UNIVERSITATEA AGRARĂ DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA

Bivol Ludmila

Raport
pe tema „Nutriţia animalelor”

Specialitatea 06.02.02. Nutriţia animalelor şi tehnologia furajelor

conducător ştiinţific:
Caisîn Larisa , dr., conf. univ.
 CHIŞINĂU 2011
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
(01) The objectives of the fish nutrition consultancy to the Fisheries Research
Institute (FRI) and the Freshwater Aquaculture Research Station (FARS) at Mymensingh
were to plan and begin development of the fish nutrition and fish feed technology
capabilities of FARS for applied nutrition research.
(02) Plans and preliminary research programmes on applied nutrition were to be
developed with existing staff, and future research, development and extension for
technology transfer were to be reviewed with appropriate scientists and supervisory
personnel. Plans and technical advice were to be focused first on applied nutrition and
feed technology research for freshwater aquaculture, and were to be later extended to diet
development for brackishwater aquaculture and mariculture.
1.2 Terms of Reference
(03) The Terms of Reference for the two month consultancy are shown in
Annex A. The primary elements of the ToR focused upon a National Fish Feedstuffs
Survey to identify indigenous agricultural commodoties and by-products which would be
available for formulating diets to rear the various species of fish under various
aquaculture strategies. Concurrently, plans for initial fish nutrition research programmes
were to be implemented and capabilities for conducting further fish nutrition and fish
feed technology research were to be designed, including lists of needed equipment,
facilities and specifications for experimental feed milling and diet preparations.
Monitoring of research progress was to be accomplished by correspondence, followed by
subsequent review upon return of the Fish Nutritionist for one month in 1987. More
specific details can be found in the ToR.
1.3 Progress
(04) All major elements of the ToR were fulfilled; accomplishments of the
consultancy can be found in Annexes B-R. The capability to conduct applied fish
nutrition and feed technology research at FARS was planned and initiated. Original staff
of 2 scientific officers was expanded to 4 to begin implementation of the programmes.
Training of 3 scientific staff was conducted on a daily schedule during each day present
at Mymensingh.
(05) A co-operative Bangladesh Agricultural University FARS project for
conducting a National Fish Feedstuffs Survey was completed and was submitted to the
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) for immediate funding. The project
plan includes:
collection of representative samples of available indigenous ingredients;
preservation of these samples for assay for gross nutrient profile analysis of the
samples;
collection of data on the quantitative availability of the potential feed
ingredients;
AOAC analysis of gross nutrients in samples.
(06) The existing nutrition and chemistry laboratories at FARS were cleaned,
equipment available inventoried and checked for operation, and a list of needed
equipment and supplies was assembled. Research proposals for the first phase of the fish
nutrition programme were submitted to the Director of FRI and a five year general plan
for research and diet development was completed.
2. NUTRITION LABORATORY CAPABILITY
2.1 Nutrition laboratory at FARS
(07) The nutrition laboratory at FARS comprises one small room with a
minimum of desk or counter space and a minimum of cupboard or storage area/space.
The laboratory had been idle and imcompleted for several years. Equipment stored was
coroded and often damaged by rodents or vermin. All laboratory space and equipment
useful for nutrition research and feed quality control was cleaned and tested for operation.
Much of the equipment could be repaired, but several items viz. spectrophotometer,
electronic analytical balance and other electronic equipment need to be serviced by
factory representatives and put back into acceptable condition. Electric meat grinder and
extruder were not available; therefore hand-operated equipment was purchased for initial
use in small scale experiments involving diet preparations for small lots of fish. The
electric water still was repaired, installed and tested for operation. Distilled water is now
available for the Station. Demonstrations of several type diet preparations were made for
Station personnel.
2.2 Limitations
(08) The capability of the nutrition laboratory is limited but it can be used for
proximate analysis of feeds and feedstuffs for gross nutrient profiles, which will be useful
in diet formulations. It can also be used for analysis of digestible components in finished
feeds and for lipid rancidity assays. Addition of an adiobatic calorimeter will be
necessary before gross and metabolic energy determinations can be made. The laboratory
is very small for nutrition work, and other laboratory space will be needed as the
programme expands.
2.3 Equipment needs
(09) Additional equipment needs of the nutrition laboratory were listed for items
to complete the capability of the laboratory for gross nutrient profile assays, as well as for
other simple analyses needed in the initial phases of the nutrition research programme at
FARS. This list of equipment with 1985 prices (FOB Seattle, USA) can be found in
Annex B. The total amounts to a little over US$ 30,000. A VWR catalogue, giving
specifications for each item was donated to the library of FARS; VWR has been reported
to have an agent in Bangladesh.
