Learning Module in Math 8

INTRODUCTION

This lesson would help you illustrate and graph a system of linear equations in two
variables. This would also guide you in categorizing a given system of linear equations in
two variables has graphs that are parallel, intersecting, and coinciding. This lesson would
also help you solve a system of linear equations in two variables by (a) graphing; (b)
substitution; (c) elimination. Lastly, this would help you solve problems involving systems
of linear equations in two variables.

How to join the VSMART?

1) Install VSMART application or visit the website:

school.vsmart.ph
2) Log in your given username and password
3) Go to your scheduled lesson

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• illustrate a system of linear equations in two variables (M8AL-IIh-1);
• graph a system of linear equations in two variables (M8AL-IIh-2);
• categorize when a given system of linear equations in two variables has graphs that are
parallel, intersecting, and coinciding (M8AL-IIh-3);
• solve a system of linear equations in two variables by (a) graphing, (b) substitution, (c)
elimination (M8AL-IIi-j-1);
• solve problems involving systems of linear equations in two variables (M8AL-Ij-2).

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Module 1: Direct Proof
How do you prove “directly”?
A proof is a chain of true statements developed through deductive reasoning that leads
from a hypothesis to a conclusion. Our method used in proving theorems is called the
direct proof. The most commonly used direct proof is the two-column proof.

In constructing a proof, it may include the following five essential components:

1. statement of the theorem to be proven
2. list of the given information
3. a diagram to picture the given information
4. statement of what is to be proven
5. proof consisting of statements and reasons

The formal proof ¡s written in the following format:

Theorem: (Statement to be proven)
Given: (Hypothesis)
Prove: (Conclusion)
Proof: (Diagram)

The reasons that may be used to justify each statement in a proof are: given information
provided in the hypothesis, definitions, postulates, properties from Algebra, or theorems
that are already proven.

The following table lists some properties of algebra that are also used in geometry.

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A mathematical proof can be given in different forms. The two-column proof helps to clarify
the justification for each statement made in the proof. A proof can also be written in
paragraph form. This ¡s called a paragraph proof. The proof is written in complete
sentences accompanied by the reasons.

Consider the following examples of two-column and paragraph proofs:

1. Theorem: Complements of the same angle are congruent.
• Rewrite the theorem in the “if-then” form.
If two angles are complements of the same angle, then the two angles are congruent.

• Two-column proof: Given: ∠2 and ∠1 are complementary.

∠3 and ∠1 are complementary.

Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3
Proof:

• Paragraph Proof:
Since ∠2 and ∠1 are complementary and ∠3 and ∠1 are complementary, then by the
definition of complementary angles, we have m∠2 + m∠1 = 90° and ∠3 + m∠1 = 90°.

Thus, m∠2 + m∠1 = m∠3 + m∠1 by substitution. This implies that m∠2 = m∠3 by
subtraction property. Therefore, by the definition of congruent angles, ∠2 ≅ ∠3.

2. Theorem: Vertical angles are congruent.

If-then form: If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.
Given: ∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles.

Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠3
Proof:
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3. Given: AP = BQ

Prove: AP = BQ

Structure of a Direct Proof

To prove the conditional P → Q directly, assume that P is true, and show how Q logically
follows.

Study another example.

Prove directly that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.

The if-then statement to be proved is “If a polygon is a triangle, then the sum of its interior
angles is 180°.”

Starting from triangle ABC, draw a line through A that is parallel to BC. Label points D and
E on BC as shown.

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Then, m∠DAB + m∠BAC + m∠EAC = 180°.

Further, ∠DAB and ∠CBA are alternate interior angles, so they are equal. Similarly, ∠EAC
and ∠BCA are alternate interior angles, so they are equal.

Thus, the equation m∠DAB+m∠BAC+m∠EAC=180° can be written as

m∠CBA+m∠BAC+m∠BCA=180°.

Activity: Prove Them Directly

A. Supply the reasons for the proof of the following theorems.

1. If two angles are supplementary to congruent angles, then they are congruent.
Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary.
∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary.
∠1 ≅ ∠4

Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3
Proof:

Write a paragraph proof for the following.

1. Given: ∠4 is an exterior angle to ∠3.

Prove:
m∠4 = m∠l + m∠2
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Module 2: Indirect Proof
how do you prove ‘indirectly”?

A direct proof starts with the hypothesis and then uses postulates, definitions, and
previously proven theorems to arrive at the conclusion. Sometimes, it is not possible to
present the proof using direct reasoning. In such a case, you use another form of reasoning
called an indirect proof.

In an indirect proof, you start by assuming that the conclusion is false and then show that
this assumption leads to a contradiction of the hypothesis or some known fact such as a
postulate, definition or theorem, or it leads to an impossible situation. Thus, conclude that
the assumption is incorrect and therefore, the conclusion must be true.

Structure of an Indirect Proof

To prove the conditional P → Q indirectly, either (a) show that a contradiction occurs when
P is true and Q is assumed false, or (b) show that if Q is false, then P must necessarily be
false. Indirect proof is usually written in paragraph form. The following steps give the
procedure on how to write an indirect proof:
1. Assume that the conclusion is false.
2. Show that the assumption leads to a contradiction of the hypothesis or a known fact.
3. State that the assumption must be false and therefore, the conclusion must be true.

The following examples show the assumptions that would be made to start an indirect
proof:

Study the following example of indirect proof:

If two lines intersect, then they intersect in no more than one point.

Given: Intersecting lines a and b

Prove: Lines a and b intersect in no more than one point.

Proof:
Step 1: Assume that lines a and b intersect in more than one point.

Step 2: Suppose that lines a and b intersect at two points R and S. Then the points
R and S are on both lines a and b. This contradicts the fact that exactly one line
can be drawn through any two points.

Step 3: The assumption that lines a and b intersect in more than one point is false,
and hence, lines a and b intersect in no more than one point.

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Consider another one:
Use an indirect proof to show that a triangle cannot have two obtuse angles.

Proof:

Suppose that a triangle ABC has two obtuse angles, say ∠A and ∠B (we can rename the
vertices so that the two obtuse angles are angles A and B).

Since both angles are obtuse, we have m∠A > 90° and m∠B > 90°. Thus, m∠A + m∠B >
180°. This leads to a contradiction because ABC is a triangle, so the sum of its interior
angles must be equal to 180°, so it is impossible for m∠A + m∠B to exceed 180°.

Activity: Prove Them Indirectly

A. State the assumptions that you make to start an indirect proof.
1. A right triangle has no more than one right angle.

2. Points C, D, and E are not coplanar.

B. Use indirect proof to prove each of the following. Apply the three steps.
1. A right triangle has no more than one right angle.