To Understand The Pathloss Prediction Formula.: Experiment 3

U17EC003 Pooja Nanavati Mobile Communication_Lab-7/09/20
EXPERIMENT 3
DATE : 07/09/2020
AIM : To understand the pathloss prediction formula.
OBJECTIVE :
1. Calculation of received signal strength as a function of distance of separation, antenna
height and carrier frequency.
2. To understand the impact of -
a) Transmitter Power
b) Pathloss exponent
c) Carrier frequency
d) Receiver antenna height
e) Transmitter antenna height
THEORY :
Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an
electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the
analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system.
Path loss may be due to many effects, such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction,
reflection, aperture-medium coupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also influenced by
terrain contours, environment (urban or rural, vegetation and foliage), propagation medium
(dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the height and
location of antennas.
There are different regions for which the path loss exponents and frequencies are different.
REGION Exponent
Free Space 2
Long Distance 2
Indoor Office 2.6
Indoor Factory 2.1
Indoore Home 4.16
Outdoor Suburban 4.52
Dense Urban 4.8
For free space, path loss prediction formula can be given as
In dB,
Free space propagation model with single ray travelling from transmitter to receiver is
inaccurate. We need to consider the direct as well as ground reflected path between
transmitter and receiver i.e. Two Way Propagation Model.
Path Loss prediction formula is given as :

Experiment 1A. Calculation of Received Power
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Path Loss Exponent n =2
Distance d (m) Pr(d) Average Pr(d)
100 -20.34 -20.48
-12.45
-29.99
-11.63
-27.99
-34.94
-22.35
500 -36.01 -31.12
-24.20
-38.10
-42.30
-47.31
800 -47.92 -40.072
-30.22
-32.61
-31.11
-48.72
1000 -43.15 -39.022
-35.10
-37.03
-41.24
-45.63
-48.92
1500 -45.237
-43.22
-46.94
CONCLUSION :
Hence we have varied the distance to get different received power values, which have been
verified by the corresponding equation. We observe that as the distance increases, the
received power decreases as the path loss increases.
Experiment 1B. Calculation of Path Loss Exponent

Transmitted Power = 50dBm

Path Loss Exponent PL(d)
Distance d (m) Pr(d)
(n) (dBm)
-22.31 4.38 72.31
-21.79 3.66 71.79
100 -33.01 4.12 83.01
-18.40 3.97 68.40
-30.06 3.21 80.06
Path Loss Exponent

Distance d (m) Pr(d) PL(dBm)
(n)
-45.21 3.68 95.21
-61.39 4.43 111.39
500 -48.40 3.65 98.40
-46.46 3.57 96.46
-64.22 4.79 114.22
Path Loss Exponent

(n)
-56.23 3.98 106.23
-45.41 3.14 95.41
800 -60.22 4.41 110.22
-71.25 4.3 121.25
-42.52 3.18 92.52
Path Loss Exponent

(n)
-61.22 4.14 111.22
-43.60 3.26 93.60
1000 -54.51 3.46 104.51
-59.95 4.0 109.95
-68.44 4.93 118.44
Path Loss Exponent

(n)
-61.16 3.33 111.16
-69.05 3.16 119.05
1500 -83.01 4.4 133.01
-71.49 4.22 121.49
-74.71 4.37 124.71
CONCLUSION :
We have performed the experiment to calculate the path loss exponent and verified it as
per the equation. We noticed that an increase in the distance gives an increased path loss
and thus, a lower received power.
Experiment 1C. Calculation of Carrier Frequency

Transmitted Power = 50dBm
Tx Height = 30m
Rx Height = 1m
n= 3.60
Carrier Frequency Fc
(Ghz)
-50.22 3.55 100.22
-48.36 2.86 98.36
1000 -45.31 2.018 95.31
-47.18 2.503 97.18
-50.06 3.48 100.06
CONCLUSION :
We have performed the experiment to calculate the carrier frequency and we observe that
as carrier frequency increases, the path loss also increases.
Experiment 1D. Calculation of Receiver Height

