Chemistry S6 All PDF

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY and AMINES
1
1. (a) Benzene reacts with nitric acid in the presence of a catalyst to form nitrobenzene. This is an
electrophilic substitution reaction.
(i) Write an equation for the overall reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the name of the catalyst used.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Write the formula, including its charge, of the electrophile involved in the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Methylbenzene is converted into (chloromethyl)benzene in a free radical substitution

reaction.
C6H5CH3 + Cl2 → C6H5CH2Cl + HCl
(i) Write an equation for the initiation step.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Write equations for the two propagation steps.
(2)
(iii) Give the formula of another possible organic product of the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
2
(c) The equations below both represent addition reactions.
Reaction 1 CH3CHO + HCN → CH3CH(OH)CN
Reaction 2 C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
(i) Write a mechanism for Reaction 1.
(3)
(ii) State one important difference between the mechanism for Reaction 2 and that for
Reaction 1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Crude oil is a complex mixture of compounds. Most of these are hydrocarbons although
there are also sulphur compounds present. Some of the hydrocarbon fractions of crude oil
are catalytically cracked.
(i) What is the economic importance of cracking?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The alkane, C14H30, can be cracked to give an alkene and an alkane. Write a
balanced equation to show one way in which this could happen.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Why is it important that as many as possible of the sulphur compounds are removed
from fuels obtained from oil?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
3
2. 5-Amino-2-methylbenzenesulphonic acid can be obtained from methylbenzene in a three-step
synthesis:
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3
SO 3 H SO 3 H
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
NO2 NO2 NH2
(a) For each step below, name the type of reaction taking place and suggest a suitable reagent
or combination of reagents.
Step 1
Type of reaction .........................................................................................................
Reagent(s) ..................................................................................................................
Step 3
Type of reaction .........................................................................................................
Reagent(s) ...................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Write an equation for the formation of the reactive inorganic species involved in the
mechanism in Step 1.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
4
3. Consider the following reaction sequence:
COCH 2 C 6 H5 CH(OH)CH 2 C 6 H 5 CH=CHC 6H 5
(a) Give the reagents required to carry out Step 1 and write an equation for the formation of the
reactive intermediate involved. Name and outline the mechanism for the reaction between
this intermediate and benzene.
Reagents ....................................................................................................................
.......................................................…….......................................................................
Equation for formation of reactive intermediate ...............................................…....
.......................................................…….......................................................................
Name of mechanism ...............................................................................................…..
Mechanism
(8)
(b) Name the type of reaction taking place in Step 2 and suggest a suitable reagent or
combination of reagents.
Type of reaction .........................................................................................................
Reagent(s) .................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Suggest a suitable reagent for Step 3 and name the mechanism for this reaction.
Reagents ....................................................................................................................
Name of mechanism ...............................................................................................…..

(2)
(d) What type of stereoisomerism is shown by the product of Step 2?
.......................................................…….......................................................................
(1)
(e) Name the type of isomerism shown by the final product, 1,2-diphenylethene, and explain
why this compound can exist in two stereoisomeric forms.
Type of isomerism .......................................................................................................
Explanation ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................…….......................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
5
4. Compound X, (CH3)2CHCN, can be formed from a haloalkane, C3H7Br.
(a) (i) Name compound X.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the reagent and conditions necessary to form X from C3H7Br.
Reagent..............................................................................................................
Conditions..........................................................................................................
(iii) Name and outline the mechanism for this reaction, showing clearly the structure of
C3H7Br.
Name of mechanism..........................................................................................
Mechanism
(7)
(b) Give the reagents required to form nitrobenzene from benzene. Name the mechanism
involved and write an overall equation for the reaction.
Reagents......................................................................................................................
Name of mechanism....................................................................................................
Equation
(4)
(c) By referring to the structures of the organic compounds, explain why the inorganic reagent
used in part (a)(ii) will react with C3H7Br but will not react with benzene.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
6
5. (a) (i) Give the name of the type of mechanism involved in the reaction between propanal
and hydrogen cyanide.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the name and graphical formula of the product formed by the reaction given in
(a)(i).
Name .................................................................................................................
Graphical formula
(2)
(b) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between 1-bromopropane and potassium cyanide.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the name of the type of mechanism involved in the reaction in (b)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The mechanisms of the reactions in (a)and (b) involve the same inorganic attacking species.
Give the formula of this species and state what feature of its structure is responsible for its
role.
Formula ..........................................................................................................
Structural feature ............................................................................................

(2)
(d) Give the reagent and conditions and state the type of mechanism involved in each of the
following conversions.
Benzene into methylbenzene.
Reagent ...........................................................................................................
Conditions .......................................................................................................
Type of mechanism ..........................................................................................

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
7
6. (1-Methylpropyl)benzene, C6H5CH(CH3)CH2CH3, is the major organic product obtained when
benzene and but-l-ene react together in the presence of aluminium chloride and hydrogen
chloride.
(a) Write an equation showing the formation of the major carbonium ion obtained from
but-l-ene, aluminium chloride and hydrogen chloride.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Name the mechanism involved in the reaction between benzene and the carbonium ion
formed in part (a) above.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Explain why butylbenzene, C6H5CH2CH2CH2CH3, is obtained only as a minor by-product

in the above reaction between benzene and but-l-ene.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Explain why only one organic product is obtained when but-2-ene is used instead
of but-l-ene in the reaction with benzene.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Give the structure of a compound, other than an alkene, which could be used to make
(1-methylpropyl)benzene from benzene in the presence of aluminium chloride.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
8
7. (a) In the laboratory, phenylethene can be obtained from benzene in a three-step synthesis:
COCH3 CH(OH)CH CH CH 2
(i) Give the organic reagent and the inorganic catalyst used in Step 1.
Reagent .............................................................................................................
Catalyst ............................................................................................................
(ii) Name the type of reaction taking place in Step 2.
..........................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest either a reagent or a combination of reagent and catalyst suitable for the
conversion in Step 2.
..........................................................................................................................
(iv) For Step 3, name the type of reaction and suggest a suitable reagent for the reaction.
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................
Reagent .............................................................................................................
(6)
(b) In industry, phenylethene is made from benzene and ethene in a two-step process:
CH 2 CH 3 CH CH 2
Step 1 Step 2
(i) Give one major use of phenylethene.
.........................................................................................................................
(ii) Identify the reactive species which attacks benzene in Step 1 and write an equation to
show how this species is generated.
Reactive species ...............................................................................................
Equation ...........................................................................................................
(iii) Name the type of reaction which occurs in Step 2.
..........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
9
8. (a) Outline a mechanism for the reaction of CH3CH2CH2CHO with HCN and name the
product.
Mechanism
Name of product .........................................................................................................

(5)
(b) Outline a mechanism for the reaction of CH3OH with CH3CH2COCl and name the organic
product.
Mechanism
Name of organic product ............................................................................................

(5)
(c) An equation for the formation of phenylethanone is shown below. In this reaction a reactive
intermediate is formed from ethanoyl chloride. This intermediate then reacts with benzene.
AlCl 3
+ CH 3 COCl COCH 3 + HCl
(i) Give the formula of the reactive intermediate.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Outline a mechanism for the reaction of this intermediate with benzene to form
phenylethanone.
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
10
COCH 2 CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 CH=CHCH 3

(a) For each step, name the type of reaction taking place and suggest a suitable reagent or
Step 1
Type of reaction..........................................................................................................
Reagent(s)...................................................................................................................
Step 2
Type of reaction..........................................................................................................
Reagent(s)...................................................................................................................
Step 3
Type of reaction..........................................................................................................
Reagent(s)...................................................................................................................
(7)
(b) What type of stereoisomerism is shown by the product of Step 2?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Explain why the final product, 1-phenylpropene, is formed as a mixture of two isomers.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
11
( d) When 1-phenylpropene is treated with hydrogen bromide, two compounds are formed
which are structural isomers.
(i) Give the structures of the two isomers.
Isomer 1 Isomer 2
(ii) Name the type of mechanism involved.
........................................................................................................................
(iii) By reference to the structures of the two carbonium ion intermediates formed,
suggest why the two isomers are obtained in unequal amounts.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 16 marks)
10. (a) Name the compound (CH3)2NH
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
( b) (CH3)2NH can be formed by the reaction of an excess of CH3NH2 with CH3Br. Name and
outline a mechanism for this reaction.
Name of mechanism .....................................................................................................
Mechanism
(5)
12
(c) Name the type of compound produced when a large excess of CH3Br reacts with CH3NH2
Give a use for this type of compound.
Type of compound .......................................................................................................
Use ..............................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Draw the structures of the two compounds formed in the reaction of CH3NH2 with ethanoic
anhydride.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
11. (a) Name and outline a mechanism for the formation of butylamine, CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2,
by the reaction of ammonia with 1-bromobutane, CH3CH2CH2CH2Br.
Name of mechanism .....................................................................................................
Mechanism
(5)
(b) Butylamine can also be prepared in a two-step synthesis starting from 1-bromopropane,
CH3CH2CH2Br. Write an equation for each of the two steps in this synthesis.
Step 1
.....................………………………………………………………………………….
Step 2
.....................………………………………………………………………………….
(3)
13
(c) (i) Explain why butylamine is a stronger base than ammonia.
...........………………………………………………………………………….
...........………………………………………………………………………….
...........………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Identify a substance that could be added to aqueous butylamine to produce a basic
buffer solution.
...........………………………………………………………………………….
(3)
(d) Draw the structure of a tertiary amine which is an isomer of butylamine.
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
12. The figure shows a reaction scheme for some aromatic compounds.
CH 3
benzene compound P
concentrated H 2 SO4 /
concentrated HNO 3 at 55 ºC
NO 2
Sn/HCl(aq)
compound Q
nitrobenzene
(a) (i) Give the reagents and conditions for the conversion of benzene into compound P.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Give the name of the mechanism of this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
14
(b) Draw the graphical formulae of the possible organic products when excess chlorine is
passed through boiling compound P in strong sunlight.
(3)
(c) (i) Classify the type of reaction occurring when nitrobenzene is converted into
compound Q.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Draw the graphical formula of compound Q.
(2)
(d) Classify the types of reaction and draw the graphical formulae of the organic products of
the reaction of propanal with:
(i) sodium tetrahydridoborate(III), NaBH4;
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

