FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS

In the steady state, sinusoidal inputs to a linear system generate sinusoidal responses of the
same frequency. Even though these responses are of the same frequency as the input, they differ
in amplitude and phase angle from the input. These differences are functions of frequency.

Frequency Response is defined as the steady-state response of a system due to a sinusoidal input.

In Time Domain,

The term with Ai terms are decaying components. So, they tend to zero as time tends to infinity.
Therefore, the steady-state response of the system for a sinusoidal input of magnitude A and

frequency is a sinusoidal output with a magnitude , frequency and phase shift .

The following plots are used in frequency response.

❖ Polar plot
❖ Bode plot
❖ Magnitude versus phase angle plot
Definition of frequency domain specifications
Correlation between time and frequency response
Advantages
❖ Good accuracy
❖ Possible to test in lab
❖ Can be used to obtain transfer function that is not possible with analytical techniques
❖ Easy to design open-loop transfer function from closed-loop performance in frequency
❖ domain
❖ It is very easy to visualize the effect of disturbance and parameter variations.
Disadvantages
❖ Applied only to linear systems
❖ Frequency response for existing system is possible to obtain if the time constant is up to few
❖ minutes
❖ Time consuming procedure
❖ Old and back dated method