Piping stress analysis procedure

Doc. No.
: MOQ-DDE-PR-009
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REVISION CONTROL
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Doc. No.: MOQ-DDE-PR-009
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PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 4
2 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 4
2.1 COMPANY STANDARDS, PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES .................................. 4

2.2 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION, CODES AND STANDARDS................................. 4
3 RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................. 5
4 PROCEDURE............................................................................................................. 5
4.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................... 5

4.2 PURPOSE .......................................................................................................... 5
4.3 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS SOFTWARE ............................................................. 5
4.4 DESIGN DATA ................................................................................................... 5
4.5 PIPING DESIGN ................................................................................................ 7
4.6 PIPE SUPPORT DESIGN..................................................................................... 8
4.7 CRITICAL LINES................................................................................................ 9
4.8 DESIGN CRITERIA........................................................................................... 10
4.9 LOAD CASES.................................................................................................... 14
4.10 DYNAMIC CALCULATIONS............................................................................ 15
4.11 VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE ................................................................... 16
4.12 FLOW LINES AND LIFT GAS LINES ............................................................... 18
4.13 GRP LINES ................................................................................................... 23
4.14 THE STRESS CALCULATION MODEL.............................................................. 26
4.15 VISUAL CHECK............................................................................................. 27
4.16 REPORTING ................................................................................................. 28
4.17 ELECTRONIC FILES ...................................................................................... 28
4.18 HARD FILES ................................................................................................. 29
4.19 QUALITY ASSURANCE .................................................................................. 29
4.20 WORKFLOW DESCRIPTION .......................................................................... 30
5 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................ 33
6 ATTACHMENTS....................................................................................................... 33
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1 INTRODUCTION
This procedure has been established for detailed design activities to be carried out in
house by MOQ.
When describing responsibilities, the procedure assumes that the work is carried out by an
in-house design office organized similarly to the FDP2005 DDE.
2 REFERENCES
Unless specifically noted, the referenced document to be referred to shall be the latest
published edition, revision or version.
2.1 COMPANY STANDARDS, PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES

MITS-2 Piping Design and Materials
MITS-3 Fabrication, Erection and Testing of Pipeworks
MOQ-DDE-PR-013 Pressure Transient Analysis Procedure
MOQ-DDE-PR-032 Pipe Support Procedure
2.2 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION, CODES AND STANDARDS

ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline transportation systems for liquid hydrocarbon and
other liquids
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
UKOOA Specification and recommended practice for the use of GRP
piping offshore
ASME III NC Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components
ASME VIII Division 1 Pressure Vessel Design and Fabrication
PD5500 Unfired fusion welded pressure vessels
API 520 Part II Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving
Devices in Refineries.
API 610 Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
API 617 Centrifugal Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas
Service Industries
NEMA SM-23 Steam turbines for mechanical drive services
WRC107 Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings on Nozzles
WRC297 Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings
on Nozzles
MTD Guidelines for the Avoidance of Vibration Induced Fatigue in
Process Pipework
MSS-SP-69 Piping hangers and supports - Selection and application
EANW01-341-001 Piping stress analysis report (Includes earthquake analysis)
EXHIBIT C, Section 2 Environmental Design Data
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3 RESPONSIBILITIES
For responsibilities refer to ‘Piping Design Procedure’ (MOQ-DDE-PR-007).
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 SCOPE
The scope of this procedure is for the piping stress analysis of topsides piping carried
according to ASME B31.3, ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8 and UKOOA.
4.2 PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to provide a unified approach to pipe stress analysis on
design carried out by MOQ.
4.3 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

The software used for piping stress calculations is Caesar II.
4.4 DESIGN DATA

All relevant design data shall be known, agreed with the DDE piping lead engineer, the
DDE process lead engineer and the project engineer (PE) as necessary, and documented.
4.4.1 Pressure
Maximum design pressure from the line list shall be used.
4.4.2 Temperature
Maximum design temperature from the line list shall be used. Operating values shall not
be used. If temperatures are felt to be conservative and causing design problems, the
stress engineer should confirm with process that the temperatures provided are realistic
for piping flexibility analysis. If not, the data shall be lowered in the line list as well as in
the stress calculation. This shall be done in agreement with the DDE piping lead engineer,
the DDE lead process engineer and the project engineer (PE).
Exceptions are that operating temperatures may be used for the calculation of reaction
forces on rotating equipment and for frequency calculations and for calculations on
occasional loads.
Solar temperature of 82°C is to be considered for un-insulated, unsheltered lines if the
design temperature is less than this temperature. Also the flare radiation temperature is
to be used if the design temperature is less than this temperature. This shall be done in
agreement with the DDE lead process engineer, the DDE piping lead engineer and the
project engineer (PE).
The number of cycles for a given temperature load and the design life span of the system
might be required in order to determine whether a fatigue analysis is required. This data
should be determined in dialogue with the DDE process department and/or the DDE piping
lead engineer and the project engineer (PE).
4.4.3 Densities
If densities of line contents are not specified in the line list, the following specific densities
will be used:
Fresh water 1.000
Sea water 1.030
Crude oil 0.875
Other densities can be determined in dialogue with the DDE process department and/or
the DDE piping lead engineer and project engineer (PE), or conservative values can be
assumed.
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4.4.4 Forced Displacements

The number of cycles for a given displacement shall always be considered in order to
establish whether it is necessary to carry out a fatigue analysis.
4.4.4.1 Bridge Movement

Bridge movement shall be informed by the project engineer (PE) for each relevant
platform/bridge system. Normally the movement used for calculation purposes is the wave
movement from 50 or 100 year wave.
It can be shown from the Al Shaheen wave spectrum that if the displacement stress range
for the largest movement (50 year wave or larger) is acceptable, then accumulative effect
of all waves will also be acceptable to the criteria listed in ‘ASME B31.3’, 302.3.5.
Therefore fatigue analysis on wave induced bridge movements is not performed.
4.4.4.2 Wellhead Displacements

Horizontal and vertical wellhead displacements as well as cycles of the horizontal wave
induced motions to be used in the stress analysis shall be based on section 4.12.
A determining factor for the size of the horizontal movement, is whether chocks can be
relied on to be in place at the location of the upper conductor guides. The argumentation
regarding fatigue analysis given in section 4.4.4.1 for wave induced bridge movements
can not be used for movement of wellheads, if there are gaps at the conductor guides
somewhere along the conductor.
4.4.4.3 Movement of Nozzles on Vessels and Exchangers

Movements on nozzles on vessels and exchangers due to thermal expansion are calculated
using the design temperature.
4.4.4.4 Movement on Nozzles on Turbines, Expanders and Compressors

These nozzle movements shall be obtained from the vendor whenever possible. As an
alternative, a calculation taking into account the geometry and operating temperature of
the equipment may be carried out.
4.4.5 Occasional Loads

The term 'occasional load' does only apply to loads of the sustained type. Displacements
such as bridge movements from wave action are not occasional loads.
4.4.5.1 Wind
Wind load is calculated by Caesar, using the following data:
 Wind speed 41 m/sec, corresponding to the 100 year return, 3 seconds gust wind at
10 meter height
 Shape coefficient 0.65
Only the predominant wind direction is considered, i.e. 330° from true north.
4.4.5.2 Wave Loads

On piping below cellar deck on offshore platforms, wave loads shall be taken into account.
On horizontal piping, the load might be in the form of slamming, i.e. it can suddenly hit
the piping over a larger length. For lines subject to wave load, the load is calculated based
on the environmental design data given in ‘Exhibit C, section 2’. See attachment 8 for a
calculation of the magnitude of the load.
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4.4.5.3 Slug Loads

Whether slug loads shall be designed for, and the length and speed of slugs shall be
determined in dialogue with the DDE lead process engineer, the DDE piping lead engineer
and project engineer (PE). See attachment 7 for a slug force calculation.
4.4.5.4 Water Hammer

Due to very shortlived, transient nature of water hammer, static or dynamic stress
calculation will not give any useful results and is consequently not carried out. The focus
should be on preventing large transient pressures occurring. This shall be done by
following the pressure transient analysis procedure, ‘MOQ-DDE-PR-013’.
4.4.5.5 Earthquake
Al Shaheen is located in a seismically relatively quiet zone and piping stress analysis for
earthquake need not to be done. See also the stress report ‘EANW01-341-001’, which is a
project example where earthquake calculation has been carried out. Even though this
report covers flowlines – which are relatively flexible and therefore sensitive to earthquake
– the report shows that utilization from earthquake is low, e.g. compared to sustained
stress.
4.4.5.6 Transportation Loads