 3. RESEARCH PROGRAMME PLANNING
3.1 Daily training sessions
(10) Daily training sessions were scheduled for A. Khaleque, Momtaz Alam and
Nahar Rahman, the three scientific officers assigned to the nutrition programme at FARS.
Principles of fish nutrition, nutrient requirement studies, diet formulation techniques, and
of applied nutrition testing were briefly reviewed. Several references were donated to the
library for use by the personnel in developing their individual research proposals.
(11) Originally all personnel had grossly exaggerated concepts of what could be
done with the equipment, staff, time and money available. These general concepts were
reduced to workable projects which could be implemented and which would contribute to
improved fish husbandry in Bangladesh. A General Research Plan in Nutrition and Fish
Feed Technology can be found in Annex C.
3.2 Developing research proposals
(12) How to develop a research proposal was studied and practiced by the
nutrition staff. Details of elements in proposal development can be found in Annex D.
The proposals are produced in a standard way on the FRI Research Project Proforma, as
exhibited in Annex E.
(13) Also the development of research budgets was discussed and applied to
proposal development. Details can be found in the FRI Research Project Proforma
(Annex E).
3.3 Research plans
(14) A five year plan for nutrition and feed technology research programmes
was discussed at length, outlining the general areas and priorities for research. A draft
plan was prepared by A. Khaleque, later adapted in discussions with Dr. M.V. Gupta, and
can be found in Annex F.
(15) Protein requirement study techniques were reviewed with the staff. An
example of this type of studies can be found in the research proposal on protein
requirement in catfish in Annex G.
(16) Digestibility study techniques were discussed with various options and
strategies to be used. One example of a research proposal to measure digestability of a
diet and of protein components of that diet by Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) was prepared
(Annex H).
(17) Dietary research technology for various target species of fish and shrimp
reared in Bangladesh was developed with the staff. A list of target species and type diet
technology research needed can be found in Annex I.
(18) Binders for diets were reviewed including the advantages and
disadvantages for use of each of them in various types of fish and shrimp diets to improve
processing techniques and to improve water stability of the finished feed. The list of
binders to be used in the research projects can be found in Annex J.
 4. NATIONAL FISH FEEDSTUFFS SURVEY
4.1 Co-operative BAU-FARS project
(19) A national fish feedstuffs survey was planned as a co-operative effort
between Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and FARS. The objective of the
survey is to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze indigenous agricultural commodities
and by-products which might be used in diet formulations for various fish species, reared
under different aquaculture strategies.
(20) Several discussions with BAU and FARS personnel resulted in a large 3-
phase project which would:
conduct the survey;
collect and preserve samples for analyses;
analyze all samples collected by AOAC methods.
A permanent record of feedstuffs available, of samples collected, and of assay
results would be maintained in the nutrition laboratory at FARS. The assays would be a
joint effort by BAU and FARS. Details of this proposal, which was submitted to the
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) for contract funding of the BAU
portion of the work, can be found in Annex K (in the BARC-format).
4.2 INFIC
(21) An International Network of Feed Information Centres (INFIC) has been
established recently, with the objective to pool feedstuffs information available around
the world. Through the survey described in 4.1, BAU and FARS could become involved
in this. INFIC requirements for Class III membership were reviewed with BAU and
FARS staff. INFIC requires all input data to be in a standard format and all nutrient
and/or chemical analyses to be carried out by standard AOAC techniques. Input data
forms will be provided; the BAU/FARS combination is expected to be capable to comply
and to become a Class III member. All data obtained in the national fish feedstuffs survey
will be recorded in this international register and will be available for nutrition and diet
development work around the world.
4.3 Correlation with livestock feed surveys
(22) Also livestock research planning in Bangladesh is dependent on feed
development possibilities, and co-ordination of ingredient survey activities are welcome.
Contacts were made with Dr. James Dickey at BARC, who provided a recent livestock
fodder and feed survey. A copy of this survey is included in the present report as Annex
L. This survey can form a framework, over which the first plans for the fish feedstuffs
survey can be plotted.
(23) Co-operation with the planned feedstuff work at the Bangladesh Livestock
Research Institute (BLRI) will also be taken up as soon as its research masterplan is
available in its final form.
 5. LABORATORY SCALE EXPERIMENTAL FEED MILL
5.1 Functions of laboratory feed mill
(24) The functions of a laboratory scale experimental feed mill were discussed
with FRI/FARS staff. The feed mill envisaged will have the capability to process raw
materials and agricultural commodities and by-products into 8 different types of diets.