(2)
(ii) Fehling’s solution;
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

(2)
(iii) hydrogen cyanide.
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

(2)
(Total 17 marks)
15
13. N-Phenylethanamide can be prepared from benzene in three steps:
NO2 NH 2 NHCOCH 3
(a) Give the reagents required to carry out Step 1 and write an equation for the formation of the
reactive inorganic species present. Name and outline the mechanism for the reaction
between this species and benzene.
Reagents......................................................................................................................
Equation for formation of reactive species.................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Mechanism
(7)
Type of reaction..........................................................................................................
Reagent(s)...................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction occurring in Step 3. Name and outline the mechanism for
this reaction.
Equation
Mechanism
(7)
(Total 16 marks)
16
14. (a) Explain how methylamine can act as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
( b) Explain why phenylamine is a weaker base than ammonia.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) (i) Name the type of mechanism involved when methylamine is formed from
bromomethane and ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the structures of three organic compounds other than methylamine which can
be obtained from the reaction between an excess of bromomethane and ammonia.
Compound 1 Compound 2 Compound 3
(iii) Name the type of compound formed in part (c)(ii) which can be used as a cationic
surfactant.
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
17
15. (a) (i) Write an equation for the formation of ethylamine from ethanenitrile.
..........................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a suitable reagent or a combination of reagent and catalyst for this
reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) State the type of reaction taking place between ethylamine and an excess of bromoethane.
Give the structures of the three organic products obtained from this reaction.
Type of reaction...........................................................................................................
Product 1 Product 2 Product 3
(4)
(c) Suggest a mechanism to show how molecules of ethylamine and hydrogen bromide react
together.
(3)
(d) Explain why phenylamine is a weaker base than ethylamine.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Suggest why ethanamide, CH3CONH2, is a weaker base than ethylamine.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
18
(f) Write an equation for the formation of the compound CH3CONHCH2CH3 from ethylamine
and a suitable reagent. Name and outline the mechanism for this reaction.
Equation .....................................................................................................................
Name of mechanism ...................................................................................................
Mechanism
(7)
(Total 20 marks)
16. (a) Methylamine is a weak Brønsted-Lowry base and can be used in aqueous solution with one
other substance to prepare a basic buffer.
(i) Explain the term Brønsted-Lowry base and write an equation for the reaction of
methylamine with water to produce an alkaline solution.
Brønsted-Lowry base ...................................................................................
Equation .......................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a substance that could be added to aqueous methylamine to produce a basic
buffer.
......................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain how the buffer solution in part (a)(ii) is able to resist a change in pH when a
small amount of sodium hydroxide is added.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(5)
( b) Explain why methylamine is a stronger base than ammonia.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
19
(c) A cation is formed when methylamine reacts with a large excess of bromoethane. Name the
mechanism involved in the reaction and draw the structure of the cation formed.
Name of mechanism ................................................................................................
Structure
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
17. (Phenylmethyl)amine, C6H5CH2NH2, can be prepared from (bromomethyl)benzene, C6H5CH2Br,

and also from benzenecarbonitrile, C6H5CN.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the conversion of (bromomethyl)benzene into

(phenylnethyl)amine. Name the type of reaction taking place and explain why a low
yield of product is obtained.
Equation
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................
Explanation ......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the type of reaction involved in the conversion of benzenecarbonitrile into
(phenylmethyl)amine. Write an equation for this reaction and suggest a suitable
reagent or a combination of reagent and catalyst. Explain why this method of
preparation gives a high yield of product.
Type of reaction. ................................................................................................
Equation
Reagent(s) ........................................................................................................
Explanation ......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(9)
20
(b) State which of the two amines, (phenylmethyl)amine and phenylamine, C6H5NH2, is the
weaker base, and explain your choice.
Weaker base ...............................................................................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
COCH 3 COCH3 CH(OH)CH 3
Step 1 Step 2
NO2 NO2
A B C
Step 3
CH(OCOCH 3)CH 3 CH(OCOCH 3)CH 3
Step 4
NH2 NO2
E D
(a) (i) Give the reagents required to carry out Step 1 and write an equation for the formation
of the inorganic reactive intermediate involved.
Reagents............................................................................................................
Equation for formation of inorganic reactive intermediate..............................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Name and outline the mechanism for the reaction between this intermediate and
compound A.
Name of mechanism.........................................................................................
Mechanism
(7)
21
combination of reagents for this conversion.
Type of reaction..........................................................................................................
Reagent(s)...................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Suggest a derivative of ethanoic acid which could be used as a reagent for carrying out Step
3. Name and outline the mechanism for this reaction. You may use ROH to represent
compound C in the mechanism.
Reagent........................................................................................................................
Mechanism
(6)
(d) Name the type of reaction taking place in Step 4 and suggest a suitable reagent or
combination of reagents for this conversion.
Reagent........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) What type of stereoisomerism is shown by compound E?
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
22
19. (a) (i) What feature of the ammonia molecule allows it to act as a base?
..........................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why methylamine is a stronger base than ammonia.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why phenylamine is a weaker base than ammonia.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(5)
( b) (i) Write an equation for the hydrogenation of propanenitrile to form propylamine.

Give an example of a suitable catalyst for this reaction.
Equation............................................................................................................
Catalyst..............................................................................................................
(ii) Name the mechanism involved when propylamine is made from 1-bromopropane
and ammonia.
..........................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the propylamine obtained in part (b)(ii) is not the only organic product
formed.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(5)
(c) Give the structure of the nitrogen-containing compound formed in the reaction between
propylamine and ethanoic anhydride.
(1)
23
(d) The secondary amine CH3(CH2)11NHCH3 can be converted into a cationic surfactant by
reaction with an excess of chloromethane. Name the type of product formed and give the
structural formula of the compound.
Type of product...........................................................................................................
Structural formula
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
20. (a) Explain why phenylamine. C6H5NH2 . is a weaker base than cyclohexylamine,
C6H11NH2.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Write an equation for the formation of cyclohexylamine from bromocyclohexane and an
excess of ammonia. Name and outline the mechanism of this reaction.
Equation
Mechanism
(6)
24
(c) (i) Give the reagent used to convert bromocyclohexane into cyanocyclohexane,
C6H11CN.
............................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a suitable reagent or combination of reagents for converting

cyanocyclohexane into C6H11CH2NH2. Name the type of reaction involved and
write an equation for the conversion.
Reagent(s) .........................................................................................................
Type of reaction ................................................................................................
Equation ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(4)
(d) Write an equation for the reaction between an excess of cyclohexylamine and ethanoyl
chloride. Name and outline the mechanism for this reaction.
You may use RNH2 to represent cyclohexylamine.
Equation .....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Name of mechanism ..................................................................................................
Mechanism
(7)
(Total 20 marks)
25
21. Consider the following reaction scheme and answer the questions below.
H 2 (g)/Pt catalyst NaOH(aq)

CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 CH 3 CN C
F A
HCl(aq) (CH3 CO) 2 O

