano each day. Scientists feared that a major eruption would come soon. By February 1985, however, the
earthquakes and steam ejections stopped. Geologists still feared an eruption, but town politicians refused to evacuate. They
believed that the volcano would not erupt because the earthquakes stopped.

The volcano stayed silent for several more months. On October 1985, one year after earthquakes began; a large eruption shook
the volcano. The volcano exploded in a major and sudden eruption. The eruption was so strong, people could not evacuate. In
the end, 25,000 people had died.

(Before eruption, 1985) (After eruption, 2007)

Source: Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films (n.d.), Educator Guide: Volcanoes, The fires of creation, June 08, 2020, retrieved from
https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files

Nevado Del Ruiz is a stratovolcano, lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire .Vulcanian to Plinian eruptions are common at the volcano,
which result in pyroclastic flows, which are fast-moving currents of hot gas and rock. Massive lahars are frequently produced
by these eruptions, posing a danger to both humans and the environment. As the hot gas and lava melt the mountain's
snowcap, adding vast amounts of water to the flow, the impact of such an eruption is amplified.

Signs of an impending volcanic eruption in the case:

the volcano began to experience earthquakes (10 earthquakes per day)
small spouts of steam shot from the top of the volcano each day

The abrupt stillness of the volcano after multiple earthquakes and steam explosions, in my opinion, is a major concern. Town
officials should allow residents to leave so that geologists may thoroughly inspect the volcano. That horrific tragedy has
shocked many individuals all across the world. That is why we should be more aware of our environment and educate
ourselves. Particularly for those who live near volcanoes.
 ACTIVITY 4: BEFORE AND AFTER

What are the characteristics and conditions of a volcano you must look for to predict an eruption? Are there visible changes
after the volcano erupted? Do all of these warning signals appear to work equally well in predicting eruptions.

Direction: Answer the following questions below.

1. Draw a volcano as it looks before erupting (label the signs). Describe the details that you will draw.

There is visible vapor pouring from the volcano before it erupts.

As a result of the volcano's earthquake, the volcano is also
growing in size and shaking.

2. Draw a volcano as it looks after erupting (label the signs). Describe the details that you will draw.

The volcano's structure is destroyed as a consequence of the

eruption, and there is a hole inside the volcano filled with lava
and steam as a result of the eruption's aftermath. The hue of
the ash clouds changes from dark gray to practically black.
The crater has grown, and some of the rocks on the volcano's
rim have eroded.

3. Compare the volcano before and after it erupted. What changes happened? Explain.

Volcanoes was always rather tall, but after the eruption, they reduced in size while becoming wider. It also produced a deep
pit within it, resembling a swimming pool with mountains surrounding it. As a result of the catastrophe, ashes are all over the
place. The surrounding area is covered with ash, and nature is dissolving in lava from the volcano.
 ACTIVITY 5: PREDICTING ERUPTIONS

Congratulations! Today is your first day of internship at a volcano observatory. As an intern, you are tasked to help in monitoring
and analyzing date of specific volcanoes in the Philippines.

Direction: You will be given a set of data from different volcanoes. Graph the data over time on the graphs below. Answer the
following questions using the provided data.
 2

4
5

0
0

6
15

10
20
DAY 1 DAY 1
DAY 2 DAY 2
DAY 3 DAY 3
EARTHQUAKE COUNT

DAY 4 DAY 4
DAY 5 DAY 5
DAY 6 DAY 6
DAY 7 DAY 7
DAY 8 DAY 8
DAY 9 DAY 9
DAY 10 DAY 10
DAY 11 DAY 11
DAY 12 DAY 12
DAY 13 DAY 13

DAY 14 DAY 14
DAY 15 DAY 15

MOUNT MAYON
MOUNT PINATUBO

DAY 16 DAY 16
DAY 17 DAY 17
DAY 18 DAY 18
DAY 19 DAY 19
DAY 20 DAY 20
DAY 21 DAY 21
DAY 22 DAY 22
DAY 23 DAY 23
DAY 24 DAY 24
DAY 25 DAY 25
DAY 26 DAY 26
DAY 27 DAY 27
DAY 28 DAY 28
DAY 29 DAY 29
DAY 30 DAY 30