This number of diets is deemed a necessary research capability, in order to provide
appropriate diet formulae with desirable feeding characteristics for the many species of
finfish and crustaceans to be reared under different aquaculture strategies in freshwater,
brackishwater and marine water conditions.
(25) For specific applications the following formulations are foreseen (see
Annex M):
wet diet mixtures;
semi-moist diets;
rolled pellets;
cold compressed pellets;
steam-treated compressed pellets;
crumbles;
flake feeds;
micro-pelletized larval feeds.
(26) General functions of an experimental feed mill can be found in Annex M.
5.2 Line operations
(27) Line operations of the experimental feed mill include several common pre-
processing steps, and then a final feed manufacturing line. The various feed milling and
manufacturing lines can be found in Annex N. These lines (after reprocessing of
feedstuffs) are:
wet extruded line;
semi-moist extruded line;
cold compressed pellet line;
steam-treated compressed pellet line;
crumble line (from c and d);
dravo rolled pellet line;
flaked feed line;
micro-pulverized larval feed line.
5.3 Design of feed mill
(28) A feed mill design was developed considering the capabilities needed for
the various diets to be tested at FARS, BARS and MFRS. Pre-processing of raw
materials, agricultural commodities, by-products of industry and unconventional
materials available for diet formulation for larval feeds, for fry feeds, for supplemental
feeds and for complete nutrient balanced feeds was incorporated into the design.
(29) The first step in feed mill operating is cleaning the materials from sand,
dust, weeds and adulterated ingredients, whereafter they are ground to desired particle
size for surge bin storage. A vibrating screen with blower feeds the cleaned material into
the hammer mill, equiped with 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm or 4 mm screens. Following grinding,
dry materials are stored until weighed into the mixer. After mixing to formulae, premixes
from the twin shell blender are added, oils are incorporated and final mixing to
homogeneous mass occurs. Material then flows to final processing units where various
type diet particles are produced, then packaged and stored until fed.
(30) Utility and space considerations resulted in the tentative schematic design
found in Figure 1.
(31) Utilities necessary for complete operations include high pressure steam,
low presure steam, steam return to boiler, 440 V (3 phase) and 220 V (2 phase) power,
hot water, cold water and air lines. All lines should be surface mounted along the solid
wall. Counter space is located under windows and includes a large double sink for
cleaning the feed mill equipment. Storage bins for feed components are located under the
working counters.
(32) Walls behind the movable feed processing units are epoxy-coated to allow
wash down cleanings after feed operations. All floor surfaces are finished to allow
movement of process-units on rollers into line position for convenient sequential
processes. Floor is sloped to a central drain for wash down and post-process clean-up.
(33) A large ventilator fan is located in the top center of the solid wall to
evacuate fumes and to control heat and humidity in the room.
(34) A large entrance doorway provides for delivery of feedstuffs in bulk and
for transport of heavy equipment and finished feed to the storehouse. Small refrigerators
and freezers are available for special materials and a large walk-in freezer must be
located adjacent to the large doorway to hold perishable raw materials and finished semi-
moist extruded frozen feed. Elevation of the floor to truck delivery height will allow easy
off-loading of materials and loading of finished feed.
(35) The capacity of each line will be about one tonne per day except for the
special flake feed and micro-pelletized larval feed lines which will be limited to several
kilograms of production per day.
5.4 Site for feed mill
(36) The site for the experimental feed mill was discussed with staff and
engineers on Station. It was agreed that the 12 × 18 meter building could be located west
of the current feed storehouse. This site would be most convenient for movement of
materials and storage of finished feed, since it is in the immediate area of the hatchery
and with good access to the experimental ponds where feed testing would be performed.
In addition, all feed processing would be in an area outside the main laboratory building
and any noxious fumes would be dispursed away from the main buildings. The site
concerned has available standby electric generator power and an excellent water supply.
(37) The building size would allow set up of at least two feed manufacturing
lines at one time with sufficient space for movement around equipment in operation. A
large drainage flume immediately adjacent to the west-side of the building would allow
waste and floor wash down material to be flumed into the irrigation water channel for the
BAU irrigated farm.
(38) In discussions with DANIDA it was indicated that they will consider
designing and constructing the building and providing the utilities in their proposed Phase
III of the Mymensingh project, which is under preparation. Correspondence with
DANIDA regarding this further completion of the FARS facilities is underway.