E
B CH 3 COCl
D
(a) The reaction of compound C with D produces compound E.
(i) Draw the graphical structure of E.
(1)
(ii) State the compound type to which E belongs.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Compound F may be prepared by the reaction of A with hydrogen gas in the presence of a
platinum catalyst.
(i) Give the name of F.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest the type of reaction involved in the conversion of A into F.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Compounds D and F react readily together. Write an equation for the reaction between
them.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
22. (a) Explain why ethylamine is a stronger base than ammonia.
.......................................................…….......................................................................
.......................................................…….......................................................................
.......................................................…….......................................................................
(3)
26
(b) Give a suitable reagent or combination of reagents for the formation of ethylamine from
ethanenitrile. Name the type of reaction involved and write an equation for the conversion.
Reagent(s) ...................................................................................................................
Type of reaction ..........................................................................................................
Equation ......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Give the structure of the final substitution product obtained when ethylamine reacts with an
excess of bromoethane. Name the type of compound formed and suggest a use for this type
of product.
Structure
Name ...........................................................................................................................
Use ..............................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction between ethylamine and ethanoyl chloride.
Mechanism
(5)
(e) Write an equation for the reaction between ethylamine and ethanoic anhydride.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
27
23. (a) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction between propanoyl chloride,
CH3CH2COCl, and methylamine, CH3NH2
Draw the structure of the organic product.
(6)
(b) Benzene reacts with propanoyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride. Write
equations to show the role of aluminium chloride as a catalyst in this reaction. Outline a
mechanism for this reaction of benzene.
(5)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction of propanoyl chloride with water. An excess of water is
added to 1.48 g of propanoyl chloride. Aqueous sodium hydroxide is then added from a
burette to the resulting solution.
Calculate the volume of 0.42 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide needed to react exactly
with the mixture formed.
(5)
(Total 16 marks)
24. A possible synthesis of phenylethene (styrene) is outlined below.
CH 3 CH 3
C O H C OH HC CH 2
Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3
(a) In Reaction 1, ethanoyl chloride and aluminium chloride are used to form a reactive species
which then reacts with benzene.
Write an equation to show the formation of the reactive species.
Name and outline the mechanism by which this reactive species reacts with benzene.
(6)
(b) NaBH4 is a possible reagent for Reaction 2.

Name and outline the mechanism for the reaction with NaBH4 in Reaction 2.
Name the product of Reaction 2.
(6)
(c) Name the type of reaction involved in Reaction 3 and give a reagent for the reaction.
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
28
25. Two reactions of benzene are shown below.
CH 2 CH 3
Reaction 1 X
OH
Reaction 2 Reaction 3
Y C CH 2 CH 3
(a) Name X and give the reagent and catalyst required for Reaction 1.
Write an equation for the formation of the reactive intermediate involved in this reaction.
Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction of this reactive intermediate with benzene
to form X.
(8)
(b) (i) Deduce the structure of Y and give the organic reagent needed for Reaction 2.
(ii) Give the reagent(s) needed for Reaction 3.

(3)
(Total 11 marks)
26. Compound Z can be formed via compounds X and Y in the three step synthesis shown below.
H
CH3 Br C2 H3 N C2 H7 N CH 3 CH 2 N CH3
Compound X Compound Y Compound Z
Identify compounds X and Y and give reagents and conditions for Steps 1 and 2.
State the type of compound of which Z is an example.
Compound Z reacts with a large excess of bromomethane to form a solid product. Draw the
structure of this product and name the type of mechanism for this reaction.
(Total 9 marks)
29
27. (a) Use the following data to show the stability of benzene relative to the hypothetical
cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene.
Give a reason for this difference in stability.
+ H2 ∆H = –120 kJ mol–1
+ 3H 2 ∆H = –208 kJ mol–1
(4)
(b) Consider the following reaction sequence which starts from phenylamine.
NH 2 NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3 NH2

CH3 COCl
NO2 NO2
(i) State and explain the difference in base strength between phenylamine and
ammonia.
(ii) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction in Step 1 and name the organic
product of Step 1.
(iii) The mechanism of Step 2 involves attack by an electrophile. Give the reagents used
in this step and write an equation showing the formation of the electrophile.
Outline a mechanism for the reaction of this electrophile with benzene.
(iv) Name the type of linkage which is broken in Step 3 and suggest a suitable reagent for
this reaction.
(17)
(Total 21 marks)
30
PMT
1. (a) When solid calcium nitrate is heated, brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, are seen and
the solid remaining after decomposition is calcium oxide.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate.
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Describe the changes you would see when cold water is added drop by drop to cold
calcium oxide and give the chemical equation for the reaction.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) State whether barium nitrate will decompose more easily or less easily than
calcium nitrate on heating with a Bunsen burner.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Account for the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of the elements in
group 2.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The brown fumes in part (a) are not pure NO2 but a mixture of N2O4 and NO2.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
Pale yellow dark brown
A transparent glass syringe was filled with the gaseous mixture of N2O4 and NO2 and its
tip sealed. When the piston of the syringe was rapidly pushed well into the body of the
syringe, thereby compressing the gas mixture considerably, the colour of the gas became
momentarily darker but them became lighter again.
1
PMT
(i) Suggest why compressing the gases causes the mixture to darken.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain why the mixture turns lighter on standing.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this equilibrium.
(1)
(iv) 1.0 mole of N2O4 was allowed to reach equilibrium at 400K. At equilibrium the
partial pressure of N2O4 was found to be 0.15 atm.
Given that the equilibrium constant Kp for this reaction is 48 atm, calculate the
partial pressure of NO2 in the equilibrium mixture.
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
2
PMT
2. (a) (i) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of a solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl,
which has a pH of 1.13.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3 , of a solution of chloric(l) acid, HOCl,
which has a pH of 4.23.
Chloric(l) acid is a weak acid with Ka = 3.72 × 10–8 mol dm–3.
(4)
(b) The pH of 0.100 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid is 0.98.
(i) Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in this solution.
(1)
(ii) Write equations to show the two successive ionisations of sulphuric acid, H2SO4, in
water.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
3
PMT
(iii) Suggest why the concentration of hydrogen ions is not 0.20 mol dm–3 in 0.100 mol
dm–3 sulphuric acid.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Many industrial organic reactions produce hydrogen chloride as an additional product.
This can be oxidised to chlorine by the Deacon process:
4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = –115 kJ mol–1.
0.800 mol of hydrogen chloride was mixed with 0.200 mol of oxygen in a vessel of
volume 10.0 dm3 in the presence of a copper(I) chloride catalyst at 400 ºC. At
equilibrium it was found that the mixture contained 0.200 mol of hydrogen chloride.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the value of Kc at 400 ºC.
(4)
4
PMT
(d) State and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium in (c) of:
(i) decreasing the temperature;
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) decreasing the volume;
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) removing the catalyst.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)
3. The reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen is a dynamic equilibrium.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3 ∆H = –196 kJmol–1
(a) Explain what is meant by dynamic equilibrium.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(2)
5
PMT
(b) In the table below state the effect on this reaction of increasing the temperature and of
increasing the pressure.
Effect on the rate of the Effect on the position of

reaction equilibrium
Increasing the Increases

temperature
Increasing the pressure
(3)
(c) This reaction is one of the steps in the industrial production of sulphuric acid. The
normal operating conditions are a temperature of 450 °C, a pressure of 2 atmospheres
and the use of a catalyst.
Justify the use of these conditions.
(i) A temperature of 450 °C:
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) A pressure of 2 atmospheres:
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
6
PMT
(iii) A catalyst:
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Give the name of the catalyst used.
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Give one large scale use of sulphuric acid.
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
4. (a) What is meant by the term weak acid?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) A weak acid, represented by HA, dissociates in water according to the equation:
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A–(aq)
Write an expression for the dissociation constant, Ka, for HA.
(1)
7
PMT
(c) 25 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous HA, was titrated with 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium
hydroxide and the pH measured throughout. The titration curve is shown below.
14
12
pH 10
0
10 20 30 40 50
Volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm 3
Use the titration curve to find:
(i) the value of the pH at the end point of the titration.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) the pH of an aqueous solution of the salt NaA.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) the value of pKa for the acid HA and, hence the value Ka.
pKa ...................................................................................................................
Ka .....................................................................................................................
(2)
8
PMT
(d) Some of the solutions made during this titration would act as buffer solutions.
(i) What is meant by the term buffer solution?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Use the titration curve to find:
the range of pH values over which this mixture acts as a buffer;
from .................................................... to ....................................................