For piping that is installed onshore (in skids or modules) transportation loads shall be
considered. Transportation acceleration will normally be informed by the structural
department.
4.4.6 Accidental Loads

Accidental loads might e.g. be:
 Blast loads, for piping which is required to maintain the integrity during an explosion.
 Ship impact on jacket, causing bridge movement
Whether accidental loads shall be designed for and the design data shall be agreed with
the DDE piping lead engineer and project engineer (PE) in each case. During the FDP2005
it was decided not to take blast loads and ship impact loads into account.
4.4.7 Friction Coefficients

The following coefficients of friction shall be used:
Steel/steel: 0.3
Steel/teflon: 0.1
4.4.8 Installation Temperature

Caesar II’s default installation temperature of 21° C shall be used.
4.4.9 Geometrical Data

Data for the geometry of the system to be analyzed are taken from stress isometrics or
fabrication isometrics, combined with information from the relevant pipe specification.
4.5 PIPING DESIGN
4.5.1 Cold Springing

Cold springing - i.e. pre-tensioning by deliberately designing and fabricating a section of
the pipe too long or too small in order to reduce nozzle loads in the hot condition - shall
not be used.
4.5.2 Expansion Joints

Expansion joints shall not be used.
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4.6 PIPE SUPPORT DESIGN

On critical lines it is the responsibility of the stress engineer to decide where stops and
guides are to be placed, and to ensure, that a sufficient number of supports are present.
See also the pipe support procedure, ‘MOQ-DDE-PR-032’.
4.6.1 General Support Considerations

The pipe supports shall hold the pipe in position and guide the movements within the
piping system to keep the stresses and system loading at an acceptable level during all
operating conditions, and also considering environmental and accidental loads.
Careful consideration shall be given to the correct type of supports to be used (Rest,
Guide, Anchor…). Care shall be taken by the selection and localization of the support in
order not to introduce harmful stresses in the pipe or in equipment. This may be the case
if the pipe is not allowed to move sufficiently to relieve thermal expansion.
The system shall on the other hand not be too loose, as this will result in a system
unsuited to handle dynamic loads/vibrations (wind, fluctuations in flow, slugs, vibrations
etc.).
One further purpose of guides on long straight pipes is to avoid buckling (the Euler column
effect). Caesar II does not check for buckling.
As a general rule, guides shall be placed on every second support. Line stops and 3-way
restraints shall be used in order to drive the thermal movement in the most suitable
direction, i.e. in a direction where the movement can be absorbed without problems.
The movement from thermal expansion or external movements shall be guided away from
sensitive equipment nozzles.
According to ‘MITS-3’, where the pipe is expected to slide, there shall be PTFE or other low
friction material between the pipe and the pipe support.
4.6.2 Limit Stops

The use of limit stops shall be kept to a minimum.
4.6.3 Spring Hangers

The number of spring hangers used in a given system shall be minimized.
4.6.4 Support at Safety Valves

A line stop should always be placed immediately downstream the safety valve or bursting
disk.
4.6.5 Spring Supports
4.6.5.1 Variable Spring Support

The maximum force variation of 25% that mentioned e.g. by MSS SP69 should generally
be adhered to:
Pipe travel (mm)  Spring rate( N / mm)
Variability factor 
Operating load ( N )
This is however not a piping design code requirement (e.g. not in B31.3) and larger
variability’s might be acceptable based on the judgment of the stress engineer.
On flow line jobs we preferably use the same spring for one or more entire well bay areas.
4.6.5.2 Constant Spring Support

These should be avoided as these are more expensive than variable spring supports. For
large movements they might be required in order to keep force variation within
reasonable limits.
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4.6.5.3 Spring Data Sheet

Spring data sheet shall be made by stress engineer in dialogue with DDE piping design
lead for the given project.
See attachment 10 for spring data sheet.
4.7 CRITICAL LINES

The lines covered by a given project shall be reviewed by a piping stress engineer, in
order to establish which lines are critical. The criteria for the selection shall be as follows:
No. CRITERIA
Temperature
1. All lines at design temperature < -30°C provided that the difference between
the maximum and minimum design temperature is:
- 190° C for all piping
- 140° C for piping 4" and larger
- 115° C for 16" and larger
2. All lines at design temperature 180°C and above
3. 4" and larger at design temperatures above 130°
4. 16" and larger for design temperature above 105°
Stress sensitive equipment

5. 3" and larger connected to sensitive equipment such as rotating equipment.
This criteria does not apply to lubricating lines, cooling medium lines etc.
External movements
6. All lines subjected to significant external movement, e.g. from other lines,
equipment displacements, structural deflections, bridge movements etc.
No. CRITERIA
Dynamic loads
7. All lines subject to dynamic loads, e.g. from flow pulsation, slugging, water
hammer, external mechanical forces etc.
Materials
8. 3" and larger fabricated from exotic materials (Cu-Ni, GRP etc.)
Content
9. All lines with toxic content (category 'M' to B31.3). In this context, toxic means
that "a single exposure, caused by leakage, to a very small quantity of fluid, can
produce irreversible harm".
Wall thickness
10. 3" and larger with wall thickness in excess of 10% of outside diameter.
11. 20" and larger with wall thickness less than 1% of the outside diameter.
Other criteria
12. All lines connected to pressure relief valves and rupture discs
13. 2" and larger blowdown lines excluding drains
14. All long vertical lines (20 meter and higher)
15. All production and injection manifolds with connecting piping
16. 3” and larger subjected to wave load. All hydrocarbon lines subjected to wave
load.
17. Other lines as requested by stress engineer
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Critical lines will be approved by the stress engineer using one of the following methods:
 Visual inspection
 Approximate methods
 Accurate methods
Following are the basic reasons to do only visual check opposed to detailed calculations:
 Duplicates, or replaces without significant change, a system operating with a
successful service record. For ex. typical flow lines and water injection lines,
replacement spools etc.
 Can readily be judged adequate by comparison with previously analyzed systems.
 Service of line. For ex. If water is a service then there is a possibility to do visual
check as temperature is not major concern.
 Criticality of the line.
 To be decided by stress engineer
To approve the line by approximate method, all the piping system should be of uniform
size, it should not have more than two points of fixation, no intermediate restraints. In
actual practice this case will never happen in the piping system. Hence approximate
method is no more in use.
4.8 DESIGN CRITERIA
4.8.1 Pipe Stresses
4.8.1.1 Piping Wall Thickness / Circumferential Stresses

The wall thickness for straight pipe shall be as required by the design code, ‘ASME B31.3’.
When working to a proven piping specification (e.g. MITS-2), the wall thickness can be
assumed to be sufficient.
4.8.1.2 Sustained Stresses

Sustained stress shall be limited as required by the design code, ‘ASME B31.3’. Although
this is not required by the code, stress intensification factors (SIF's) are applied when also
when calculating the sustained stress. This is partly due to the circumstance, that leaving
them out on sustained stress will cause Caesar II to leave them out also on occasional
stress (where they should generally be included).
In a design under progress, the piping stress engineer is advised to keep maximum
sustained stress below 70% of allowable.
4.8.1.3 Occasional Loads

The stress caused by operating occasional loads may be as high as 1.33 times the basic
allowable stress, see ‘ASME B31.3’, 302.3.6. SIF’s shall be used on occasional loads.
4.8.1.4 Displacement Stress

Displacement stress shall be limited as required by the design code, ‘ASME B31.3’, liberal
equation (section 302.3.5d, equation 1b). Alternatively, stress evaluation according to
‘ASME B31.3’, Appendix P may be carried out.
In a design under progress, the piping stress engineer is advised to keep maximum
displacement stress below 70% of allowable.
4.8.1.5 Hydro Test

Under normal circumstances it is not necessary to calculate pipe stresses for the pressure
test situation. However, for large diameter thin wall pipe normally used for a medium
significantly lighter than water, it is possible, that the longitudinal stresses will exceed
yield during pressure testing with water. For such piping it should be considered to
calculate the pressure test stress. If they exceed yield, it is allowed to reduce the test
pressure, see ‘ASME B31.3’, 345.4.2.
For GRP piping, the hydrotest stresses should always be checked.
4.8.1.6 Pressure Design of Piping Components