n=4.3
Tx Height = 30m
1) fc=2.1GHz
Receiver
Antenna Height
-59.46 2.4 109.46
-57.79 3 107.79
1000 -61.19 1.9 111.19
-59.16 2.5 109.16
-50.39 6.3 100.39
2) Fc=2.3
Receiver
Antenna Height
-57.12 3.71 107.12
-55.20 4.7 105.2
1000 -58.27 3.23 108.27
-56.35 3.98 106.35
-61.83 2.041 111.83
3) Fc=2.5
Receiver
Pr(d) PL(dBm)
Distance d (m) Antenna Height
-57.71 3.80 107.71
-54.19 5.01 104.19
1000 -58.12 3.63 108.12
63.48 1.82 113.48
-56.99 3.98 106.99
CONCLUSION :
Hence we have performed the experiment to compute receiver antenna height and verified
the same using the path loss equation.
We observe that an increase in carrier frequency increases the path loss and thereby,
results in reduced antenna height.
Experiment 1E. Calculation of Transmitter Height

n=4.3
Rx Height = 1m
1) Fc=2.1
Transmitter
Antenna Height
-65.34 35.48 115.34
-69.45 21.98 119.45
1000 -63.45 39.81 113.45
-65.94 32.87 115.94
-64.30 23.98 114.30
2) Fc=2.3
Transmitter
Antenna Height
-66.14 35.48 116.14
-64.25 44.66 114.25
1000 -64.71 42.65 114.71
-65.32 38.91 115.32
-67.09 30.91 117.09
3) Fc=2.5
Transmitter
Antenna Height
-69.5 25.304 119.5
-63.48 29.96 113.48
1000 -68.20 29.51 118.20
-65.49 29.8 115.49
-62.16 27.12 112.16
CONCLUSION :
Hence we have performed the experiment to compute transmission antenna height and
verified the same using the path loss equation.
We observe that an increase in carrier frequency increases the path loss and thereby,
results in a reduced base station height.
FINAL CONCLUSION :
We performed the path loss determination practical and verified the equations used in the
calculations by performing the following :
a. we observed the change in received power with respect to distance.
b. we computed the path loss exponent value and verified it by inputting the other
data.
c. we created an efficient system by computing the parameters for different regions.
Thus we verified the path loss equations and also studied the impact due to frequency,
exponent, transmitter height and receiver height variations on the received signal strength.

To Understand The Pathloss Prediction Formula.: Experiment 3

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U17EC003 Pooja Nanavati Mobile Communication_Lab-7/09/20

AIM : To understand the pathloss prediction formula.

For free space, path loss prediction formula can be given as

Experiment 1A. Calculation of Received Power

100 -20.34 -20.48

Distance d (m) Pr(d) Average Pr(d)

500 -36.01 -31.12

Distance d (m) Pr(d) Average Pr(d)

800 -47.92 -40.072

Distance d (m) Pr(d) Average Pr(d)

1000 -43.15 -39.022

Distance d (m) Pr(d) Average Pr(d)

Experiment 1B. Calculation of Path Loss Exponent

Transmitted Power = 50dBm

-22.31 4.38 72.31

-21.79 3.66 71.79

100 -33.01 4.12 83.01

-18.40 3.97 68.40

-30.06 3.21 80.06

Path Loss Exponent

-45.21 3.68 95.21

-61.39 4.43 111.39

500 -48.40 3.65 98.40

-46.46 3.57 96.46

-64.22 4.79 114.22

Path Loss Exponent

-56.23 3.98 106.23

-45.41 3.14 95.41

800 -60.22 4.41 110.22

-71.25 4.3 121.25

-42.52 3.18 92.52

Path Loss Exponent

-61.22 4.14 111.22

-43.60 3.26 93.60

1000 -54.51 3.46 104.51

-59.95 4.0 109.95

-68.44 4.93 118.44

Path Loss Exponent

-61.16 3.33 111.16

-69.05 3.16 119.05

1500 -83.01 4.4 133.01

-71.49 4.22 121.49

-74.71 4.37 124.71

Experiment 1C. Calculation of Carrier Frequency

-50.22 3.55 100.22

-48.36 2.86 98.36

1000 -45.31 2.018 95.31

-47.18 2.503 97.18

-50.06 3.48 100.06

Experiment 1D. Calculation of Receiver Height

-59.46 2.4 109.46

1000 -61.19 1.9 111.19

-59.16 2.5 109.16

-50.39 6.3 100.39

-57.12 3.71 107.12

-55.20 4.7 105.2

1000 -58.27 3.23 108.27

-56.35 3.98 106.35

-61.83 2.041 111.83

-57.71 3.80 107.71

-54.19 5.01 104.19

1000 -58.12 3.63 108.12