MEASURES OF LOCATION

OR
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDANCY
ARITHMETIC MEAN (AM)
Arithmetic Mean (AM): AM of a number of observations is defined as:

(a) AM in case of Individual Observations

If are n values (or observations) of a variable X, then the arithmetic
mean or simply mean of these values is denoted by and is given by

where denotes value (or observation) of the variable X

(b) AM in case of Discrete Frequency Distribution

In case of discrete frequency distribution AM may be calculated by any of the
following methods
(i) Direct Method
(ii) Short-cut Method
(iii) Step deviation Method
Let us take these methods one by one:
(i) Direct Method: If a variable X takes values with corresponding
frequencies respectively, then AM of is given by

(ii) Short-cut Method: If values of X are large then calculation of AM by direct

method is a time consuming process to avoid this difficulty short-cut method is
used which is given below:

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 (iii) Step-Deviation Method: Calculation of mean can

(c) AM in case of Grouped Data or Continuous frequency distribution

In case of grouped frequency data first of all mid values of the class intervals are taken
as (i = 1, 2, 3, …), then any of the methods discussed for discrete frequency
distribution can be used. But one should prefer step-deviation method if class interval
is same for all classes.
EXERCISES

1. The mass production of certain components of automobile in 500 batches, each of which contains 30
components, were inspected to find the number of defective components and the report is found as

No. of defective 0 1 2 3 4 5
components
Frequency 309 142 40 8 1 0
Find the mean number of defective components in each batch.
Solution:
No. of defective Frequency
components

0 309 0
1 142 142
2 40 80
3 8 24
4 1 4
5 0 0
Total N = 500 250

2. Calculate the mean age from the following table:

Age 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90
(Years)
No. of 3 51 122 141 130 51 2
persons
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 Solution:
Age (in years) No. of persons Mid value

20-30 3 25 3 9
30-40 51 35 2 102
40-50 122 45 1 122
50-60 141 55 = a 0 0
60-70 130 65 1 130
70-80 51 75 2 102
80-90 2 85 3 6
Total 500 5

3. The following table gives the weekly wages in rupees of workers in certain commercial organization. The
frequency of class 49-52 is missing. It is known that the mean of the frequency distribution is 47.2. Find the
missing frequency.
Weekly wages (Rs): 40 – 43 43 – 46 46 – 49 49 – 52 52 – 55

Number of workers 31 58 60 ? 27

Solution:
Weekly wages No. of workers Mid value
(in Rs)

40-43 31 41.5 2 62
43-46 58 44.5 1 58
46-49 60 47.5 = a 0 0
49-52 x 50.5 1 x
52-55 27 53.5 2 54

Total N = 176 + x 66 + x

Hence missing frequency is 44.

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4. Find the missing frequencies in the following frequency distribution if it is given that the mean of the
distribution is 1.46.
Number of Accidents: 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total

Frequency (f): 46 ? ? 25 10 5 200

Solution:
Number of Frequency
Accidents

0 46 0
1 x x
2 y 2y
3 25 75
4 10 40
5 5 25
Total N = 86 + x + y 140 + x + 2y

But N= 200 (given)

(2) (1) gives

y = 152 114

Putting this value of y in (1), we get

x + 38 = 114

Hence missing frequencies are x = 76 and y = 38.

5. A factory employs 100 workers of whom 60 work in the first shift and 40 work in the second shift. The
average wage of all the 100 workers is Rs. 38. If the average wage of 60 workers of the first shift is Rs.
40, find the average age of the remaining 40 workers of the second shift.
6. The mean income of a group of persons is Rs. 400. Another group of persons has mean income Rs. 480.
If the mean income of all the persons in the two groups together is Rs. 430, find the ratio of the number
of persons in the groups.
7. The mean of 100 items is found to be 30. If at the time of calculation two items were wrongly taken as
32 and 12 instead of 23 and 11, find the correct mean.

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8. Apply the step-deviation method to find the arithmetic mean of the distribution.