0
8

6
12

10

0
15

10
20
DAY 1 DAY 1

DAY 2 DAY 2

DAY 3 DAY 3
EARTHQUAKE COUNT

DAY 4 DAY 4

DAY 5 DAY 5

DAY 6 DAY 6

DAY 7 DAY 7

DAY 8 DAY 8

DAY 9 DAY 9

DAY 10 DAY 10

DAY 11 DAY 11

DAY 12 DAY 12

DAY 13 DAY 13

DAY 14 DAY 14

DAY 15 DAY 15
MOUNT TAAL

DAY 16 DAY 16

MOUNT HIBOK-HIBOK
DAY 17 DAY 17

DAY 18 DAY 18

DAY 19 DAY 19

DAY 20 DAY 20

DAY 21 DAY 21

DAY 22 DAY 22

DAY 23 DAY 23

DAY 24 DAY 24

DAY 25 DAY 25

DAY 26 DAY 26

DAY 27 DAY 27

DAY 28 DAY 28

DAY 29 DAY 29

DAY 30 DAY 30
How many people do you think live near an active volcano? Why it is important to evacuate neighboring towns before the
eruption begins? What do you think are the consequences of evacuating a town too early or causing a false alarm?

1. Which of the following volcanoes is about to erupt:

Based from 1st day to 5th day: Mount Hibok-hibok

Based from 6th day to 10th day: Mount Mayon and Mount Hibok-hibok

Based from 11th day to 15th day: Mount Hibok-hibok

Based from 16th day to 20th day: Mount Hibok-hibok

Based from 21st day to 25th day: Mount Taal

Based from 26th day to 30th day: Mount Taal

Explain your answer using the data given and interpreting your graph.

2. What action (student recommendation to continue normal activity, prepare to evacuate, or evacuate immediately) shall the
geologic station release for the communities near each volcanoes?

Based from 1st day to 5th day:

Mount Pinatubo (continue normal activity)
Mount Mayon (continue normal activity)
Mount Taal (continue normal activity)
Mount Hibok-Hibok (continue normal activity)

Explanation:

I advise either evacuating from the 16th to the 25th day after the data, referred to as the sum of the numbers on the data,
begins to grow, or not leaving home that month. It is worrying since it does not lessen.

Based from 6th day to 10th day:

Mount Pinatubo (continue normal activity)
Mount Mayon (continue normal activity)
Mount Taal (continue normal activity)
Mount Hibok-Hibok (continue normal activity)

Explanation:

I suggest that some persons return to their usual routines or evacuate promptly from the 26th to the 30th day. I believe Mount
Pinatubo should be evacuated because, according to the data provided, the number of earthquakes, steam, ejection, and
tiltmeter begin to climb and do not decrease.
Based from 11th day to 15th day:
Mount Pinatubo (continue normal activity)
Mount Mayon (continue normal activity)
Mount Taal (continue normal activity)
Mount Hibok-Hibok (continue normal activity)

Explanation:

From May 26th to May 30th, I believe people will be able to resume regular living because the many earthquakes have begun to
subside.

Based from 16th day to 20th day:

Mount Pinatubo (prepare for evacuation)

Mount Mayon (prepare for evacuation)
Mount Taal (prepare for evacuation)
Mount Hibok-Hibok (prepare for evacuation)

Explanation:

I believe they should evacuate Mount Taal from June 26th to June 30th, but not immediately. I believe they should since data
suggests that Mount Taal has been active for about two weeks and we need to take precautions.

Based from 21st day to 25th day:

Mount Pinatubo (prepare for evacuation)
Mount Mayon (prepare for evacuation)
Mount Taal (prepare for evacuation)
Mount Hibok-Hibok (prepare for evacuation)

Explanation:
I believe Mount Hibok-Hibok should be evacuated immediately since the data reveals continual changes in the tiltmeter,
earthquakes are getting more regular, and steam ejections are also becoming more common.

Based from 26th day to 30th day:

Mount Pinatubo (Evacuate)
Mount Mayon (bact to normal activity)
Mount Taal (Evacuate)
Mount Hibok-Hibok (Evacuate Immediately)

Explanation:

According to the statistics provided, Mount Hibok-Hibok is the volcano with the most reported number of events since then.