(1)
the pH of the most efficient buffer solution.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Suggest, with reasoning, whether methyl orange or phenolphthalein would be the better
indicator for this titration.
Choice ........................................................................................................................
Reasoning ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(f) Explain why, as the titration proceeds, the flask becomes warm but not as warm as it
would in a similar titration using 1.00 mol dm–3 solutions of hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
9
PMT
(g) A different monobasic weak acid has a dissociation constant of 1.8 × 10– 5 mol dm–3.
(i) Define pH.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the pH of a 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of this acid.
(3)
(Total 21 marks)
5. In the vapour phase sulphur trioxide dissociates:
2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
(a) (i) Write an expression for Kp for this dissociation.
(1)
10
PMT
(ii) At a particular temperature, 75% of the sulphur trioxide is dissociated, producing a

pressure of 10 atm. Calculate the value of Kp at this temperature paying, attention
to its units.
(5)
(b) Solid vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5, is an effective catalyst for this reaction. State the effect
of using double the mass of catalyst on:
(i) the position of the equilibrium;
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) the value of Kp.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
6. (a) Methane reacts with steam in a reversible reaction. In industry this reaction, carried out at
a pressure of 30 atm, is used to produce hydrogen for the manufacture of ammonia
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +210 kJ mol–1
11
PMT
(i) Define the term partial pressure as applied to a gas mixture.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)
(iii) State and explain the effect of increasing the total pressure on the position of this
equilibrium;
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) State the effect on the value of Kp for this equilibrium of the following.
(i) Increasing the total pressure.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Increasing the temperature.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
12
PMT
(iii) Adding a catalyst.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) There is a theory that methane, CH4, constantly leaks from the earth’s crust. This is not
noticeable on land but at the bottom of a cold sea, such as off the Canadian coast, the
methane is trapped in a solid cage of water molecules.
CH4(g) + 6H2O(s) [CH4(H2O)6](s)

methane hydrate
At –29 °C the equilibrium pressure of the methane is 101.3 kPa.
(i) Write an expression for Kp for this equilibrium.
(1)
(ii) Deduce the value of Kp at –29 °C, stating its units.
(1)
13
PMT
(iii) At 0 °C the equilibrium pressure of methane rises to 2600 kPa. What does this tell
you about the effect of temperature change on the position of equilibrium and
about the enthalpy change for this reaction?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Some people have suggested collecting the methane hydrate from the bottom of the
sea and allowing it to warm up to 0 °C on board a ship. Comment on whether this
would be a useful method for collecting methane.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
7. Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is a weak acid which can be used, with its salts, to make buffer
solutions.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term weak acid.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
14
PMT
(c) An aqueous solution of ethanoic acid of concentration 1.00 mol dm–3 has a pH of 2.8.
Sketch, with care, how the pH changes during the titration of 25.0 cm3 1.00 mol dm–3
aqueous ethanoic acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide of the same concentration.
14
pH
12
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Volume of alkali added/cm 3
(4)
(d) Indicate on your sketch the portion of the curve where the mixture is behaving as a buffer.
(1)
(e) (i) Write an expression for the dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid.
(1)
(ii) Explain how the pKa of ethanoic could be found from the graph.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
15
PMT
8. (a) The first stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid is the Contact Process.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
At 400 °C the equilibrium constant Kp = 3.00 × 104 atm–1. A catalyst of vanadium(V)

oxide is used. In a particular equilibrium mixture at 400 °C the partial pressures of
sulphur dioxide and of oxygen were 0.100 atm and 0.500 atm respectively. Show that the
yield of SO3 is about 95% of the equilibrium mixture.
(5)
(b) (i) Pure sulphuric acid is a viscous liquid with a high boiling temperature of
338 °C. It has the structure:
S
O OH
OH
Suggest in terms of the intermolecular forces in sulphuric acid why it has such a
high boiling temperature.
(3)
(ii) Sulphuric acid dissolves in water in a highly exothermic reaction
May her rest be long and placid,

She added water to the acid;
The other girl did what we taught her,
And added acid to the water.
Suggest why sulphuric acid must always be added to water to dilute it rather than
the other way round.
(2)
(c) Sulphuric acid dissociates in water according to the equations:
H2SO4 + H2O → H3O+ + HSO 4–
HSO 4– + H2O H3O+ + SO 24 –
The dissociation constant for the first dissociation is very large; that for the second is 0.01
mol dm–3 at 25 °C.
16
PMT
(i) Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution containing 0.200 mol dm–3 hydrogen ions.
(1)
(ii) The pH of 0.100 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid is 0.98. Explain why this is so close to
the pH of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl which is 1.0.
(3)
(d) Sulphuric acid is used as the electrolyte in the lead-acid battery found in cars. The
electrodes are made from lead and from lead(IV) oxide. As the cell discharges, the lead
and the lead(IV) oxide are both converted to lead(II) sulphate, and the sulphuric acid
concentration falls.
(i) Use the information above to deduce the two half equations occurring in the lead
acid battery.
(3)
(ii) Hence write an equation to represent the overall process taking place as the cell
discharges.
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
9. (a) Define the following terms.
(i) pH .....................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Kw ......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain the meaning of the term strong, as applied to an acid or a base.
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
………………...……………….……………………………………………………..
(1)
(c) Calculate the pH of the following solutions.
(i) HCl(aq) of concentration 0.200 mol dm–3.
17
PMT
(1)
(ii) NaOH (aq) of concentration 0.800 mol dm–3 (Kw = – 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6).
(2)
(d) HA is a weak acid with a dissociation constant Ka = 5.62 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
(i) Write an expression for the dissociation constant, Ka, of HA.
(1)
18
PMT
(ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.400 mol dm–3 solution of HA.
(3)
(e) A buffer solution contains HA(aq) at a concentration of 0.300 mol dm–3, and its sodium
salt, NaA, at a concentration of 0.600 mol dm–3. Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
10. Consider the following equation:
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
2.0 moles of SO2 and 1.0 mole of O2 were allowed to react in a vessel of volume 60 dm3.
At equilibrium 1.8 moles of SO3 had formed and the pressure in the flask was 2 atm.
(a) (i) Write the expression for Kc for this reaction between SO2 and O2.
(1)
19
PMT
(ii) Calculate the value of Kc, with units.
(3)
(b) The reaction between SO2 and O2 is exothermic. State the effect on the following, if the
experiment is repeated at a higher temperature:
(i) Kc ……………………………………………………………………………..
(1)
(ii) the equilibrium position ....................................................................................

(1)
(c) State the effect of a catalyst on:
(i) Kc ……………………………………………………………………………..
(1)
(ii) the equilibrium position ....................................................................................

(1)
(d) (i) Write the expression for Kp for the reaction between SO2 and O2.
(1)
20
PMT
(ii) Calculate the mole fractions of SO2, O2 and SO3 at equilibrium.
(2)
(iii) Calculate the partial pressures of SO2, O2 and SO3 at equilibrium.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the value of Kp, with units.
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
11. Thermochemical data, at 298 K, for the equilibrium between zinc carbonate, zinc oxide and
carbon dioxide is shown below.
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ∆Hο = +71.0 kJ mol–1
Sο[ZnO(s)] = +43.6 J mol–1 K–1
Sο[ZnCO3(s)] = +82.4 J mol–1 K–1
Sο[CO2(g)] = +213.6 J mol–1 K–1
21
PMT
(a) (i) Suggest reasons for the differences between the three standard entropies.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the entropy change for the system, ∆Sοsystem, for this reaction. Include the
sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(b) Calculate the entropy change for the surroundings, ∆Sοsurroundings, at 298 K, showing your
method clearly.
(2)
22
PMT
(c) (i) Calculate the total entropy change for this reaction, ∆Sοtotal, at 298 K.
(1)
(ii) What does the result of your calculation in (c)(i) indicate about the natural
direction of this reaction at 298 K?
Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) (i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)
23
PMT
(ii) State how you would alter ONE condition to increase the yield of carbon dioxide
from this equilibrium reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
12. Propanoic acid is a weak acid which dissociates according to
CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3CH2COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(a) (i) Indicate, in the space provided below the equation, the two acid/base conjugate
pairs.
(2)
(ii) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for propanoic acid.
(1)
24
PMT
(iii) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of propanoic acid, for which
Ka = 1.3 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
(3)
(iv) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH–, in this same solution of
propanoic acid. Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at the temperature of the solution.
(3)
(b) If sodium propanoate is dissolved in water, the pH of the resulting solution is not 7, but is
near to 8. By writing the equation for the reaction occurring suggest why this is so.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
25
PMT
(c) A mixture of sodium propanoate and propanoic acid behaves as a buffer solution.
(i) What is meant by a buffer solution?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution that is made by mixing equal volumes of
0.0500 mol dm–3 propanoic acid and 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium propanoate.
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
13. A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2(aq), has a pH of 9.6.
(a) Write an expression linking hydrogen ion concentration and pH. Use this to calculate the
concentration of hydrogen ions in this solution.
(3)
26
PMT
(b) (i) The ionisation constant for water, Kw = 1.0 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6.
Write the expression for Kw.
Kw =
(1)
(ii) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in the saturated solution of calcium
hydroxide.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the concentration of calcium hydroxide in the saturated solution.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the solubility of calcium hydroxide in g dm–3.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(1)
27
PMT
(v) Suggest why your calculated value may differ significantly from the value in
chemistry reference books.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) An alternative method for finding the solubility of calcium hydroxide is to titrate 100 cm3
of the saturated solution with hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.00100 mol dm–3.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
(i) Calculate the pH of the hydrochloric acid.
(1)
(ii) Use your answer to (b)(iii) and the information above to calculate the volume of
hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise 100 cm3 of the saturated calcium
hydroxide solution.
(3)
28
PMT
(iii) Sketch the titration curve for this reaction.
(2)
(iv) Suggest why phenolphthalein is not a suitable indicator for this reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
14. (a) Ammonia reacts with water as below:
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
A 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of ammonia has a pH of 11.13.
(i) Identify the Bronsted–Lowry acid/base conjugate pairs in the equation. Clearly
label which are acids and which are bases.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
29
PMT
(ii) Draw, on the axes below, a graph to show how the pH of the solution varies as
40 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) is added slowly to
20 cm3 of the ammonia solution.
14
12
10
pH 8
0
10 20 30 40 50
3
Volume of HCl solution / cm
(4)
(iii) Select, from the following list, the indicator which would be the most suitable for
this titration. Give a reason for your choice.
Indicator pKind Range