Variate 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Frequency 20 43 75 67 72 45 39 9 8 6

9. The mean weight of 150 students in a certain class is 60 kgs. The mean weight of the boys in the class is
70 kgs and that of the girls is 55 kgs. The find the number of boys and girls in the class.
10. The mean age of the combined group of men and women is 25 years. If the mean age of the group is 26
and that of the group of women is 21, find out the percentage of men and women in the group.
11. Find the arithmetic mean of the following frequency distribution.
Class 0–4 4 – 8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 20

Frequency 6 11 20 7 4

12. Calculate the A.M. from the following frequency distribution:

Class 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30 30–35 35–40 40–45

Frequency 6 5 15 10 5 4 3 2

13. The mean marks recorded by 27 candidates happened to be 64%. During inspection it was found that
one candidate actually scored 74% marks instead of 47% recorded in the result sheet. What will be the
correct mean?
14. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 4.876. Find the value of f and prepare the frequency table.

3.2 4.5 5. 8 7.9

f f+6 f+2 f–3

15. The average height of 20 students is 50 inches. Five more students of heights 40, 42, 43, 75, 58 inches
respectively are added to this group. Find the mean of the combined group.

16. The mean weight of 100 boys is 55 kg. Two weights were wrongly recorded as 62 and 47 instead of 52
and 74 kg. What is the correct mean?
17. The mean of 12 observations is 6. If each observation is multiplied by 2, what will be the mean of the
new set?
18. The mean salary of 50 workers in a factory is Rs. 750. What is the total wage bill of the factory?
19. The mean marks of 125 students are 58. If each student is given 5 marks more what will be the new
mean?
20. The mean of a group of 8 observations is 9. Two new observations 10 and 13 are added to the group.
Find the mean of 10 observations.
21. In a factor mean wage of one class of workers is Rs. 50 per week and another class of workers is Rs. 60.
If the mean wage of all the workers taken together is Rs. 57. What is the ratio of workers in the two
classes.

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22. The mean of 120 observations was 20. It was later found that two items were mistaken as 50 and 80
instead of 15 and 18, find the correct mean.
23. The ages of the male inhabitants of a village were recorded and the following frequency table was obtained.
Age 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
(years):

No. of 12 18 16 19 14 11 4 3
persons

Obtain the mean age per male inhabitant.

24. The measurements (in mm) of diameters of the heads of 107 screws gave the following frequency table:

Diameter 33 – 35 36 – 38 39 – 41 42 – 44 45 – 47

Frequency 17 19 23 21 27

Calculate the mean head diameter per screw.

25. Find the A.M. of the following data:
Roll No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Marks in Maths 12 8 6 9 7 8 7 14

26. The average weight of a group of 24 boys was calculated to be 78.4 kg. It was later discovered that one
weight was misread as 69 kg instead of 96 kg. Calculate average (Average used is A.M.)
27. The A.M. of 9 items is 15. If one more item is added to this series, the A.M. becomes 16. Find the value
of the 10th item.
28. Calculate the A.M. for the following data:
Marks 0 – 10 10 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 80 80 – 100

No. of 5 7 15 8 3 2
Students

29. Calculate A.M. for the following data:

Temp. –40 to – 30 –30 to –20 –20 to –10 –10 to 0

No. of days 10 28 30 42

Temp. 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30

No. of days 65 180 10

30. Find the A.M. for the following distribution.

Marks No. of students Marks No. of students

Above 0 80 Above 60 28
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 Above 70
Above 10 77 Above 80 16
Above 20 72 Above 90 10
Above 30 65 Above 100 8
Above 40 55 0
Above 50 43

31. The mean wage of 1000 workers in a factory running two shifts of 700 and 300 workers is Rs. 500. The
mean wage of 700 workers, working in the day shift, is Rs. 450. Find the mean wage of workers,
working in the night shift.
32. The A.M. of 25 items is found to be 78.4. If at the time of calculation, two items were wrongly taken as
96 and 43 instead of 69 and 34, find the value of the correct mean.
33. Find the arithmetic mean for the following data
x 6 7 8 9 10

f 7 10 12 6 5

34. Find the A.M. for the following frequency distribution.

x 10 11 12 13 14 15

f 2 6 8 6 2 6

35. Two hundred people were interviewed by a public opinion polling agency. The following frequency distribution
gives the ages of people interviewed. Calculate A.M.
Age Groups (Years) 80 – 89 70 – 70 60 – 69 50 – 59

