Experiment No.

FLUX, FIELD SYSTEM, FLUX LEVEL AND INDUCED EMF

OF AN ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Name: Santos, Irish Brave Chant A Date Performed: October 13, 2020

Course: BSME - 3GN Date Submitted: October 22, 2020

Prof. Conrado Quinalayo

Instructor.

Rating
I. OBJECTIVES

This experiment shows the behavior of the flux level, field system and induced electromotive force
of an electrical machine.

Especially it aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. Determine the pattern of magnetic field.

2. Determine the direction and strength of magnetic field.

3. Verify Len'zs as a result of Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Rotating electrical machines are widely use for the purpose of converting energy from one form to
another. The two most frequently used types of such machines are generator and motors. In the
first of these, the generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Two other types of
rotating machines, not used so often as generators and mostly motors, are rotary converters and
frequency converters.

When an electric generator is in operation, it is driven (rotated) by s mechanical machine called a

prime mover. The latter may be a steam turbine, a gasoline engine, an electric motor or even a hand
- operated crank. Generator action can take place when and only when, there is a relative motion
between conducting wires (usually copper) and magnetic lines of force.

It was found that when a conductor moves at a constant speed across a uniformly dense magnetic
field, that is a field in which the flux density in lines of force per square inch is constant, 1 volt is
generated for every 10⁸ lines cut per second. If the flux density is not constant, the generated
voltage will be an average value determined by the total number of lines of force that are cut and
the length of time it takes to do so.

The direction of the generated voltage in a conductor, or more correctly in a coil of wire, as it
rotated to cut the lines of force produced by the electromagnets in a generator, will depend upon
two factors only: (1) the direction of the flux, which of course, determine by the magnet polarity,
and (2) the direction of motion of the conductors or coil. Two analysis will be given, either of which
may be used to predict the direction of the generated voltage.

Consider Figure 2.1, which represents an elementary two - pole generator with a single - turn coil
shown in section. The student should imagine the machine lying with its shaft axis perpendicular to
the plane of the paper, with the plane of the paper cutting the poles and with the armature core
and the two conductors forming the sides of the coil so that outline of these shape is indicated.
Note that the two sides of this coil are diametrically opposite so that while one side is under a north
pole, the other is on a south pole. With the coil turned in a position b in a clockwise direction, the
elastic line of force is distorted to cut - of - shaped so that the left conductor is shown with the flux
line partially wrapped around in a clockwise direction.

When an electric motor is in operation, it is supplied with electrical energy and develops torque,
that is, a tendency to produce rotation. And if the rotating element of the motor is free to turn, it
will do so and thereby cause mechanical rotation of itself and its application.

All rotating electric generators consist essentially of two important parts (1) an even set of
electromagnets or permanent magnets and (2) the laminated steel core containing current -
carrying copper wires, the latter being called the armature winding. In the DC generator, the
armature winding is mechanically rotated through the stationary magnetic fields created by the
electromagnets or permanent magnets and their accompanying magnetic fields are rotated with
respect to the stationary armature winding. In the DC motor, current is sent into the armature
winding, the latter being placed inside a set of radically supported magnet poles.

It was previously stated that electrical generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy. This
implies, of course, that mechanical motion is imported to one part of a machine that is made to
move with respect to another. In the electric generator, this is done by replacing a large number of
property connected copper wires on a cylindrical, laminated steel core and mechanically rotating
this structure inside a stationary set of magnets is called the field. If it is assumed the magnetic lines
of force leave.

Now then, if the familiar "right hand rule" (i.e. Grasp the conductor with the right hand so that the
thumb points in the direction of the current, the encircling fingers will then indicate the direction of
the lines of force around the wire) of current direction in a conductor and the resulting direction of
the flux around the conductor is applied here, it will be conclude that the direction of the generated
voltage in the right conductor will be into the paper (shown in the circle with a cross) and the
direction of the generated voltage in the left conductor will be toward to the observer (shown with
a dot inside a circle). Since the directions in the two sides of the coil are such as to aid one another
in sending current in continuous path, it should be clear why the coil span must be the distance
between poles of opposite polarity, that is adjacent pole.

The procedure of determining the direction of the generated voltage in a coil of wire depends upon
properties the cylindrical - shaped pole care faces and pass across the air space (called the air gap)
and then into the rotating armature core, it is clear that the moving copper conductors cut the lines
of force as they are rotated mechanically. This flux - cutting action on the part of the copper
conductors is responsible for the generated voltage in the latter.

Briefly summarized, the foregoing principle of generator action requires (1) the presence of
magnetic lines of force and (2) motion of conductors cutting the flux, before (3) voltage is
generated.