methyl red 5.1 4.2–6.3
bromothymol blue 7.0 6.0–7.6
phenolphthalein 9.3 8.2–10.0
Indicator: ....................................................................................................................
Reason: ......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
30
PMT
(b) Nitrous acid, HNO2, is a weak acid with an acid dissociation constant
Ka = 4.70 × 10–4 mol dm–3 at 4 °C.
HNO2(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO2–(aq)
(i) Write the expression for Ka.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.120 mol dm–3 solution of nitrous acid.
(3)
31
PMT
(iii) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution made by adding 1.38 g of sodium nitrite,
NaNO2, to 100 cm3 of the 0.120 mol dm–3 solution of nitrous acid
(Ka = 4.70 × 10–4 mol dm–3).
(4)
(iv) Suggest why a mixture of nitrous acid and sodium nitrite can act as a buffer
solution whereas a solution of sodium nitrite on its own does not.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 18 marks)
15. When dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, dissociates, the following equilibrium is established.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
(a) State a property which could be measured to follow the progress of this reversible
reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction.
32
PMT
(1)
(c) When a sample of 0.0370 moles of gaseous dinitrogen tetroxide is allowed to dissociate at
25 °C in a container of volume 1 dm3, 0.0310 moles of N2O4(g) remain in the equilibrium
mixture.
Complete the table below, and use the data to calculate Kc for the reaction. Include a unit
in your answer.
N2O4 NO2
Number of moles at start 0.0370 0
Number of moles in 1 dm3 0.0310

at equilibrium
Kc calculation:
(3)
(d) The reaction was repeated at a higher pressure, maintaining the temperature at 25 °C.
(i) How does this increase in pressure affect the amount of nitrogen dioxide, NO2(g),
in the equilibrium mixture?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
33
PMT
(ii) How does this increase in pressure affect the value of Kc?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) The reaction was repeated at the original pressure, but the temperature was increased to
75 °C. The value of Kc was approximately twenty times greater.
How does this information show that the reaction is endothermic?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) Predict the sign of ΔSsystem for the reaction, giving a reason for your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g) Write the equation for the relationship between ΔSsurroundings and ΔH for the reaction.
(1)
34
PMT
(h) The magnitude of ΔSsystem for the reaction is greater than the magnitude of ΔSsurroundings.
Explain why this must be the case.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
16. (a) (i) Use an equation to define the term pH.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain how some solutions can have a negative pH.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
35
PMT
(b) The concentration of propanoic acid can be found by titrating a sample with standard
sodium hydroxide solution.
(i) Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm–3 propanoic acid at 25 °C; the value of the
dissociation constant for the acid, Ka, is 1.30 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
(3)
(ii) Sketch with reasonable accuracy the titration curve that you would expect if
25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 propanoic acid were to be titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide solution.
14
12
10
0
10 20 30 40 50
–3 sodium hydroxide solution/cm3
Volume of 0.100 mol dm
36
PMT
(iii) What is the significance of the pH of the mixture when 12.5 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide had been added to the propanoic acid?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
17. This question concerns the equilibrium
2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –180 kJ mol–1
(a) Define the term partial pressure.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Write the expression for Kp for the above reaction.
(1)
37
PMT
(ii) At 1600 °C and 1.5 atm pressure NO is 99 % dissociated at equilibrium. Calculate

the value of Kp under these conditions.
(4)
(c) State and explain the effect on Kp and hence on the position of equilibrium of decreasing
the temperature at constant pressure.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(3)
38
PMT
(d) The reaction
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g)
is used to purify nickel.
(i) Write the expression for Kp for this system.
(1)
(ii) In order to achieve a high equilibrium yield of Ni(CO)4 should a low or a high
partial pressure of carbon monoxide be used? Explain your answer in terms of Kp.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
18. The equation below shows a possible reaction for producing methanol.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(l) ΔHο = −129 kJ mol–1
39
PMT
(a) The entropy of one mole of each substance in the equation, measured at 298 K, is shown
below.
Sο
Substance /J mol−1 K−1
CO(g) 197.6
H2(g) 130.6
CH3OH(l) 239.7
(i) Suggest why methanol has the highest entropy value of the three substances.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the entropy change of the system, ΔSοsystem, for this reaction.
(2)
(iii) Is the sign of ΔSοsystem as expected? Give a reason for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
40
PMT
(iv) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings ΔSοsurroundings, at 298 K.
(2)
(v) Show, by calculation, whether it is possible for this reaction to occur spontaneously
at 298 K.
(2)
(b) When methanol is produced in industry, this reaction is carried out at 400 ºC and 200
atmospheres pressure, in the presence of a catalyst of chromium oxide mixed with zinc
oxide. Under these conditions methanol vapour forms and the reaction reaches
equilibrium. Assume that the reaction is still exothermic under these conditions.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
(i) Suggest reasons for the choice of temperature and pressure.
Temperature ........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Pressure ...............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(3)
41
PMT
(ii) The catalyst used in this reaction is heterogeneous. Explain this term.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant in terms of pressure, Kp, for this
reaction.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
(1)
(iv) In the equilibrium mixture at 200 atmospheres pressure, the partial pressure of
carbon monoxide is 55 atmospheres and the partial pressure of hydrogen is 20
atmospheres.
Calculate the partial pressure of methanol in the mixture and hence the value of the
equilibrium constant, Kp. Include a unit in your answer.
(2)
42
PMT
(c) The diagram below shows the distribution of energy in a sample of gas molecules in a
reaction when no catalyst is present. The activation energy for the reaction is EA.
(i) What does the shaded area on the graph represent?
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Draw a line on the graph, labelled EC, to show the activation energy of the
catalysed reaction.
(1)
(Total 17 marks)
19. Pentanoic acid, C4H9COOH, is a weak acid with an acid dissociation constant,
Ka = 1.5 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
(i) What is meant by the term weak in a weak acid?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
43
PMT
(ii) Write the expression for the Ka of C4H9COOH.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of C4H9COOH.
(3)
44
PMT
(iv) On the grid below sketch the change in pH during the addition of 50.0 cm3 of
0.100 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution to 25 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 pentanoic acid
solution.
14
12
10
pH
8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm 3
(4)
(v) Suggest, with reasoning, a suitable indicator for the titration in (iv).
Indicator pKind
Bromophenol blue 4.0
Methyl red 5.1
Thymol blue 8.9
Alizarin yellow 12.5
Indicator .....................................................................................................................
Reason ........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
45
PMT
20. The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen can be used to produce ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔHο = – 92.2 kJ mol–1
Standard entropies are given below
Sο [N2(g)] = +191.6 J mol–1 K–1
Sο [H2(g)] = +130.6 J mol–1 K–1
Sο [NH3(g)] = +192.3 J mol–1 K–1
(a) Calculate the entropy change of the system, ΔSοsystem, for this reaction. Include a sign and
units in your answer.
(2)
(b) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings, at 298 K. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(2)
46
PMT
(c) (i) Calculate the total entropy change, ΔSοtotal, at 298 K. Include a sign and units in
your answer.
(1)
(ii) Is this reaction feasible at 298 K? Justify your answer.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) In industry the reaction is carried out at about 700 K using an iron catalyst and high
pressures.
(i) The yield of ammonia produced at equilibrium is less at 700 K than at 298 K, if the
pressure remains constant. In terms of entropy, explain why this happens.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Higher pressures increase the yield of ammonia at equilibrium. Suggest a reason
why pressures greater than 300 atmospheres are not routinely used.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
47
PMT
(iii) Iron is a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain what is meant by heterogeneous.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
21. (a) When silver carbonate is heated, it decomposes into silver oxide and carbon dioxide.
Ag2CO3(s) Ag2O(s) + CO2(g)
At 227 °C, the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, is 1.48 atm.
(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp.
(1)
(ii) What is the pressure of carbon dioxide gas when silver carbonate is heated to a
temperature of 227 °C in a closed vessel?
(1)
48
PMT
(b) When nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is heated, it dissociates reversibly into nitric oxide, NO,
and chlorine, Cl2, according to the equation
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ∆H = +75.6 kJ mol–1
(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)
49
PMT
(ii) 1.00 mol of nitrosyl chloride was placed in a sealed container and heated to 500 °C.
Equilibrium was reached when 22.0% of the nitrosyl chloride had dissociated. The
pressure in the vessel was 5.00 atm.
Calculate the value of Kp at this temperature, stating its units.
(5)
(iii) State the effect of an increase in temperature on the value of the equilibrium
constant, Kp. Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
50
PMT
(iv) Hence suggest in which direction the position of equilibrium moves when the
temperature is increased. Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
22. (a) The first step in the esterification of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, by ethanol in the presence
of a small quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid, is the reaction
CH3COOH + H2SO4 → CH3COOH2+ + HSO −4
In the space below the equation, identify the two acid base conjugate pairs.
(2)
(b) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is a weak acid and dissociates in water according to the
equation
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO–(aq)
Its acid dissociation constant, Ka, is
[H 3 O + ][CH 3 COO – ]
Ka = = 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3 (at 25 °C)
[CH 3 COOH]
(i) The concentration of a solution of ethanoic acid can be determined by titrating a