Caesar II finds the required wall thickness for straight pipe and compares it to the
provided and has some capabilities for checking B16.5 flanges, but can not check other
piping components for adequacy at the design pressure. Fittings fabricated according to
established codes and of schedule according to the connecting pipe will in general not
need to be checked, see ‘ASME B31.3’, paragraph 303.
Other piping components (e.g. welded branch connections, blinds etc.) will be calculated
according to ‘ASME B31.3’. Flow orifices will be calculated as blinds.
4.8.2 Local Stresses
4.8.2.1 Kellogg Method for Local Stresses

Kellogg line load method is used for calculation of local stresses for all welded
attachments.
1. All attachments to the pipe shell, such as trunnions, clips, lugs, etc., shall be
designed so that the pipe shell bending and pressure stresses as outlined in the
following paragraphs do not exceed the total allowable:
- The bending stress, SB in a cylindrical shell is a function of pipe size, pipe

thickness, and the induce load per linear unit along the edge of attachment.
1.7  F  R
Sb 
t 1.5
Where,
Sb = Bending stress in pipe shell.
F = Load induced by attachment linear along the edge of the attachment.
R = Outside radius of pipe shell.
2. The pressure stress in a cylindrical shell is function of pipe size, pipe thickness, and
internal pressure and type of loading being shared.
For loads producing maximum stress in the shell in the longitudinal direction, the
pressure stress equal to:
P R
SPL 
2t
For loads producing maximum stress in the shell in the longitudinal direction, the
pressure stress equal to:
P R
SPC 
t
3. The total stress is the sum of the bending stress and pressure stress.
The total stress shall be checked against the allowable stress to check out whether the
local stresses in the pipe are acceptable or not.
4.8.2.2 Trunnions
The stress engineer shall check that local stresses in the pipe are acceptable at the
location at trunnion supports. This is done using the calculation sheet in attachment 3.
Where friction has not been included in the mode, horizontal forces are found as the
vertical force multiplied by the coefficient of friction. Where full frictional coefficients are
included at the position of the trunnion, the horizontal forces may be taken from the
Caesar calculation.
4.8.2.3 Other Welded Attachments

As for trunnions, the stress engineer shall check that local stresses in the pipe are
acceptable at the location of other welded attachments on the pipe. This is carried out
using the Kellogg line load method. Calculations on lugs are carried out using the
calculation sheet in attachment 4.
4.8.3 Flange loads

Moments on flanges are checked according to ‘ASME III NC’, paragraph NC-3658.3. For
most MITS-2 piping specifications, this can be done by comparing with the allowable
moments given in the tables in attachment 2. The tables also apply to Grayloc flanges.
4.8.4 Deflections
4.8.4.1 Deflections Caused by Temperature Expansion

The piping stress engineer shall check that deflections look reasonable, and all deflections
larger then 25 mm shall be forwarded to the piping designer in order to ensure, that there
will be no clashes with structure or other piping.
4.8.4.2 Deflection Caused by Pipe Weight

It shall be checked, that the deflection caused by weight alone does not exceed 5 mm. If
the deflection is higher, additional rest supports are inserted. The piping stress engineer
may decide to allow higher deflections, e.g. where not practical to insert more supports.
4.8.5 Forces on Supports

The forces are handed over to the pipe support designers, who will check, that the
supports have sufficient strength.
If a support is found to lift off, the designers shall be informed about this - eventually they
may chose to remove the support.
4.8.6 Fatigue
The default number of expansion/displacement cycles assumed in ‘ASME B31.3’ is 7000. If
the piping is subjected to more than 7000 cycles, the allowable stress shall be reduced as
described in ‘ASME B31.3’, section 302.3.5d. If more than one type of cyclic load is
present, the number of cycles equivalent to the one giving the largest displacement stress
range is calculated as described in the code.
In general a design life of 25 years will be assumed in fatigue calculations, if not otherwise
specified by project engineer (PE).
4.8.7 Natural Frequency

In order to ensure that a given piping system is stiff enough to be suitable under dynamic
loading the minimum natural frequencies shall be calculated. Preferably, the frequency
shall be above the values given in Table 1:
Service Minimum frequency
Hydraulic transients (pressure surge, hydraulic 10 Hz
hammer, two phase flow)
Long horizontal pipes across bridges with risk of 10 Hz
vortex shedding
Flowlines for wellheads up to test/production 5 Hz
headers
All other hydrocarbon services 4Hz
Table 1: Preferred minimum natural frequencies
When calculating the natural frequency, the “friction stiffness factor” used by Caesar II
shall be set to 500 to get realistic natural frequencies. This is based on engineering
judgment. To use as factor of 0, which is the Caesar II default, will cause Caesar II not to
take friction into account which will in many cases give unrealistic results.
To which extent frequencies may be allowed to be lower than the values given in Table 1
is left to engineering judgment based on the nature of the possible dynamic load, the
practicalities involved in stiffening the system etc.
For reciprocating equipment: if one of the lower natural frequencies (or a multiple) is close
to the pulse of the equipment, the characteristics of the system must be changed in order
to avoid resonance. Most often this can be done by introducing more restraints.
4.8.8 Forces and Moments on Equipment Nozzles
4.8.8.1 General
When calculating forces from temperature expansion, the expansion from installation
temperature to maximum design temperature or minimum design temperature, whatever
is the worst, shall be considered. Occasional loads shall also be considered but may be
taken to be concurrent with the normal operating case.
4.8.8.2 Pressure Vessels, Tanks, Pig Launchers/Receivers and Shell & Tube
Exchangers
Where no other information is given, the maximum allowable loads in MITS-2 shall be
used. Note, that MITS-2 requires nozzles loads to be calculated at the flange facing.
Other means of acceptance might be:
 Comparing with allowable limits given by vendor
 Written approval by vendor
 Calculation of the actual local stress at the nozzle according to a recognized vessel
code, e.g. ‘ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1’ or ‘PD 5500’.
MITS-2 does not give allowable loads for nozzles larger than 24”. For larger nozzles the
allowable loads for 24” nozzles should be used or the loads should be accepted by one of
the other means listed above.
For nozzles in heads, on the main nozzles of receiver/launchers or on skids, MITS-2 shall
be interpreted thus:
1. The resultant force Fr shall be the resultant of the shear forces only, i.e. not considering
the axial force.
2. The resultant moment Mr shall be the resultant of the bending moments only, i.e. not
considering the torsion moment.
3. Only the axial force and the resultant shear force shall be checked (without considering
the limits for the Fl and Fc given in the table).
4. Only the torsion moment and the resultant bending moment shall be checked (without
considering the limits for the Ml and Mc given in the table)
4.8.8.3 Nozzle loads for existing equipments

Often existing lines are included in the stress model to give realistic boundary conditions.
If the stress engineer estimates that loads on existing equipment nozzles connecting to
such existing lines might me significantly effected by the new piping, the nozzle loads
shall be checked against allowable loads.
4.8.8.4 Pumps
External forces and moments on pumps are checked according to ‘API 610’ using
Caesar II.
4.8.8.5 Turbines/Compressors
Turbines and compressors are checked according to ‘NEMA SM-23’ and ‘API-617’
respectively. The checks are carried out using Caesar.
4.8.8.6 Loads on Supports

Loads on supports shall be calculated for all a relevant load cases, including occasional
and dynamic loads. When calculating forces from temperature expansion, the expansion
from installation temperature to maximum design temperature or minimum design
temperature, whatever is the worst, shall be considered. The highest loads found when
considering all relevant load cases will be taken to be the load on the support. Except that
horizontal forces shall not – at least for preliminary loads - be taken to be less than the
vertical force times the coefficient of friction.
4.9 LOAD CASES