Faraday's law if the conductors are mounted on a constant speed rotating armature, no voltage will
be generated. In some of them while they are moving parallel to the flux lines or passing through a
region where there is no flux. On the other hand, other conductors will be moving perpendicularly
with respect to the flux lines or passing through a region so that maximum cutting action will result,
is shaft such cases, the voltage will also be a maximum. It should be clear, then, that the magnet
magnitude of the generated voltage is directly proportional to the rate at which a conductor cuts
magnetic lines of force. This law called Faraday's law and the Ohm's law are generally regarded as
the two most important laws in the realm of electrical science: Faraday's law implies simply that
higher voltage may be generated by moving conductors more rapidly across lines of flux by
increasing the number of flux lines across which the conductor moves, or by increasing the normal
speed of the conductors and flux across which they move.

Arbitrary assigned to the fictitious lines of force namely that the ends are somehow fastened to the
people faces and that they stretch like rubber bands. A much more satisfactorily method, based on
sound electrical principles, will now be given. When lines of force, namely that the ends are
somehow fastened to the pole faces and that they stretch like rubber bands.

When lines of force pass a coil of wire and the latter is moved. Len'z law states the direction of the
voltage in the coil is such that tends to produce a current flow opposing a change of flux through the
coil. Referring to Figure 2.2a assume two poles that create a magnetic field from right (north) to the
left (south) through a coil of wire mnpq in a vertical plane. In this position, maximum flux passes
through the coil. If the coil is now rotated in clockwise direction so that it occupies the oblique
position shown in Figure 2.2b, less flux will pass thought it. By Len'z law, therefore, the voltage
generated in this coil will tend to establish a current whose direction will oppose a reduction of flux
through it. This tendency can only mean that a current will attempt to flow in the coil from m to n to
p to q, so that, by the right hand - rule flux, will be created by the coil from right to left. As the coil
continues to move to the position represented in Figure 2.2c, the opposition to flux change through
it. Thus it is seen that for clockwise rotation, the side of the coil under the south pole will always
have a voltage direction away from the observer. This corresponds exactly with the "stretching
rubber bands" analysis.
The armature of a generator contains a large number of coils of wire, all connected together in such
a manner as to contribute to the desired terminal voltage. Each one of these coils will actually
generate an alternating voltage as it is rotated to the laminated slotted steel core inside the several
north and south poles. Clockwise rotation is assumed again, the direction of the voltage will be from
m to n to p to q when conductor mn is under a north pole and pq is under a south pole (see Figure
2.2) then when conductor mn moves under a south pole, the direction of its voltage will also
reverse, so that the current will tend to flow from q to p. Thus it is seen that, for one half of a
revolution (in a two - pole generation), the voltage is directed around the loop from m to n to p to q,
therefore if the ends of this coil were connected to a resistor of some sort, say, a lamp, the current
would flow through the latter in one direction from the time required for the next week of a
revolution.

When an electric generator is in operation, it is driven mechanically and develops a voltage, which it
can send a current through a load resistance. When an operating of an electric motor develops a
torque, it produces mechanical rotation. Thus, the electric motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Briefly, the foregoing principle of motor action requires (1) the presence of
magnetic lines of force and (2) current through conductors lying in the magnetic field before (3)
force, and therefore torque is produced.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Assembly 1

1 - L9 coil

1 - Field Pole
6 - volt dc supply

Field plotting compass

Assembly 2

1 - Base unit with shaft removed

2 - Lg coils

2 - Field poles

Field plotting compass

12V dc supply

Assembly 3

1 - Squirrel care rotor

Multi - range meter

Assembly 4

1 - base unit

2 - field poles

4 - armature poles 0 - 240V or 0 - 12V

1 - armature hub 0 - 5 Amp - ac ammeter

1 - variable transformer 0 - 300V - ac voltmeter

Assembly 5

1 - field pole

1 - L4 coil

1 - L5 coil

6V dc supply
multirange meter

0 - 20V ac supply

flux meter
IV. PROCEDURES

Assembly 1

1. Stand the coil vertically in front of the compass with the red band on its right hand side and
connect the dc supply to the coil, taking the positive terminal to the lead next to red band.

2. Switch on and note what happens to the compass needle.

3. Determine the pattern of its magnetic field by the following lines of flux through and outside the
coil.

4. Switch off the dc supply and observe what happens to the compass needle.

Assembly 2

1. Fit the L9 coils to the field poles and attach them to the frame ring in the 3'oclock and 9'oclock
positions.

2. Make the coil connections shown in figure and switch on the dc supply.

3. Place the rotor between the poles and again switch the supply on and off. Observe the meter
needle deflection.

Assembly 3
1. Make the connections shown in the diagram below and set the meter to the DC range.