25.0 cm3 sample in a conical flask against a standard solution of sodium hydroxide.
State whether the pH at the end point is less than 7, 7, or more than 7, and hence
name a suitable indicator for this titration.
pH at end point ..................................................................................................
Indicator .............................................................................................................
(2)
51
PMT
(ii) Ethanoic acid is only about 1% ionised in dilute solutions. Its enthalpy of
neutralisation is –55 kJ mol–1, whereas the enthalpy of neutralisation of a strong
acid, such as hydrochloric acid, is –57 kJ mol–1.
Explain why there is so little difference between these two values.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) Calculate the pH of a 0.140 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid, clearly showing the
TWO assumptions that you have made.
Calculation
Assumptions
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(4)
52
PMT
(iv) To 50.0 cm3 of the solution in (III) , an equal volume of a 0.200 mol dm–3 solution
of potassium ethanoate was added. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution
obtained.
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
23. In the first stage of an industrial process for purifying nickel, carbon monoxide is passed over
impure nickel at 323 K. Gaseous nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4, is formed.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g) ∆Hο = –191 kJ mol–1
(a) (i) Calculate ∆Sοsystem for this reaction given the following standard entropy values.
Sο
Substance /J mol–1 K–1
Ni(s) +29.9
CO(g) +197.6
Ni(CO)4(g) +313.4
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
53
PMT
(ii) Refer to the equation above and comment on the sign of your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Calculate ∆Sοsurroundings at 323 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(iv) Deduce the direction of this reaction at 323 K. Justify your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)
54
PMT
(ii) 100 moles of gaseous carbon monoxide is mixed with excess solid nickel at 323 K
in a vessel kept at 1.00 atmosphere pressure. At equilibrium, 1.00 mole of the
carbon monoxide has reacted.
Complete the table below and then calculate the value of Kp at this temperature.
Include the units of Kp in your answer.
Moles at Partial pressure, peq

Substance Moles at start
equilibrium /atm
Ni(CO)4 0
CO 100 99.0
(4)
(iii) As Kp has such a small value, suggest THREE ways in which this industrial
process could be improved to increase profitability. Justify each of your
suggestions.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
55
PMT
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) The second stage of this process is to recover the nickel from the nickel tetracarbonyl,
Ni(CO)4. By considering your calculations of the entropy changes, suggest how this
could be done. Justify your suggestion.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
24. The weak acid methanoic acid, HCOOH, sets up the following equilibrium in water at 298 K:
HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HCOO–(aq)
The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for methanoic acid at 298 K is 1.78 × 10–4 mol dm–3.
56
PMT
(a) A 0.200 mol dm–3 solution of methanoic acid has a pH of 2.2 at 298 K.
20.0 cm3 of this solution is titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution until
excess alkali has been added.
On the grid below, sketch the titration curve you would expect for this reaction.
14
12
10
pH 8
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
3
Volume of sodium hydroxide solution/ cm
(4)
(b) Equal volumes of 0.500 mol dm–3 methanoic acid and 0.250 mol dm–3 sodium
methanoate solution are mixed to make a buffer solution.
(i) Define the term buffer solution.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
57
PMT
(ii) Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.
(3)
(iii) Explain, with the aid of equations, how this mixture acts as a buffer solution.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)
58
PMT
25. One step in the manufacture of nitric acid is the reaction between nitrogen(II) oxide and oxygen
to form nitrogen(IV) oxide.
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ΔH = –114 kJ mol–1
(a) (i) Use the equation to suggest the sign of ΔSsystem for the forward reaction. Justify
your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) What is the sign of ΔSsurroundings for the forward reaction? Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Write the expression for Kp for this reaction.

What are the units of Kp in this reaction?
Units ..............................................
(2)
59
PMT
(ii) Suggest how the temperature and pressure could be altered to make nitrogen(IV)
oxide more economically. Justify your suggestions by considering both yield and
rate.
Temperature
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Pressure
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c) (i) What property would allow you to follow the progress of this reaction? Justify your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
60
PMT
(ii) In a series of experiments, the following results were obtained.
[NO(g)] [O2(g)] Initial rate

Experiment
/mol dm–3 /mol dm–3 /mol dm–3 s–1
1 1.0 × 10–3 1.0 × 10–3 8.0 × 10–6
2 2.0 × 10–3 1.0 × 10–3 3.2 × 10–5
3 2.0 × 10–3 2.0 × 10–3 6.4 × 10–5
• What is the order of the reaction with respect to NO(g)? Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
• What is the order of the reaction with respect to O2(g)?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) What is the rate equation for this reaction?
(1)
(iv) What is the overall order for this reaction?
....................................................................................
(1)
61
PMT
(v) Calculate the rate constant, k, for this reaction. Include units with your answer.
(2)
(d) Suggest why this reaction takes place quickly at room temperature and pressure.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 20 marks)
26. (a) (i) Calculate the pH of 0.050 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions, in mol dm–3, in this solution.
At this temperature, Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6.
(1)
62
PMT
(b) Phosphoric(V) acid, H3PO4, is a weak acid, forming the following equilibrium in water:
H3PO4(aq) + H2O(l) H2PO4–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for phosphoric(V) acid.
(1)
(ii) Given that a 0.500 mol dm–3 solution of phosphoric(V) acid has a pH of 1.20,
calculate the value of Ka, stating its units.
Assume that there is no further dissociation of the H2PO4– ion.
(4)
(c) The H2PO4– ion formed when phosphoric(V) acid is added to water can dissociate further
into HPO42–.
H2PO4–(aq) + H2O(l) HPO42–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
.................. .................. .................. ..................
(i) In the spaces below the equation, identify the acid base conjugate pairs.
(2)
63
PMT
(ii) Explain why very little dissociation of the H2PO4– ion occurs in solutions of
phosphoric(V) acid.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) The change in pH when 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 phosphoric(V) acid is titrated with
sodium hydroxide solution of the same concentration can be seen on the graph below.
pH 4
1
10 20 30
Volume of 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution added/ cm3
64
PMT
From the list below, select a suitable indicator for this titration. Justify your choice.
pKIn
bromocresol green 4.7
bromothymol blue 7.0
phenolphthalein 9.3
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
27. Dichloroethanoic acid reacts with pent-1-ene as shown by the following equation:
CHCl2CO2H(l) + C5H10(l) CHCl2CO2C5H11(l)
(a) Give the name of the product of this reaction and also the name for the new functional
group it contains.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
65
PMT
(b) In an experiment to determine the equilibrium constant, 1.00 mol of dichloroethanoic acid
was mixed with 2.30 mol of pent-1-ene. The total volume remained at 300 cm3
throughout. When equilibrium had been reached, it was found that 0.40 mol of
dichloroethanoic acid was left.
(i) List the steps in the experiment you would carry out to determine the concentration
of dichloroethanoic acid present at equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction.
(1)
66
PMT
(iii) Complete the table for the number of moles and concentrations at equilibrium.
Concentration at
Number of Number of moles equilibrium
Substance
moles at start at equilibrium
/mol dm–3
CHCl2COOH 1.00 0.40 1.33
C5H10 2.30
CHCl2COOC5H11 0
(3)
(iv) Calculate the value of Kc, and give its units.
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
67
PMT
28. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) In the Haber process, ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen as shown in
the equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i) Use the bond enthalpies below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ammonia.
Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

N≡N in N2 +945
H–H in H2 +436
N–H in NH3 +391
(4)
68
PMT
(ii) Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the formation of ammonia in the Haber
process.
Enthalpy
(2)
(iii) State the temperature used in the Haber process and explain in terms of the rate of
reaction and position of equilibrium, why this temperature is chosen.
Temperature .......................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
69
PMT
(iv) Identify the catalyst used in the Haber process and state what effect, if any, it has
on the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
Catalyst ................................................................
Effect on yield ...................................................................................................

(2)
(v) Explain why it is necessary to use a catalyst in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The pressure used in the Haber process is 250 atmospheres.
(i) State and explain an advantage of increasing the pressure to 1000 atmospheres.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Suggest a disadvantage of using a pressure of 1000 atmospheres.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
70
PMT
29. (a) Methanoic acid, HCOOH, is a weak acid. Explain what is meant by the terms weak and
acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between aqueous
solutions of methanoic acid and sodium carbonate.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The following equilibrium is set up when methanoic acid dissociates in water:
HCOOH(aq) + H2O(1) HCOO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(i) There are two conjugate acid-base pairs in the above equation.
Identify them by completing the sentences below:
Formula of one acid is .......................................................... .
The formula of its conjugate base is .......................................................... .

(1)
Formula of the other acid is .......................................................... .
The formula of its conjugate base is .......................................................... .