Typical load cases for B31.3 steel piping will be:
Case Type Description Purpose
L1 WW+HP Hydrotest Hydrotest Loads
L2 W+D1+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition Loads/Deflection/
(with friction) Stress
L3 W+D2+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition Loads/Deflection/
L4 W+T3+P1 Operating Operating Loads on rotating
(with friction) equipment
L5 W+T3+P1+ Operating Operating Loads on vessel nozzles,
WIN1 (with friction) supports etc.
L6 W+D1+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition Loads/Deflection/
(without friction) Stress
L7 W+D2+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition Loads/Deflection/
L8 W+T3+P1 Operating Operating Loads on rotating
(without friction) equipment
L9 W+T3+P1+ Operating Operating Loads on vessel nozzles,
WIN1 (without friction) supports etc.
L10 W+P1 Sustained Weight + pressure Sustained stress/
only Loads/Deflection
L11 W+P1+WIN1 Occasional Occasional Occasional stress
L12 L2-L3 Expansion Range (with friction) Expansion stress range
L13 L6-L7 Expansion Range (without Expansion stress range
friction)
L14 L12, L13 Expansion Maximum Maximum expansion
stress Range
L15 L1, L2, L3, L4, Operating Maximum Maximum loads on
L5, L6, L7, L8, supports
L9, L10, L11
L16 L2, L3, L4, L5, Operating Maximum Maximum loads on vessel
L6, L7, L8, L9, nozzles etc.
L10, L11
L17 L4, L8, L10 Operating Maximum Maximum loads on
rotating equipment
Where,
WW = Water filled weight
HP = Hydro test pressure
W = Weight of piping & contents
T1 = Hot design temperature
T2 = Cold design temperature
T3 = Max. operating temperature
D1 = Displacement working in the opposite direction of the thermal expansion
from T1
D2 = Displacement working in the opposite direction of the thermal expansion
from T2
P1 = Design pressure
WIN1 = Wind load
In above, load cases that do not have temperature expansion or forced displacement are
done without friction.
More load cases might be required for a given stress model, e.g. in order to size spring
hangers, fatigue analysis etc. Less load cases might be required, e.g. if there is no wind
(in a sheltered area) or if there is no rotating equipment.
Typical load cases for the stress ratio calculation for temperature reduction:
Stress ratio is defined as the combined longitudinal stress due to pressure, dead weight,
and displacement strain (stress intensification factors are not included in this calculation)
divided by stress at the design minimum temperature. Refer ASME B31.3, fig. 323.2.2B,
Para (a).
Following load cases are to calculate the combined longitudinal stress due to pressure,
dead weight and displacement strain.
Case Type Description Purpose

L1 WW+HP Hydrotest Hydrotest Loads
L2 W+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition Loads/Deflection/
L3 W+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition Loads/Deflection/
L4 W+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition Loads/Deflection/
L5 W+P1 Sustained Weight + pressure Sustained stress/
only Loads/Deflection
L6 L3-L5 Expansion Expansion (with Expansion stress
friction)
L7 L4-L5 Expansion Expansion (without Expansion stress
friction)
L8 L6,L7 Expansion Maximum Maximum expansion stress
L9 L5+L8 Sustained Combined Stress ratio for
longitudinal stress temperature reduction
due to pressure,
dead weight and
displacement strain
Where,
4.10 DYNAMIC CALCULATIONS
4.10.1 General
Dynamic calculations might be required in the following instances:
 Slugs caused by two-phase flow
 Safety valve / bursting disk kick forces
 Water hammer from quick closing valves or from pump start/stop
 Reciprocating pump or compressor systems
When dynamic loads are present, it shall be ensured, that the natural frequency of the
system is sufficiently high, ref. section 4.8.7.
However, it might be decided to carry out a full dynamic analysis.
Note, that Caesar II will as a default ignore friction from the dynamical analysis, and that
gaps at supports will be set to zero. Caesar II will assume e.g. a +Y support to be a Y
support (in order to achieve a linear model for the dynamic analysis).
The means of improving the system's response to slugs is to make it more rigid using
stops and guides. Obviously, this will have a tendency to increase the stresses from
thermal expansion and forced displacement. In cases where an acceptable compromise
can not be found, the use of hydraulic or mechanic dampers might be considered – shall
however be approved by project engineer (PE). in each case.
4.10.2 Slug Calculations

Piping carrying two-phase flow (e.g. flow lines) will experience dynamic forces when at
bends, tees, valves etc. The magnitude of the forces can be calculated as shown in
attachment 7. The calculation requires the slug velocity to be known, it should be
informed by the project engineer (PE). or the process department.
In a true dynamic calculation, it is normal practice to assume the slug to have an extent
corresponding to the length of a pipe bend. From the velocity of the slug and the length
travelled, the time of arrival at each bend or tee is calculated, and the force is coded as
single step function acting at each tee/bend for a duration corresponding to the slug
passing the bend. In order to obtain results reliable from the dynamic calculation, weights
of all components (e.g. valves, media etc.) shall be input as accurately as possible.
Further, it might be necessary to include supporting steel in the model in order to take
into account the flexibility at the supports.
Slug load is regarded as an occasional load, and the resulting sustained stresses may be
as high as 1.33 times the basic allowable load. However, since slugs might cause fatigue,
the number of slugs must be determined and a fatigue calculation be carried out.
A decisive factor in the result evaluation is the pipe movement caused by the slug; in
general it should be kept below 20 mm. Forces on supports should be checked.
4.10.3 Safety Valve / Bursting Disk Kick Forces

Kick forces shall be calculated as shown in attachments 5 and 6.
It might be decided to carry out a dynamic analysis in order to evaluate the forces
encountered when the flow hits the bends and tees further downstream (much like the
slug calculation described above).
In general we use the static method, and apply the kick force only at the valve or bursting
disk.
4.11 VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE

Assessment of the effects of vibration shall be carried out, e.g. according to ‘MTD
PUBLICATION 99/100’.
4.11.1 Overview
As per ‘MTD PUBLICATION 99/100’ this procedure has been split into three stages:
Stage 1. Identification of excitation mechanisms
Stage 2. Detailed screening of main pipe
Stage 3. Detailed screening of small bore connections
4.11.2 Stage 1 – Identification of Excitation Mechanisms

Fill out Questionnaire 1 (same questionnaire used for liquid and gas systems). See
attachment 9.
If any of the questions indicate a potential problem proceed to Stage 2.
If all of the questions indicate no potential problems there could still be a problem with
small bore connections, if other excitation mechanisms are present (e.g. intermittent
chock).
If the only excitation mechanism identified as a potential problem in gas systems from
Stage 1 is high frequency acoustic excitation then a Stage 3 analysis is not required. To
ensure that design features of small bore connections (SBC) are acceptable visual survey
should be undertaken and the design of the SBC should be checked to see if it is sound as
given in section 4.11.4.
4.11.3 Stage 2 – Detailed Screening of Main Pipe
4.11.3.1 Procedure for Detailed Screening of Main Pipe

The detailed screening of the main pipe is carried out according to ‘MTD PUBLICATION
99/100’, appendix A2.
In order to carry out stage 2 in an efficient manner, the following standard templates
should be prepared:
For the check for high frequency acoustic excitation:
 Spreadsheet (Excel or MathCad) for the calculation of sound power level (PWL)
 Typical values for molecular weight of gas determined
For the check for pulsation:
 spreadsheet (Excel or MathCAD) for the calculation of critical branch diameter
For the screening method for flow induced turbulence (A2.1)
 Spreadsheet for the calculation of typical natural frequencies. For lines where Caesar
II stress analysis has been carried out, the frequencies will be calculated using
Caesar.
 Spreadsheet for calculation of dv^2 and Fv and LOF
For the advanced screening method for flow induced turbulence in flexible pipe work
(A2.2)
 Spreadsheet for calculation of alfa, beta, Fv and LOF
For the screening method for high frequency acoustic excitation in process piping systems
(A2.3)
 Spreadsheet for calculation of PWL (sound power level) for branch, source and total.
Calculation of fatigue life and fatigue life multipliers and likelihood of failure
4.11.3.2 Corrective Actions for Main Pipe

Depending on the LOF (Likelihood of failure) calculated during screening, the following
actions shall be taken.
Intolerable – Likelihood of Failure ≥ 1

 The main pipe must be redesigned, re-supported or a detailed analysis of the main
line should be conducted as per ‘MTD PUBLICATION 99/100’, section 4.2 (Design
solutions for main pipe).
 In addition the small bore connections must be assessed as per Stage 3, see section
4.11.4
1.0 > Likelihood of Failure ≥ 0.5

 Where possible and feasible, the main pipe should be redesigned, re-supported or a
detailed analysis of the main line should be conducted as per ‘MTD PUBLICATION
99/100’, section 4.2 (Design solutions for main pipe).
 In addition the small bore connections must be assessed as per Stage 3, see section
4.11.4
0.5> Likelihood of Failure ≥ 0.3

 The principal area of concern is small bore connections and these should be assessed
as per Stage 3, see section 4.11.4
Likelihood of Failure < 0.3

 To ensure that the design of small bore connections is sound, refer. to the guidance
given in ‘MTD PUBLICATION 99/100’, section 4.3.
4.11.4 Stage 3 – Detailed Screening of Small Bore Connections
4.11.4.1 Procedure for Detailed Screening of Small Bore Connections

The detailed screening of the small bore connections is carried out according to ‘MTD
PUBLICATION 99/100’, appendix A3.
In order to carry out stage 3 in an efficient manner, the following standard template
should be prepared:
 Spreadsheet (Excel) for the calculation the likelihood of failure
4.11.4.2 Corrective Actions for Small Bore Connections

 Modify the connections or brace the connection by means of suitable support.
Remove unnecessary small bore connections. Further possible design solutions are
contained in ‘MTD PUBLICATION 99/100’, section 4.3 (Design solutions for small bore
connections).