5.5 Equipment for feed mill
 (39) Equipment needed for the feed mill is identified on the schematic layout in
Figure 1; elevations are presented in Figure 2. Price estimates of individual pieces of
equipment can be found in Annex 0. Current prices and specifications for each item
needed are collected in the USA and included in this report as Annex P.
(40) The list of equipment in Annex 0 is also based on the consideration that
there is some equipment in Chandpur in the previous Fisheries Technology Laboratory.
This equipment is out of use for a long time and could be transferred to FARS. This
Chandpur-equipment is listed in Annex Q. The large Wiley mill equiped with 1 mm, 2
mm and 6 mm screens should be transferred and installed at FARS as soon as possible. It
provides good feedstuffs grinding capability for the national feedstuffs survey. In
addition, the large walk-in freezer at Chandpur should be relocated at FARS in one of the
garage stalls adjacent to the standby power generator in order to provide freezer and cold
storage space desperately needed today to hold the fish available for sale following
current spawning programmes at FARS. This freezer will also be needed later as a back-
up for the feed mill freezer and for surges in wet meat and other wet materials supply.
 6. RECOMMENDATIONS
(41) The following recommendations are made with respect to the fish nutrition
and fish feed technology research at FRI:
A major effort should be expended to finish equiping the nutrition laboratory
and support services for nutrition research at FARS. Voltage regulators should be
installed to protect all electronic equipment.
Standard methods of analysis by AOAC methods must be employed for all
assays.
More adequate water supply for the nutrition laboratory as well as a better
drainage system has to be installed.
More electrical circuits and outlets are needed in all laboratories.
Two Scientific Officers of the Fish Nutrition programme at FARS should be
sent to the IFST special-training school in Fish Feed Technology at the University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, from 15 September to 15 December 1986.
Research proposals planned and submitted to the CSO, FARS should be
implemented immediately to start the young researchers on techniques and practice in
fish nutrition research.
The national Fish Feedstuffs Survey should be funded and implemented now in
order to have material and assays completed by the time the fish feedmill will be
installed.
Construction of the feed mill building should be implemented as soon as
possible to provide space for the feed mill unit operations equipment.
Equipment for the experimental feed mill should be put out on tender as soon as
possible to expedite delivery of equipment items with long delivery dates after order to
the manufacturers. Prepayment or performance bonds will be necessary for several line
items. Only tender in or before August 1986 will allow expected delivery in June 87 for
the last items assembled and shipped from abroad.
Research projects should be monitored through daily immediate supervision by
the relevant consultant, as well as by monthly progress meetings with the CSO of FARS,
and semi-annually meetings with the Director, FRI.
A wet laboratory (aquarium room) should be finished as soon as possible at
FARS to allow preliminary testing of diets before field testing, and for short term
nutrition experiments. This facility must have a reliable water supply from a reservoir to
allow flow-through experiments during power failures.
All diet development work for FARS, BARS and MFRS should be done at
FARS with diet testing done at the specific station for which the diet treatment was
designed. Duplication of feed technology equipment and support laboratory facilities
should not be considered at other places. Plans for duplication nutrition work in
Chandpur should immediately be abandoned.
The FARS library should buy as soon as possible a number of handbooks in fish
nutrition related fields, next to the books left by the consultant (see Annex R).
The nutrition consultant should not return until substantial progress has been
made in facilities completion and research proposals implementation.
 7. FURTHER NUTRITION CONSULTANCY
(42) Based on the expected progress in the fish feed and nutrition research at
FARS, a bar-chart of activities is drawn and presented in Figure 3. The bar-chart contains
the present research plans, the construction and equipment of the experimental feed mill,
and the future diet formulation and testing research. Under the heading ‘Research
Planning’ the presence of the nutrition consultant is indicated, but as has been mentioned
in the Recommendations (Section 6), this presence will shift in time when
implementation of research and/or construction is slowed down.
(43) The next visit of the nutrition consultant is presently planned in March
1987. In co-operation with the teamleader the following Terms of Reference have been
drafted for that visit:
The Consultant will review progress facilities development, equipment
accumulation, and capability of FARS to conduct fish nutrition research.
Progress in facilities development of the experimental feed mill will be
reviewed and any change orders to complete capability for research and development in
feed technology will be discussed and co-ordinated with construction engineers.
Progress in conduct of research proposals implemented at FARS in nutrition and
feed technology will be monitored and critigued.
New research planning on nutrition and feed technology will be developed
including formulation of diets from results obtained in the National Fish Feedstuffs
Survey and subsequent assays of gross nutrients present in samples collected.
Demonstration of diet manufacturing techniques will be conducted and nutrition
staff trained in unit operations.