(1)
(ii) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for methanoic acid.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of methanoic acid at 298 K.
71
PMT
[Ka for methanoic acid is 1.60 × 10–4 mol dm–3 at 298 K]
(3)
(d) A buffer solution is made up by mixing equal volumes of 0.100 mol dm–3 methanoic acid
and 0.400 mol dm–3 sodium methanoate.
(i) Calculate the pH of the buffer solution obtained.
(3)
72
PMT
(ii) Explain why the pH of this mixture of methanoic acid and sodium methanoate
remains almost constant when a small quantity of an acidic solution, containing
hydrogen ions, or a small quantity of an alkaline solution, containing hydroxide
ions, is added.
In your explanation include equations to show the effect of adding hydrogen ions
and of adding hydroxide ions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
73
PMT
30. One stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid is
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
2
p SO 3
The equilibrium constant Kp = 2
p SO 2
× pO2
(a) 10.0 mol of SO2 and 5.00 mol of O2 were allowed to react. At equilibrium, 90.0% of the
SO2 was converted into SO3.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of SO2, O2 and SO3 present in the equilibrium
mixture.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the mole fractions of SO2, O2 and SO3 at equilibrium.
(1)
74
PMT
(iii) Assuming that the total pressure of the equilibrium mixture was 2.00 atm, calculate
the partial pressures of SO2, O2 and SO3 at equilibrium.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the value of Kp.
(2)
(b) The reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen is exothermic.
(i) State the effect, if any, on Kp of increasing the temperature at constant pressure.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
75
PMT
2
p SO 3
(ii) Use your answer to (i), and the expression Kp = to explain the effect
2
p SO 2
× pO2
on the position of equilibrium of increasing the temperature at constant pressure.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The reaction was repeated at a higher pressure whilst maintaining a constant temperature.
(i) State the effect, if any, of an increase in the total pressure on the value of Kp.
...............................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the effect, if any, of this increase in pressure on the amount of sulphur
trioxide in the equilibrium mixture.
...............................................................................
(1)
(d) State the effect, if any, of a catalyst on:
(i) Kp
...............................................................................
(1)
(ii) the equilibrium position.
...............................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
76
PMT
31. (a) What is the formula of the ion found in all acidic solutions?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Which of the following substances would form an acidic solution in water?
A CH4 B NaOH C HCO2H

D NH3 E HNO3
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
32. 10.0 cm3 of a solution of butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2CO2H, of concentration 0.00660 mol dm–3,
was titrated with a solution of aqueous ammonia using a pH probe.
The pH was recorded throughout, and the results were plotted as shown below.
11
10
8
pH
7
6
Y
5 X
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Volume of ammonia added / cm 3
77
PMT
(a) (i) Using the pH of butanoic acid from the graph, calculate the initial hydrogen ion
concentration.
(2)
(ii) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for an aqueous solution
of butanoic acid.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the value of Ka making the usual assumptions. Give your answer to two
significant figures.
(2)
(b) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between butanoic acid and ammonia. State
symbols are not required.
(1)
(ii) Name the two compounds, apart from water, which are present in the mixture
between X and Y shown on the graph.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
78
PMT
(iii) What type of mixture is present between X and Y? What evidence is there for your
answer by reference to the graph?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Explain why it is not possible to carry out this titration using an indicator.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(v) Use the graph to estimate the end-point of the titration. Hence calculate the
concentration of the ammonia solution.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
79
PMT
33. (a) Sketch the titration curve that you would expect if 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl, is titrated with 40.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 ammonia solution,
NH3.
14
12
10
pH
8
0
10 20 30 40
Volume of 0.100 mol dm–3
ammonia solution / cm 3
(4)
(b) Using your answer to (a), select a suitable indicator for this titration. Put a tick in the
appropriate box in the table below.
Indicator pKInd ( )
thymol blue 1.7
bromocresol green 4.7
phenol red 7.9
phenolphthalein 9.3
(1)
80
PMT
(c) Suggest why there is no suitable indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid with ammonia.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
34. Methanoic acid and ethanol react together to form ethyl methanoate, HCOOC2H5, and water.
This reaction is reversible and can be allowed to reach equilibrium.
HCOOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) HCOOC2H5 (l) + H2O(l) ΔH = +45 kJ mol–1
(a) Draw the full structural formula of ethyl methanoate, showing all bonds.
(1)
(b) What type of organic compound is ethyl methanoate?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
81
PMT
(c) In an experiment, 3.00 mol methanoic acid, HCOOH, and 6.25 mol ethanol, C2H5OH,
were mixed together. A small quantity of catalyst was added. The mixture was left for
several days in a water bath to reach equilibrium at constant temperature.
(i) Complete the table.
Number of moles in the reaction mixture

HCOOH C2H5OH HCOOC2H5 H2O
at start of
3.00 6.25 0.00 0.00
experiment
at equilibrium 0.50
(2)
(ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction.
(1)
(iii) Calculate Kc for the reaction at the temperature of the experiment. The total volume
of the equilibrium mixture was 485 cm3.
(2)
(iv) State and explain whether Kc for this reaction has units.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
82
PMT
(d) (i) The temperature of this equilibrium mixture is lowered.
Explain the effect of this on the value of the equilibrium constant and hence on the
yield of ethyl methanoate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii) A student added more catalyst to the mixture.
State, giving a reason, what would happen to the composition of the equilibrium
mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
83
PMT
35. When solid lead(II) sulphate is added to a solution of sodium iodide, the following equilibrium
is established:
PbSO4(s) + 2I– (aq) PbI2(s) + SO42– (aq)
The equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction may be found by adding an excess of solid
lead(II) sulphate to a known volume of a standard solution of sodium iodide. The mixture is left
to reach equilibrium at a constant temperature, T.
Ice-cold water is added to freeze the position of equilibrium and the mixture is then titrated with
standard silver nitrate solution.
In a typical experiment, excess lead(II) sulphate was added to 50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
sodium iodide solution. The whole equilibrium mixture required 31.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
silver nitrate solution to react with the aqueous iodide ions.
The expression for Kc for this reaction is
2−
[SO 4 ]
Kc =
[I − ] 2
(a) Why is it not necessary to know the mass of the lead(II) sulphate used in the experiment?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Give the ionic equation for the reaction between silver nitrate solution and aqueous iodide
ions to produce a precipitate of silver iodide, AgI.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
84
PMT
(c) From the data given above, calculate the equilibrium amounts of the iodide and of the
sulphate ions in solution. Hence calculate the equilibrium concentration of these ions, and
the value of Kc for the reaction at temperature T, including the units, if any.
(8)
(Total 10 marks)
36. This question concerns the reactions of some compounds of nitrogen.
(a) The ammonium ion reacts with water and behaves as an acid.
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(i) Identify the TWO conjugate acid-base pairs in the spaces provided.
acid 1 ................................... base 1 ...................................
acid 2 ................................... base 2 ...................................

(1)
85
PMT
(ii) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of the ammonium ion.
(1)
(iii) A solution of ammonium chloride has a pH of 5.00 at 25°C.

Ka for the ammonium ion is 5.62 × 10–10 mol dm–3 at 25°C.
Calculate the concentration of this solution. State any assumptions you have made.
(4)
(iv) Use the following table and your answer from part (iii) to suggest a suitable
indicator for the titration of ammonia solution with hydrochloric acid. Justify your
answer.
Indicator pKIn
thymol blue 1.7
methyl red 5.1
phenolphthalein 9.3
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
86
PMT
(b) Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid in aqueous solution.
Write an equation to show why aqueous solutions of cyanide ions are alkaline.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Hydrogen cyanide reacts with propanal as follows:
CH3CH2CHO + HCN → CH3CH2CH(OH)CN
Propanal is reacted with a solution of potassium cyanide, KCN, containing a little dilute
sulphuric acid.
(i) What type of reaction is this?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction.
(3)
87
PMT
(iii) It is important that the pH is neither too acidic nor too alkaline if a good yield of
the product is to be obtained. Explain why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) In an investigation of the kinetics of the nucleophilic substitution reaction between 1-

chloropropane and potassium cyanide in aqueous ethanolic solution, the reaction was
found to be first order with respect to 1-chloropropane and first order with respect to
cyanide ions.
(i) Give the rate equation for the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Write a mechanism for the reaction that is consistent with this rate equation.
(3)
(Total 19 marks)
88
PMT
37. Ammonia can be oxidised to form nitrogen(II) oxide and water according to the equation
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆Hο = –905.6 kJ mol–1.
In industry, the reaction is carried out at 1123 K with a platinum/rhodium catalyst.
The standard entropy of one mole of each substance in the equation, measured at 298 K, is
shown in the table below.
Substance Sο/ J mol–1 K–1