 Consider modifying the connection, as above
Likelihood of Failure < 0.4

 To ensure that the designs of small bore connections are sound, refer to the
guidance given in ‘MTD PUBLICATION 99/100’, section 4.3.
4.12 FLOW LINES AND LIFT GAS LINES

When analyzing a flowlines and lift gas lines, detailed calculation is normally only carried
out for the longest and shortest flow line within each comparable set of lines. Remaining
lines are approved by comparison.
The flow and lift gas lines for which full analysis is not carried out, will be approved by
visual comparison with the lines which have been analyzed. If for a given line it is not
possible by comparison with the longest and shortest lines to approve the line - and if the
line and its supports can not be modified such that approval by comparison is not possible
full analysis will be carried out also for any such line.
4.12.1 Design Data, Loads and Design Criteria

Horizontal displacement of wells and the corresponding angular movement shall be taken
into account.
Based on attachment 11, we have calculated that the accumulated equivalent number of
cycles (as compared to the 100 year wave) for all waves and tidal current during 25 years
design life to be 1487996. See attachment 12 for details. These data may be vary, based
on the magnitude of the conductor wave motions calculated by Structures & Pipelines.
In the calculations summarized in attachment 11, it has been assumed, that chocks are in
place at the guides at elevations +14,000 and -5,000. Historically this has not always
been the case. If the chocks are not in place, the fatigue load might be several
magnitudes higher than assumed – potentially culminating in the development of cracks
and line failure. Therefore it is important to ensure that the chocks are installed.
As the chocks are assumed at the cellar deck, there will only be angular movement at that
location, see figure 1.
Figure 1: Displacement of x-mas tree due to wave or current. Based on the angular movement α, the horizontal
movements at the connections to flow line and lift gas (A and B) are calculated.
4.12.1.1 Vertical Displacement of Wells

A vertical displacement of +50 mm shall be used. This displacement is assumed in order
to take into account thermal growth of the well (though none is expected), vertical
movement due to wave induced platform swaying and platform settlement.
4.12.1.2 Cyclic Loads

Fatigue calculations from cyclic loading shall be considered according to B31.3, section
302.3.5 (d). The following loads and cycles will be taken into account:
Load External Number Comment

Displacement of cycles
at flow line
connection
Thermal NA 50 The wells are basically assumed to be in
cycles continuous operation.
(minimum
design
temperature
to maximum
design
temperature)
Slug NA 6 Slugs Based on engineering judgment and on the
per hour fact that some minutes usually passes
for 5 between each larger slug.
years Normally the line will only be operated in a
slugging regime for part of its lifetime.
Wave + tidal +/- 8.7 mm 1487996 The number of cycles is the equivalent
current +/- 0.12° number of cycles for all waves and tidal
current as compared to the 100 year wave,
ref. attachment 5.1 Displacement range
corresponding to 100 year wave (17.4 mm)
Vertical 50 mm 50 Since the vertical displacement is assumed
displacement in order to account for thermal growth,
platform swaying and settlement, the
number of cycles is somewhat arbitrarily
chosen – based on engineering judgment.
It will be assumed that the vertical displacement cycles are concurrent with the thermal
cycles. The equivalent number of cycles (ref. attachment 12) is based on,
1. Thermal cycle
2. Wave + tidal current
3. Slugs
Since this number is more than the 7000, the stress reduction factor calculated according
to B31.3, section 302.3.5, is less than f = 1.
4.12.2 Slug loads on Flowlines

Previously the FDP2005 flowlines have not been analyzed for slugs, since it was not
originally considered a problem. But now slugging has been observed on some wells
already in operation - in some cases the slugging has lead to supports being damaged or
breaking off. Hence flowlines will now be analyzed for slugs. This will normally be done by
dynamic simulation.
When more experience is gained with dynamic slug calculations, it should be considered to
replace it with a verification of the natural frequency of the line, to see that is above a
certain limit. This could possibly provide sufficient safety against slug problems and will
greatly reduce analysis time.
Slug calculations are complicated by the circumstance that it is very difficult to accurately
determine velocity, density and frequency of the slugs, especially for wells that are not yet
in operation. But even for wells in operation, the data are rough estimates and will change
over time. Also it is very difficult to predict whether slugs will or will not form in a given
line, and what the frequency will be.
In order to make the line resistant to slugs, it needs to be well restrained. But too many
restraints will cause too high stress from well movements or from temperature expansion.
For this reason the optimum restraining of the line is a compromise between stiffness and
flexibility demands. Also it is often difficult to locate rigid supports in the wellhead area.
To arrive at a suitable degree of stiffness, it is important that the data assumed in the slug
calculation are not unnecessarily conservative.
Due to this and due to the many uncertainties involved in slug calculations, the data
described below aims at providing a good degree of safety against unacceptable pipe
stress from slug, without making it impossible to also obtain a reasonable degree of pipe
flexibility. Should slug problems arise despite the analysis described in this procedure,
they can be expected to observe by the operators, and appropriate action can be taken.
Consequently the below data should be used:
Parameter Value Justification

Differential 500 kg/m3 Slugs are very irregular in shape. They will be mainly liquids
density but will include pockets of gas. The gas before and after the
slug will also carry liquid. The value given is – based on
engineering judgment - considered a reasonable figure.
Velocity 16 m/sec. Well fluid velocities vary greatly from well to well and over
time within a give well. They can range from less than 4
m/sec. to more than 40 m/sec. It is however known that
the probability of slug formation reduces with increasing
flow velocity. Hence the value given is – based on
engineering judgment - considered a reasonable figure.
Slug length 2 meter Based on engineering judgment.
4.12.3 Fatigue for Flowlines

Number of expansion/displacement cycles is equivalent to thermal cycles, wave + tidal
current cycles, slug cycles. If the piping is subjected to more than 7000 cycles, the
allowable stress shall be reduced as described in ‘ASME B31.3’, section 302.3.5(d).
In general a design life of 25 years will be assumed in fatigue calculations, if not otherwise
specified.
See attachment 13 for fatigue calculation.
4.12.4 Load cases for Well Calculations

The revised load cases for the flow lines are:
No. Case Type Description Purpose
L1 WW+HP+H Hydrotest Hydro test Loads
Sustained
L2 W+P1+H Sustained Weight + pressure stress/Loads/
Deflection
W+D1+T1+
L3 Operating Hot condition – with friction Loads / Deflection
P1+H
W+T2+P1+ Cold condition – with
L4 Operating Loads / Deflection
H friction
W+D1+D2+ Hot + North movement –
T1+P1+H with friction
W+D1+D3+ Hot + South movement –
W+D1+D4+ Hot + East movement –
W+D1+D5+ Hot + West movement –

W+T3+P1+ Operating condition – with
H+WIN1 friction
W+D1+T1+ Hot condition – without
P1+H friction
W+T2+P1 Cold condition – without
+H friction
W+D1+D2+ Hot + North movement –
T1+P1+H without friction
W+D1+D3+ Hot + South movement –
W+D1+D4+ Hot + East movement –
W+D1+D5+ Hot + West movement –
W+T3+P1+ Operating condition –
H+WIN1 without friction
W+P1+H+ Total Occasional
L17 Occasional Weight +pressure +Wind
WIN1 Stress
Expansion Stress
L18 L3-L4 Expansion Temperature – with friction Range
Expansion Stress
L19 L5-L6 Expansion North – South with friction
Range
Expansion Stress
L20 L7-L8 Expansion East – West with friction
Range
Maximum
Expansion Stress
L19, L20 Maximum Horizontal with Range from
L21 Expansion
(Max) friction horizontal
movements.
Absolute sum of
stresses from
L18+L21 Temperature + Max horizontal well
L22 Expansion
(Abs) Horizontal with friction head movements
& temperature
expansion.
Temperature – without Expansion Stress
L23 L10-L11 Expansion
friction Range
North – South without Expansion Stress
L24 L12-L13 Expansion
friction Range
Expansion Stress
L25 L14-L15 Expansion East-West without friction
Range
Maximum
Expansion Stress
L24,L25 Maximum Horizontal
L26 Expansion Range from
(Max) without friction
horizontal
movement.
Absolute sum of
stresses from
L23+L26 Temperature + Max horizontal well
L27 Expansion
(Abs) Horizontal without friction head movement &
temperature
expansion.
Maximum
L22, L27
L28 Expansion Maximum expansion stress
(Max)