2. With the rotor removed from the assembly, switch the dc supply on and off. Observe the meter
needle at each operation.

3. Use a plotting compass to identify the poles and observe how the poles behave.

Assembly 4

1. Remove the dc supply and connect a low voltage ac source to the L5 coil terminals.

2. Set the multi - range meter which is connected to the L4 coil, to the 25V ac range, switch on the
ac supply and raise the apply voltage to 10V.

3. Measure the voltage across the 14 terminals.

4. Remove the field pole from the coil and again, measure the voltage across the L4 terminal.
Compare the results with that of procedure 3.

5. Make the connection as shown. Set the variables transformer to zero output and switch on the ac
supply.

6. Raise the current applied to the L5 coils in steps, measuring excitation current and output voltage
at each step. Plot the results.

Assembly 5
1. Fit the L4 and L5 coils over the field pole and connect the dc supply to the L5 coil, positive to the
red terminal, negative to the black.

2. Connect the multirange meter to the L4 terminals, positive to the red terminal and set it to the
100MA dc range nearest.

3. Switch on and off the dc supply and observe the directions of the current flow in the two coils.

V. DRAWINGS/ILLUSTRATIONS
VI. ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION/OBSERVATION

The experiment aims to determine the pattern of magnetic field, to determine the direction and
strength of magnetic field and to verify Len'z as a result of Law of Electromagnetic Induction. The
experiment demonstrates the behavior of the flux level, field system and induced electromotive
force of an electrical machine.

The first assembly consists of 15V dc supply, one field pole and field plotting compass. We are asked
to determine the pattern of the magnetic field by following the lines of flux through and outside the
coil. Switching on the dc supply, the compass needle immediately pointed toward the center of the
coil. Moving the compass upward and downward, the needle still points toward the center of the
coil. The same scenario happens when the compass is placed outside the coil. This means that the
attraction is located at the center. To check if the coil is effective, test it using the continuity
function in the multimeter.

The second assembly consists of 15V dc supply, two field poles, outer field poles and field plotting
compass. We are asked to observe the meter needle deflection. Switching on the dc supply, the
meter needle deflected towards the center of the coil. The one end (red point) of the needle is
pointed downwardly straight to the center of one coil while the other end (white part) of the needle
is pointed upwardly straight to the center of the other coil. The attraction is greater or stronger on
one coil where the needle is pointing downwardly straight.

The third assembly consists of 15V dc supply, two field poles, outer field pole, rotor, field plotting
compass and voltmeter. We are asked to observe the meter needle at each operation. With the
rotor being placed at the center, the gap gets smaller, the deflection in the multimeter is greater
compared when the rotor is removed. The deflection is abrupt indicating transferred voltage. For
the induced voltage from coil to coil to be continuous, place a rotor.

The fourth assembly consists of variable AC transformer, two field poles, outer field pole, AC
ammeter, AC voltmeter. For 10V ac supply, the measured current is 0.441A and the measured
voltage is 0.333V. For 25V ac supply, the measured current is 1.280A and the measured voltage is
0.800V.

The fifth assembly consists of 6V dc supply, one field pole, and voltmeter. We are asked to observe
the directions of current flow in the two coils. It is observed that the direct current supplied created
a change in flux in the first coil which created a current induced voltage in the next coil. This
indicates opposite direction in current change of two coils which explains and supports the concept
of the Len'z law.

VII. CONCLUSION
The experiment successfully aims to achieve its objectives - to determine the pattern of the
magnetic field, to determine the direction and strength of magnetic field and to verify Len'z as a
result of Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

This experiment shows that the direction is as given by the right hand rule. With the supply positive
connected to the terminal next to the red band. Switch on and note that the north pole of the
compass needle is deflected towards the center of the coil. By following the lines of flux through
and outside the coil the pattern of its magnetic field can be determined. When both field poles and
their coils are fitted to the frame ring the electrical connections to them are made so that flux will
leave one pole face and enter at the other. For this reason one coil has the start terminal positive
with respect to the finish (red) terminal while in the other coil the finish (red) terminal with respect
to the start terminal is positive.

If the complete flux path is through magnetic steel or another ferromagnetic material, the excitation
ampere - turns uses will produce a very considerable increase in flux through the magnetic circuit
due to the lower reluctance of magnetic materials as compared with air. If a fluxmeter is available it
can be used to measure the flux levels in the magnetic circuit at different values of excitation and to
find the effect of placing a rotor between the poles.