No. of persons 2 2 6 20

Age Groups (Years) 40 – 49 30 – 39 20 – 29 10 – 19

No. of persons 56 40 40 42

36. Find the A.M. for the following data

Class -2 to 2 3–7 8 – 12 13 – 17 18 – 22 23 – 27
intervals

Frequency 3277 4096 2048 512 64 3

37. Find the A.M. for the following data

Income 20 – 30 Below Below Below Below Below 80 - 90
40 50 60 70 80

No. of 16 36 61 76 87 95 5
Persons

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38. Calculate the arithmetic mean for the following data.
Wages (in Rs.) No. of persons Wages (in Rs.) No. of workers

Less than 10 30 40 and above 332

Less than 20 70 50 and above 308
20 – 30 50 60 – 70 132
20 – 40 98 70 and above 14

39. From the following information, find out:

(i) Which of the factor pays larger amount as daily wages?
(ii) What is the average daily wage of the workers of two factories taken together.

Factory A Factory B

No. of wage earners 25 200

Average daily wages Rs. 20 Rs. 25

40. The mean weight of 15 students is 110 Ibs. The mean weight of 5 of them is 100 Ibs and of another 5 is
125 Ibs. What is the mean weight of the remaining students?
41. The average weight of 150 students in a class is 80 kg. The average weight of boys in the class is 85 kg
and that of girls is 70 kg. Tell the number of boys and girls in the class separately.
42. Compute mean marks from the following table.
Marks Secured No. of Students

More than 0 100

More than 10 91
More than 20 74
More than 30 50
More than 40 34
More than 50 20
More than 60 8
More than 70 0

43. Find the missing information.

Combined Firm A Firm B Firm C

No. of 100 40 25 -
workers

40 35 - 44

44. 100 students took up a test. The result of those who passed the test is given below.
Marks 10 11 12 13 14

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 No. of 13 15 20 22 10
students

If the average of all the 100 students was 11 marks, find the average marks of those who failed.
45. The mean of 49 items is 30. If 5 items, i.e. 10, 15, 22, 32 and 42 are removed from the data, find the
value of mean of the remaining items.

ANSWERS
1. 0.5 2. 55.1 3. 44 4. 76, 38 5. 35 6.

7. 29.9 8. 22.214 9. Boys = 50, Girls = 100 10. 80% men, 20% women

11. 9.33 12. 21.20 13. 65% 14. 5 15. 49.6 inches 16. 55.17kg 17. 12 18. Rs37500 19. 63 20. 9.5 21.
22. 19.19 23. 23.6years 24. 40.6mm 25. 8.875 26. 79.48 27. 25 28. 35.625 29.

30. 51.75 31. 616.67 32. 76.96 33. 7.8 34 12.6 35. 35.8years

36. 4.9995 37. Rs47.90 38. 46.60 39. (i) both factory are paying equal amount (ii) Rs 22.22 40. 105 41. Boys
= 100, Girls = 50 42. 32.7

43. 44. 6.95 45. 30.83

WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)

1. An examination was held to decide the award of a scholarship. The weights given to different subjects were
different. The marks were as follows:

Subjects Weight Marks of A Marks of B Marks of C

Statistics 4 63 60 65
Accountancy 3 65 64 70
Economics 2 58 56 63
Mercantile 1 70 80 52
Law

The candidate getting the highest marks is to be awarded the scholar-ship. Who should get it?
2. If a student gets the following marks: English 80, Hindi 70, Mathematics 85, Physics 75 and Chemistry
67, find the weighted mean marks if the weights of the subjects are 1, 2, 1, 3, 1 respectively.
3. From the following results of two colleges A and B, find out which of the two is better.
College A College B