L1,L2,L3,L4,
L5,L6,L7,L8,
L9,L10,L11,L Maximum loads on
L29 Operating Maximum
12,L13, supports
L14,L15,
L16,L17
L2,L3,L4,L5,
L6,L7,L8,L9,
Maximum loads on
L30 L10,L11, Operating Maximum
well nozzle
L12,13,L14,
L15,L16,L17
Where,
H = Hanger force
T3 = Operating temperature
D1 = vertical displacement of well Y = 50 mm
D2 = North displacement Z = -8.7 mm, RX = -0.12°
D3 = South displacement Z = 8.7 mm, RX = 0.12°
D4 = East displacement X = 8.7 mm, RZ = -0.12°
D5 = West displacement X = -8.7 mm, RZ = 0.12°
WIN1 = Wind load
In addition appropriate dynamic load cases shall be made for the slug calculation.
4.13 GRP LINES

Manufacturers guidelines for design, pipe spans and for performing stress calculation
should be adhered to where available.
4.13.1 Material Values

Material values shall be in accordance with specific vendor information where available.
Following is used for material values based on Ameron vendor data:
Material #
Select material no. 20 plastic pipe (FRP) from the material database in CAESAR II
software.
E MOD/ axial
The axial elastic modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) pipe; For the value refer to
the appropriate product data sheet (value for axial tensile modulus).
Ea/Eh*Vh/a. (equivalent to value Va/h as shown below)
The product of the ratio of the axial to the hoop elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Eh is the hoop elastic modulus.
Vh/a is the Poisson’s ratio relating the strain in the axial direction due to a stress in the
hoop direction.
Va/h is the Poisson’s ratio relating the strain in the hoop direction due to a stress in the
axial direction. For the value refer to the appropriate product data sheet (value for
Poisson’s ratio hoop/axial).
Pipe weight
The weight of the pipe on a per unit volume basis; for the value refer to the appropriate
product data sheet (value for density).
Plastic (FRP) alpha *1,000,000 (mm./mm./deg)
The thermal expansion coefficient for the FRP pipe; for the value refer to the appropriate
product data sheet (value for thermal expansion).
Plastic (FRP) ratio shear modulus/ Emod (axial)
The ratio of the shear modulus (G) to the axial elastic modulus (Ea) of the FRP pipe.
Plastic (FRP) laminate type (1,2 or 3)
The default laminate type (as defined in the BS 7159 code) of the FRP pipe. The value to
be used is three (3).
Plastic (FRP) stress intensification factor
For analysis performed by UKOOA code, use default SIF values computed by Caesar II. If
analysis is using B31.3 as the reference piping code, SIF values for elbow, tee and reducer
are 2.3, 2.3 and 1.0 respectively.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
BONDSTRAND EPOXY SERIES (GRE)
FILAMENT WOUND WITH HELICAL ANGLE OF ±55º
Property Value Unit
E modulus axial (Ea) 12500 N/mm2
E modulus hoop (Eh) 25200 N/mm2
Shear modulus (G) 6400 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio hoop/axial (Va/h) 0.40 -
Density 1800 Kg/m3
Expansion coefficient 18 E-6 mm/mm/°C
CAESAR II ALLOWABLE STRESS INPUT

UKOOA CODE (20 YEARS)
Bondstrand Epoxy Series (GRE) - 20 years UKOOA Input
Temp, °C 21 66 93
f1 0.872 0.872 0.863
LTHS, MPa 162.8 162.8 126.05
Sh, MPa 141.96 141.96 108.78
Sas(0:1), MPa 80 70.63 65
Sas(2:1), MPa 110 110 110
Sa(0:1), MPa 59.2 52.26 37.24
Sa(2:1), MPa 81.4 81.4 63.025
F 0.727 0.642 0.591
Eff (f2) 0.67 (SUS), 0.83 (OPE), 0.89 (OCC)
Fac (k) 0.85 (liquids), 0.8 (gases)
Where,
f1 = The part factor, which provides a measure of degree of
scatter in the long term pressure tests
LTHS = The long term hydrostatic strength of pipe determined in
accordance with ASTM D2992
Sh, MPa = Hot allowable stress in hoop direction
Sas(0:1), = The short term axial strength at the 0:1 condition
MPa
Sas(2:1), = The short term axial strength at the 2:1 condition
MPa
Sa(0:1), = The long term axial strength at the 0:1 condition

MPa
Sa(0:1) = Sas(0:1) x [Sa(2:1) / Sas(2:1)]
Sa(2:1), = The long term axial strength at the 2:1 condition
MPa
F=r = Sa(0:1) / Sa(2:1)
Eff (f2) = The part factor f2 which is a factor of safety
Fac (k) = The mean temperature change multiplier
4.13.2 Dynamic Loads on GRP

GRP piping shall be analyzed for dynamic loads unless otherwise approved by project
engineer (PE)., as described in MITS-2, section 3.8.2.
4.13.3 Load Cases

Following load cases shall be used for GRP piping lines:
L1 WW+HP Hydro test Hydro test Stress/Loads

L2 W+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition - with Stress/Loads/
friction Deflection
L3 W+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition - with Stress/Loads/
friction Deflection
L4 W+(T1-T2)+P1 Operating Range with friction Stress
L5 W+T3+P1+ Operating Operating+Wind Stress/Loads/
WIN1 Deflection
L6 W+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition - Stress/Loads/
without friction Deflection
L7 W+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition - Stress/Loads/
L8 W+(T1-T2)+P1 Operating Range without friction Stress
L9 W+T3+P1+ Operating Operating+Wind Stress/Loads/
WIN1 Deflection
L10 W+P1 Sustained Weight +pressure Stress/Loads/
Deflection
L11 W+P1+ WIN1 Occasional Weight +pressure Total Occasional
+Wind Stress
L12 L2,L3,L5,L6, Operating Maximum Maximum Loads at
L7,L9,L10,L11 nozzle
L13 L1,L2,L3,L5,L6, Operating Maximum Maximum
L7,L9,L10,L11 stress/Loads on
supports
Where,
WIN1 = Wind load
Following load cases shall be used for GRP piping lines with bridge displacement:
L1 WW+HP Hydro test Hydro test Stress/Loads

L2 W+D1+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition - with Stress/Loads/

friction Deflection
L3 W+D2+T2+P1 Operating Cold condition - with Stress/Loads/
friction Deflection
L4 W+T3+P1+ Operating Operating+Wind – Stress/Loads/
WIN1 with friction Deflection
L5 W+D1+T1+P1 Operating Hot condition - Stress/Loads/
L6 W+D2+T2+P1 Operating Hot condition - Stress/Loads/
L7 W+T3+P1+ Operating Operating+Wind – Stress/Loads/
WIN1 Without friction Deflection
L8 W+P1 Sustained Weight +pressure Stress/Loads/
Deflection
L9 W+P1+ WIN1 Occasional Weight +pressure Total Occasional
+Wind Stress
L10 L2-L3 Operating Temperature and Stress
displacement range
L11 L5-L6 Operating Temperature and Stress
displacement range
L12 L2,L3,L4, L5,L6, Operating Maximum Maximum Loads at
L6,L7,L8,L9 nozzle
L13 L1,L2,L3,L4,L5, Operating Maximum Maximum
L6,L7,L8,L9 stress/Loads on
supports
Where,
D1 = Displacement working in the opposite direction of
the thermal expansion from T1
D2 = Displacement working in the opposite direction of
the thermal expansion from T2
WIN1 = Wind load
Note: For load cases which includes two temperatures, e.g. L4 & L8 (W+T1-T2+P1),
CAESAR takes the allowable stress as maximum of the allowable values at T1 and T2. So
to be conservative enter the same allowable stress for all temperatures (minimum
allowable value) in the allowable stress field in the CAESAR II input spreadsheet.
4.14 THE STRESS CALCULATION MODEL
4.14.1 Friction
Since friction can not be modeled accurately and since it in general can not be predicted
whether including friction in the model or not will give the most conservative results, this
conservative approach shall be used: All loads that includes temperature expansion or
forced displacements shall be done twice – one time with friction, and one time without
friction. Load cases that do not have temperature expansion or forced displacement are
done without friction. See also the load case description in section 4.9.
4.14.2 Restraints
4.14.2.1 Gaps on Stops and Guides