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 Examination Appeared Passed Appeared Passed

B. Sc 100 90 240 200

M. Com. 60 45 200 160
B. Com. 120 75 160 60
B.A. 200 150 200 140

Total 480 360 800 560

4. The percentage of pass in two colleges is given below.

College A College B
Stream
Pass % No. of Pass % No. of
students students

B.A. (Arts) 70 50 65 40
B. Com 75 30 80 40
B.Sc. (Medical) 80 8 78 10
B.Sc. (Non-Medical) 85 12 80 10

ANSWERS
1. 2. 74.625marks
3. College A is better
4

MEDIAN

(a) In case of Individual Observations and Discrete Frequency Distribution

(i) When n (or N in case of discrete frequency distribution) is odd, then

(ii) When n (or N in

case of discrete frequency distribution) is even, then

(b) In case of Grouped Data or Continuous Frequency Distribution

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1.
(i) The following are the marks of 9 students in a class. Find the median
34, 32, 48, 38, 24, 30, 27, 21, 35
(ii) Find the median of the daily wages of ten workers.
Rs. 20, 25, 17, 18, 8, 15, 22, 11, 9, 14
2. Obtain the median for the following frequency distribution
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

f 8 10 11 16 20 25 15 9 6

3. Calculate the median from the following distribution

Class 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45

Frequency 5 6 15 10 5 4 2 2

4. Calculate the median from the following data:

Marks 0- 10 10 – 30 30 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 90

No. of 5 15 30 8 2
students

5. If the median of the following frequency distribution is 46, find the missing frequencies.
Variable 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80 Total

Frequency 12 30 ? 65 ? 25 18 229

6. Following are the lives in hours of 15 pieces of the components of aircraft engine. Find the median.
715, 724, 725, 710, 729, 745, 694, 699, 696, 712, 734, 728, 716, 705, 719
7. Compute the median from the following data.
45, 25, 50, 60, 70, 80, 37, 92

8. Find the median from the following frequency distribution

x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

f 13 90 81 117 66 27 6 2 2

9. Calculate the median from the following data

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 Rent (in 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85 85 – 95
Rs.)

No. of 8 10 15 25 40 20 15 7
Houses

10. Calculate the median from the following data.

Marks 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
below

No. of 15 35 60 84 96 127 198 250

students

11. An incomplete distribution is given as follows:

Variable 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

Frequency 10 20 ? 40 ? 25 15

12. Calculate the missing frequency from the following distribution, it being given that the median of the
distribution is 24.
Age in 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
years

No. of 5 25 ? 18 7
persons

13. Find the missing frequencies and the median for the following distribution if the mean is 1.46.
No. of 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
accidents

Frequency 46 ? ? 25 10 5 200
(No. of
Days)

14. An incomplete distribution is given below.

Variable 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80

Frequency 12 30 - 65 - 25 18

You are given that the median value is 46 and the total number of items is 230.
(i) Using the median formula fill up missing frequencies.
(ii) Calculate the AM of the completed distribution.
15. The following table gives the frequency distribution of married women by age at marriage.
Age (in 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 and
years) above

Frequency 53 140 98 32 12 9 5 3 3 2

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 Calculate the median and interpret the result.
16. Find the median of the series
4, 6, 9, 4, 2, 8, 10
17. The following are the marks obtained by a batch of 10 students in a certain class test in Statistics and
Accountancy:
Roll No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Marks in 63 64 62 32 30 60 47 46 35 28
Statistics

Marks in 68 65 35 42 26 85 44 80 33 72
Accountancy

In which subject is the level of knowledge of students higher?

18. Find the median for the following frequency distribution.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

f 5 9 10 12 6 4 2

19. The following table gives the weekly expenditure of 100 families. Find the median.
Weekly 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
expenditure
(in Rs.)

No. of 14 23 27 21 15
families

20. Calculate the median for the following data:

Wages 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
upto (in
Rs.)

No. of 12 30 65 107 157 202 222 230

workers

21. The following table gives the marks obtained by 50 students. Find the median.
Marks 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29

No. of 55 8 6 7
students

Marks 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49

No. of 6 3 9 6
students

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22. An incomplete frequency distribution is given below.
Variable 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80

Frequency 12 30 ? 65 ? 25 18

It is given that median value is 46 and the total number of items is 229. You are required to find the
missing frequencies.
23. Find the missing frequencies in the following distribution, if N = 100 and median of the distribution is 30.
Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60

No. of 10 ? 25 30 ? 10
students

24. Find the missing frequencies in the following distribution, if N = 74 and median of the distribution in 36.
Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40

No. of 2 8 ? 20
students

Marks 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80

No. of 12 ? 4 3
students

ANSWERS
1. (i) 32 (ii) 16 2. 5 3. 19.5 4. 40 5. 34, 45 6. 716 7. 55 8. 6 9. 58

10. 59.35 11. 35, 25 12. 25 13. 76, 38, 1 14. 34, 46, 45.87

15. Median = 24.5 years, Nearly half the women were married between the ages 15 and 24.5 years

16. 6 17. Stats = 46.5, Accou. = 54.5 18. 2.5 19. 24.81 20. 62.40

21. 28.786 22. 34, 45 23. 15, 10 24. 15, 10

MODE
(a) In case of Individual Observations and Discrete Frequency Distribution
When maximum frequency is corresponding to the middle value of the variable and the frequencies of the
neighbouring items are also dominating then mode is the value of the variable corresponding to the maximum
frequency. Otherwise we use concept of grouping table and analysis table as discussed in the class.

(b) In case of Grouped Data or Continuous Frequency Distribution

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1. Find the mode for the following individual series.
5, 7, 3, 5, 2, 1, 5, 8, 5
2. Find the mode for the following distribution
Profit 28 29 30 31 32 33
(‘000
Rs.)

No. of 4 7 10 6 2 1
firms

3. Find the value of mode for the following distribution.

x 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

f 15 18 12 30 27 40 20 20 12

4. Find the mode for the following frequency distribution

x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

y 4 15 25 20 17 26 10 3

5. Find the mode for the following frequency distribution.

Class 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

f 10 15 30 12 8 6

6. Find the value of mode for the following series

10, 12, 17, 12, 10, 12, 16, 11
7. Find the mode for the following series.
3, 5, 6, 2, 5, 4, 5, 9, 5
8. Calculate the mode for the following frequency distribution.
x 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

f 2 5 8 9 12 14 14 15 11 13

9. Find the mode for the following frequency distribution.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

15
 f 3 8 15 23 35 40 32 28 20 45 14 6

10. The following table shows the distribution of 100 families according to their expenditure per week.
Number of families corresponding to the group Rs. 1000 – 2000 and Rs. 3000 – 4000 are missing. The
mode is given to be Rs. 2, 400. Calculate the missing frequencies.

Expenditure 0 - 1000 1000 – 2000 2000 – 3000 3000 – 4000 4000 – 5000
(Rs.)

No. of 14 ? 27 ? 15
families

11. Find missing information from the following series.

X 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

f 5 8 - 20 13 -

ANSWERS
1. 5 2. 30000 3. 9 4. Bimodal 15, 20,
5. 34.545 6. 12 7. 5 8. 10 9. 6 10. 23, 21 11. 18.25, 5.75
MISCELANEOUS

1. Find out the mean, median and mode for the following.
Wages (in 5 – 15 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65
Rs.)

No. of 4 6 10 5 3 2
employees

2. Following are the marks obtained by certain students

Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Obtained

No. of 14 - 27 - 15
Students

Determine the missing values when Median and Mode are 25 and 24 respectively. Also compute the
value of mean.
3. The Mean and Median of 100 items are 40 and 42. The value of largest item 100 is replaced by 120.
Find the value of Mean and Median.

ANSWERS

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1. 31, 30, 29.44 2. 25, 24, 3.

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