In general, gaps at guides and stops are not included in the stress model, even though
support drawings normally specify 3 mm gaps. This is in general conservative, as the line
is taken to be more restricted, than it actually is. Near equipment nozzles, the restraint
gaps of critical restraints shall be modeled.
4.14.2.2 Trunnion Supports

In general, the trunnion itself is not included in the model. Instead the restraint is applied
directly onto the pipe or bends. Only at especially long trunnions or at positions close to
sensitive nozzles, the trunnions shall be modeled.
4.14.2.3 Modeling of Support Steel

In general, support steel is not included in the stress model and normally the supports are
modeled as totally rigid. Where a support is positioned to protect a nozzle, it might be
required to include the flexibility of the support in the model (since deflection of the
support will obviously increase the forces on the nozzle).
4.14.2.4 Stress Intensification Factors

Normally the stress intensification factors (SIF's) calculated by Caesar is used.
However SIF’s for branches other than 90 degrees is not defined under the piping codes
and in that case a user defined SIF’s should be added at branch connection.
In ASME B31.3, SIF calculation is available only for 90° fittings. For lateral fittings SIF
shall be taken from vendor. If it is not available then SIF shall be calculated based on
French code CODETI.
4.14.2.5 Flexibility of Nozzles on Vessels

In order to achieve a realistic model the stress engineer might decide to include the
flexibilities of nozzles on vessels and shell and tube heat exchangers in the model. These
can be calculated using Caesar II using the method described in WRC107 and WRC 297.
4.15 VISUAL CHECK

A critical line does not always demand a detailed analysis by the use of Caesar II. In some
cases, the line can be approved by visual check.
When performing a visual check, the following is of special importance:
 Does the line seem to have sufficient flexibility to absorb the temperature expansion
and external movements (Wellhead movement, Bridge movement, etc.) In order to
make a judgment about one line, information might be required also about
connecting piping.
 Are sufficient supports present to take the weight of the pipe? Pay attention to
supports that might lift off during operation and therefore be ineffective.
 Are there guides to ensure, that the system is not too loose?
The results from visual check shall be recorded on the critical line list.
4.16 REPORTING
4.16.1 General
The piping stress report should cover all the lines within the scope of a given project. The
report might cover several computer models.
The piping stress analysis report shall as clearly as possible express the basis for the
stress analysis, how it has been carried out, and what the results are.
The report shall include these sections:

 Introduction
 Summary and conclusion
 Design data
 Design criteria
 Calculation model, including boundary conditions
 Load cases
 Results
The results shall be presented in the same order as the design criteria, so that it is easy to
see, whether all criteria has been evaluated.
The attachments shall include:
 Critical line list including critical line criteria
 Mark-up of P&ID’s showing the extent of any computer model
 Stress isometrics
 Pipe support drawings
 Vendor drawings or datasheets showing dimensions, allowable nozzle loads etc.
 Graphic plot from Caesar II
 Caesar II input listing
 Caesar II output files (stresses, displacements etc., natural frequency report). The
output files shall be presented in the same order as they are required to prove that
the system meets the design criteria. Data quoted in the report text (e.g. maximum
stress values) shall be underlined by hand and marked by an arrow in the margin for
easier reference.
 Supporting calculations (e.g. local stresses at trunnions)
 Strength calculations on e.g. drip rings, fabricated tees etc.
 Spring hanger datasheets
 The spreadsheet showing allowable moments of flanges according to ASME III
4.17 ELECTRONIC FILES

For FDP2005 files shall be stored according to the MOQ project denominator and in a
folder named ‘Stress Analysis 2005 Development DDO’, see example below:
Files shall be in the appropriate project directory at all times, also when in use. Local hard
drives or personal folders on servers shall not be used.
The root of each project directory shall contain the following folders:
Full revision history shall be maintained. Each revision (preliminary, revision 0) shall have
a separate subfolder, as shown in the example above.
Overview shall be maintained in each of the revision folders by sorting files into sub-
folders, e.g.:
If the stress engineer wishes to store an intermediate copy of an electronic file, this shall
be done in a folder named ‘_old’:
A new revision is initialized by copying the required files from the previous revision to the
new revision.
All electronic files (except preliminary) shall have the word ‘revision’ and the revision
number as the last part of the file name, e.g. ‘ACPI01-01 revision 0.C2’ or ‘ACPI01-341-
011-Stress Report revision 0.doc’.
4.18 HARD FILES

Hard copies of P&ID’s, line lists, stress isometrics, fabrication isometrics, support details,
vendor data etc. issued to the piping stress team shall be stored in the binders kept for
this purpose by the stress team, sorted by project number.
Deliverables – e.g. stress reports – issued by the piping stress team shall be copied,
distributed and retained on file according to the procedures in place at the DDO, under
supervision of the Document Controller.
4.19 QUALITY ASSURANCE
4.19.1 Preliminary Calculations

Before delivering results from any stress analysis, the stress model and the analysis shall
have been subject to self check. In addition – the first time results are delivered from a
model – it shall be subject to discipline check. I.e. the calculation shall be checked by
another engineer in the stress team.
4.19.2 Discipline Check of Preliminary Calculations:

Before the discipline check, the originator must have made a thorough self check of the
calculation and have corrected the calculation accordingly.
When the check is initiated, the originator hands over the following to the checker:
 A filled out and signed check list to the checker
 A print of the warnings in the model including check print stamp, signed by the
originator. On the print, the originator shall by hand have noted why the warnings
are acceptable.
 A complete input listing including check print stamp, signed by the originator
 The checker shall:

 Go through the points in the checklist, fill out his column, make notes where he
disagrees and sign.
 Check the warning list
 Make a complete check of the input listing (yellow highlighter check)
 Do whatever he finds necessary to assure himself that the calculation is correct
 Sign the check stamps.
The MOQ procedure titled as ‘Check procedure for drawings and documents’ (Part of
general procedure under DDEPRC-01 project) for colours used during checking shall be
adhered to. The originator shall update the calculation, the checker shall back check, and
both shall sign the check stamp (back draft and back check fields).
The originator shall scan the signed check list, warning print and input listing and store in
the “Check file” folder of the project directory.
The file shall be named
[CALCULATION NUMBER] Discipline Check – [DATE]
e.g.: “AFWU01-01 Discipline Check – 09 June 07. pdf”
For later updates of the model, all changes shall be noted in the change log. When making
later updates of the model, the originator shall together with the Piping Stress Lead
engineer decide, whether renewed discipline check is required.
4.20 WORKFLOW DESCRIPTION

The purpose of this description is to describe the workflow for the piping design and pipe
stress analysis disciplines in relation to pipe stress analysis. It shows what is delivered by
whom and in which sequence.
TASK PERFORMED BY DELIVERABLES
1 Preliminary piping Piping design team Preliminary stress isometrics showing
design (optional – if routing and proposed support locations
agreed between
piping design and
piping stress teams,
that an early stress
calculation shall be
carried out)
2 Early stress analysis Piping stress team Information to piping design team, as to
(optional, see whether the proposed design is acceptable
above) from a pipe stress point of view, support
loads if required etc. Information will
primarily be forwarded as mark-ups of the
stress isometrics.
3 Design piping, Rev. Piping design team Preliminary Rev. A of fabrication isometrics
A (preliminary, Note with support locations
1) Preliminary Rev. A of stress isometrics,
showing:
 Line numbers
 Piping layout, including existing
piping up to first line stops or
anchors
 Dimensions
 Proposed support locations.
Notification about trunnion supports
 Bubbles for numbers of key nodes,
including all bends, tees, reducers,
flanges and support locations
 Tie-in points
 Line data and design conditions
 Valve data
 Datasheets/vendor drawings for
TASK PERFORMED BY DELIVERABLES

connected equipment (vessels,
pumps etc.)
 Reference drawing numbers, e.g. for
P&ID’s
4 Perform preliminary Piping stress team Preliminary stress calculation model. In
stress analysis general, no discipline check is performed at
this stage
Mark-up of stress isometrics showing:

 Required changes to piping
 Required support locations and types
(rest, guide, stop etc.)
 Node numbers
 Forces and moments on nozzles,
anchors and supports + deflections.
 Spring data sheet if applicable
5 Design piping, Rev. Piping design team Rev. A of fabrication isometrics, with
A (final) comments from piping stress team
incorporated. For signing off by stress
lead/designated person.
6 Design piping, Rev. Piping design team Preliminary Rev. 0 of fabrication isometrics
0. (Preliminary, Preliminary/final Rev. 0 of pipe support
Note 1.) fabrication drawings for review by stress
team.
Preliminary Rev. 0 of stress isometrics.
Same content as Rev. A
7 Update of Piping stress team Same content as above.
preliminary stress
analysis
8 Design piping, Rev. Piping design team Rev. 0 of fabrication isometrics, signed off
0 by stress lead/designated person
Rev. 0 of pipe support fabrication
9 Perform rev. 0 Piping stress team Rev. 0 of piping stress model
stress analysis Rev. 0 of stress report.
Discipline check of piping stress report.
Mark-up of stress isometrics. Content as for
preliminary stress calculation, but in
addition:
 Occasional load
 Stress summary
 Spring summary
10 Forward stress Piping stress team Forwarding of stress report to client

report to client
11 MOQ review MOQ Review comments within two weeks,
otherwise considered approved.
12 Forward stress MOQ Forwarding of stress report to BV for
report to certifying verification.
agency (BV)
13 Update stress report Piping stress team Stress report updated to revision 1
with BV comments
(if any)
14 Forward stress Piping stress team Forwarding of stress report Rev. 1 to client
report to client
Notes: Preliminary meaning that they are issued with the intention of getting comments
from stress team and others.
4.20.1 WORKFLOW DIAGRAM
PIPING DESIGN TEAM PIPING STRESS TEAM MOQ

Step 1:
Preliminary piping design
Step 2:
Early stress analysis
Step 3:
Design piping, Rev. A -
Preliminary
Step 4:
Preliminary stress
analysis
Step 5:
Design piping, Rev. A -
final
Step 6:
Design piping, Rev. 0
Step 7:
Update of preliminary
stress analysis
Step 8:
Design piping, Rev. 0
Step 9:
Rev. 0 stress analysis
report
Step 10:
Forward stress report to
client
Step 11:
MOQ review and approval
Step 12:
BV
Step 13:
Update stress report with
BV comments
Step 14:
client
5 DEFINITIONS
AFC Approved For Construction

API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society Of Mechanical Engineers
BV Bureau Veritas
Cu-Ni Copper – Nickel
MOQ Maersk Oil Qatar AS
DDE Detail Design Engineering
FDP Future Development Projects
FRP Fiberglass reinforced plastic
GRP Glass reinforced plastic
GRE Glassfiber reinforced epoxy
IFC Issued For Comments
LOF Likelihood of failure
MTD Marine Technology directorate
PSV Pressure Safety valve
P&ID Process & Instrumentation diagram
SIF Stress intensification factor
SBC Small bore connections
UKKOA United kingdom offshore operators association
WRC Welding Research Council
MITS Maersk International Technical Standard
6 ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1 - Checklist for Piping Stress Analysis
Attachment 2 - Allowable Flange Loads
Attachment 3 - Trunnion Calculation
Attachment 4 - Lug Calculation
Attachment 5 - Relief Force From Safety Valves in Gas Systems
Attachment 6 - Relief Force From Safety Valves in Liquid Systems
Attachment 7 - Calculation of Slug Loads On Pipe Bends
Attachment 8 - Calculation of Wave Loads On Pipe
Attachment 9 - Questionnaire for Design against Vibration
Attachment 10 - Spring Data Sheet
Attachment 11 - Wellhead Movements
Attachment 12 - Wave and Movement Data for Fatigue Calculation
Attachment 13 - Fatigue Calculation
ATTACHMENT 1
CHECKLIST FOR PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS
Attachment No.: 1
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 2
ALLOWABLE FLANGE LOADS
Attachment No.: 2
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 4
Attachment No.: 2
Rev.:0 Page 2 of 4
Attachment No.: 2
Rev.:0 Page 3 of 4
Attachment No.: 2
Rev.:0 Page 4 of 4
ATTACHMENT 3
TRUNNION CALCULATION
Attachment No.: 3
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 3
Attachment No.: 3
Rev.:0 Page 2 of 3
Attachment No.: 3
Rev.:0 Page 3 of 3
ATTACHMENT 4
LUG CALCULATION
Attachment No.: 4
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 5
RELIEF FORCE FROM SAFETY VALVES IN GAS SYSTEMS
Attachment No.: 5
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 6
RELIEF FORCE FROM SAFETY VALVES IN LIQUID
SYSTEMS
Attachment No.: 6
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 7
CALCULATION OF SLUG LOADS ON PIPE BENDS
Attachment No.: 7
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 8
CALCULATION OF WAVE LOADS ON PIPE
Attachment No.: 8
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 9
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DESIGN AGAINST VIBRATION
Attachment No.: 9
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 10
SPRING DATA SHEET
Attachment No.: 10
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 11
WELLHEAD MOVEMENTS
Attachment No.: 11
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 12
WAVE AND MOVEMENT DATA FOR FATIGUE CALCULATION
Attachment No.: 12
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 1
ATTACHMENT 13
FATIGUE CALCULATION
Attachment No.: 13
Rev.:0 Page 1 of 2
Attachment No.: 13
Rev.:0 Page 2 of 2

Piping stress analysis procedure

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PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

2.1 COMPANY STANDARDS, PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES .................................. 4

4.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................... 5

2.1 COMPANY STANDARDS, PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES

2.2 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION, CODES AND STANDARDS

4.3 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

4.4 DESIGN DATA

4.4.4 Forced Displacements

4.4.4.1 Bridge Movement

4.4.4.2 Wellhead Displacements

4.4.4.3 Movement of Nozzles on Vessels and Exchangers

4.4.4.4 Movement on Nozzles on Turbines, Expanders and Compressors

4.4.5 Occasional Loads

4.4.5.2 Wave Loads

4.4.5.3 Slug Loads

4.4.5.4 Water Hammer

4.4.5.6 Transportation Loads

4.4.6 Accidental Loads

4.4.7 Friction Coefficients

4.4.8 Installation Temperature

4.4.9 Geometrical Data

4.5 PIPING DESIGN

4.5.1 Cold Springing

4.5.2 Expansion Joints

4.6 PIPE SUPPORT DESIGN

4.6.1 General Support Considerations

4.6.2 Limit Stops

4.6.3 Spring Hangers

4.6.4 Support at Safety Valves

4.6.5 Spring Supports

4.6.5.1 Variable Spring Support

4.6.5.2 Constant Spring Support

4.6.5.3 Spring Data Sheet

4.7 CRITICAL LINES

Stress sensitive equipment

4.8 DESIGN CRITERIA

4.8.1 Pipe Stresses

4.8.1.1 Piping Wall Thickness / Circumferential Stresses

4.8.1.2 Sustained Stresses

4.8.1.3 Occasional Loads

4.8.1.4 Displacement Stress

4.8.1.5 Hydro Test

4.8.1.6 Pressure Design of Piping Components

4.8.2 Local Stresses

4.8.2.1 Kellogg Method for Local Stresses

- The bending stress, SB in a cylindrical shell is a function of pipe size, pipe

4.8.2.3 Other Welded Attachments

4.8.3 Flange loads

4.8.4.1 Deflections Caused by Temperature Expansion

4.8.4.2 Deflection Caused by Pipe Weight

4.8.5 Forces on Supports

4.8.7 Natural Frequency

4.8.8 Forces and Moments on Equipment Nozzles

4.8.8.3 Nozzle loads for existing equipments

4.8.8.6 Loads on Supports

4.9 LOAD CASES

Case Type Description Purpose

4.10 DYNAMIC CALCULATIONS

4.10.2 Slug Calculations

4.10.3 Safety Valve / Bursting Disk Kick Forces

4.11 VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE

4.11.2 Stage 1 – Identification of Excitation Mechanisms