NH3 (g) +192.3
O2 (g) +205.0
NO (g) +210.7
H2O (g) +188.7
(a) (i) Use the values given to calculate the standard entropy change of the system,
∆Sοsystem, for this reaction. Include the sign and units in your final answer.
(2)
(ii) Is the sign for your value for ∆Sοsystem what you expected? Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
89
PMT
(iii) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, ∆Ssurroundings, at 1123 K for this
reaction. Include the sign and units in your final answer.
(2)
(iv) Calculate the total entropy change, ∆Stotal, for this reaction at 1123 K. Include the
sign and units in your final answer. You may assume that ∆Ssystem is unchanged at
high temperatures.
(1)
(v) What does your answer to (iv) tell you about the extent of the reaction at 1123 K?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
90
PMT
(vi) An energy profile was proposed to illustrate the effect of the catalyst on this
reaction. The proposal has two errors. Draw a corrected version on the axes below.
Proposal
Uncatalysed
pathway
4NH3 (g) + 4NO(g) +

Energy 5O2 (g) 6H2O(g)
Catalysed
pathway
Progress of reaction
Corrected version
4NH3 (g) +
Energy 5O2 (g)
Progress of reaction
(2)
(b) The oxidation of nitrogen(II) oxide leads to the following equilibrium
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
The number of moles of each gas in a reaction mixture at equilibrium, at a pressure of

1.5atm, was found to be
Number of moles
Substance
at equilibrium
NO (g) 0.025
O2 (g) 0.025
NO2 (g) 4.95
91
PMT
(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the mole fraction of each gas and hence the value of the equilibrium
constant, Kp, for this mixture. Include units, if required, in your answer.
(4)
(iii) What does your answer to (ii) tell you about the position of the equilibrium?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
92
PMT
(iv) If the total pressure of the reaction mixture was increased, describe what would
happen to the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, and the partial pressure of
NO2(g). In each case justify your answer.
Equilibrium constant, Kp.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Partial pressure of NO2(g).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
38. (a) The table below shows the acid dissociation constants, Ka, of three carboxylic acids.
Acid Structural formula Ka/ mol dm–3

Chloroethanoic CH2ClCO2H 1.3 × 10–3
Dichloroethanoic CHCl2CO2H 5.0 × 10–2
Trichloroethanoic CCl3CO2H 2.3 × 10–1
(i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of chloroethanoic acid.
(1)
93
PMT
(ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 mol dm–3 solution of chloroethanoic acid, making the
usual assumptions.
(3)
(iii) Which acid would have the lowest pH at a concentration of 0.0010 mol dm–3?
Use both the data and the structure of the acids to justify your answer. No further
calculation is required.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Chloroethanoic acid, CH2ClCO2H, reacts with methanol, CH3OH, in the presence of a
sulphuric acid catalyst.
(i) Draw the displayed formula and give the name of the organic product formed.
Displayed Formula
Name .................................................................................................................
(3)
94
PMT
(ii) What name is given to the functional group formed in this organic product?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) What type of reagent is methanol in this reaction? Explain why it is able to behave
in this way and describe how it attacks the chloroethanoic acid.
You may find it helpful to draw a diagram.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv) How would you convert the organic product of the reaction between
chloroethanoic acid and methanol back into the original compounds?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
95
PMT
39. This question is about ammonia, NH3, which is produced as shown in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) Use oxidation numbers to explain why this is a redox reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Use the average (mean) bond enthalpy data to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change for this reaction. You are reminded to show all your working.
Average bond enthalpy

Bond
/ kJ mol–1
N≡N 944
H—H 436
N—H 388
(3)
(ii) The actual standard enthalpy change for this reaction is –92 kJ mol–1. Explain why
the value you calculated in (b)(i) is not the same as this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
96
PMT
(iii) At room temperature, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is thermodynamically

unstable with respect to ammonia, but is kinetically stable.
Use the data in (b)(i) and (ii) to help you explain why this mixture is
thermodynamically unstable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
kinetically stable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
97
PMT
(c) The manufacturer of ammonia would like to achieve a high rate of reaction and a high
equilibrium yield of product.
(i) State and explain, in terms of collision theory, TWO ways to increase the rate of
the reaction. An increase in pressure does not alter the rate in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)
98
PMT
(ii) State and explain TWO ways to increase the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 19 marks)
40. (a) The equilibrium between hydrogen iodide, hydrogen and iodine was investigated by
sealing hydrogen iodide in glass tubes and heating the tubes at 698 K until equilibrium
was reached.
2HI(g) H2(g)+ I2(g) ΔH = + 9.4 kJ mol–1
The glass tubes were cooled rapidly and then opened in a solution of potassium iodide so
that the concentration of iodine at equilibrium could be determined by titration.
(i) Suggest why the reaction mixture was cooled rapidly.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
99
PMT
(ii) The expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction is
[H 2 ( g )][I 2 (g )]
Kc =
[HI(g)]2
One of the tubes was found to contain iodine at a concentration of

5.0 × 10–4 mol dm–3.
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen iodide, in mol dm–3.

The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction is 0.019 at 698 K.
(3)
(b) In a different experiment, 1.0 mol of hydrogen and 1.0 mol of iodine were allowed to
reach equilibrium at 698 K.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
At equilibrium, 80% of the hydrogen was converted to hydrogen iodide at a total pressure
of 1.1 atm.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction as shown.
(1)
100
PMT
(ii) Calculate the value of Kp.
(4)
(iii) Explain why, in this case, Kp has no units.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
41. This question is about propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH.
(a) Propanoic acid is a weak acid which dissociates as follows
CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3CH2COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(i) In the above equation there are two conjugate acid-base pairs.
Identify them by completing the sentences below
Formula of one acid is ......................................................................................
The formula of its conjugate base is .................................................................
Formula of the other acid is ..............................................................................
The formula of its conjugate base is .................................................................

(2)
101
PMT
(ii) Propanoic acid is a weak acid. Explain what is meant by the term weak acid.
Weak
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Acid
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for propanoic acid is 1.30 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 298 K.
(i) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for propanoic acid.
(1)
102
PMT
(ii) A solution of propanoic acid has a pH of 3.44 at a temperature of 298 K.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the propanoic acid solution. Show
clearly two assumptions you have made.
Calculation:
Assumptions:
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)
103
PMT
(c) A mixture of sodium propanoate and propanoic acid acts as a buffer solution.
(i) What is meant by a buffer solution?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution made by mixing 100 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3
propanoic acid solution with 300 cm3 of 0.00500 mol dm–3 sodium propanoate
solution at 298 K.
[Ka for propanoic acid is 1.30 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 298 K]
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
42. The equation below shows the equilibrium existing between nitrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
monoxide.
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
The equilibrium constant, Kp, at 298 K is 5.0 ×10–31
(a) (i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, in terms of the partial
pressures of the three gases.
(1)
104
PMT
(ii) Why does the value for Kp have no units?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) An equilibrium mixture of these three gases was found to contain nitrogen, at a partial
pressure of 0.87 atm, and oxygen, at a partial pressure of 0.23 atm.
(i) Calculate the partial pressure exerted by the nitrogen monoxide.
(2)
(ii) Deduce the value of the total pressure of the equilibrium mixture of gases.
(1)
105
PMT
(iii) Assuming that the total pressure on the mixture of gases is doubled, what, if any,
would be the effect on the
• partial pressure of nitrogen monoxide
.....................................................................................................................................
.
.....................................................................................................................................
.
• equilibrium constant, Kp?
.....................................................................................................................................
.
.....................................................................................................................................
.
(2)
(c) Inside a car engine, air (a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen) is drawn in and, under the high
temperatures operating, the value of Kp increases dramatically.
This increase is also accompanied by an increase in the value of ΔStotal. Typical values of
Kp and ΔStotal are shown in the table below.
Temperature / K Kp ΔStotal / J mol–1 K–1

298 5.0 × 10–31 –580
1500 1.0 × 10–5 – 96
Although the value of ΔSsystem is unlikely to alter very much, the value for ΔSsurroundings
will change significantly.
(i) At a temperature of 1500 K, ΔStotal is negative.
Does this mean that the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen cannot occur at this
temperature? Explain your reasoning.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
106
PMT
(ii) Why is the value for ΔSsystem for this equilibrium approximately constant when the
temperature rises above 298 K?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) What is the sign of ΔSsurroundings for an endothermic reaction? Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Explain why an endothermic reaction results in an increase in the value of ΔStotal as
the temperature increases.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) A student used the value for Kp at 1500 K to calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen
monoxide inside a working car engine.
Why might the actual partial pressure be lower than the calculated answer?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
107
PMT
43. Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed by mixing 10 cm3 of aqueous benzoic acid of
concentration 0.010 mol dm–3 with 40 cm3 of aqueous sodium benzoate of concentration 0.020
mol dm–3.
For benzoic acid, the acid dissociation constant, Ka, is 6.3 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
[acid]
You may find it helpful to use the relationship pH = – log Ka – log
[base]
(Total 3 marks)
44. Consider the equilibrium
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ΔH = +58 kJ mol–1
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the above reaction.
(1)
(b) (i) An equilibrium mixture contains a mole fraction of dinitrogen tetroxide,

N2O4 = 0.20, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2 = 0.80. The total pressure of this mixture
is 1.1 atm.
Calculate Kp at this temperature, stating its units.
(3)
108
PMT
(ii) Calculate the total pressure required to reduce the mole fraction of N2O4 to 0.10.
(3)
(c) (i) What is the effect on Kp, if any, of raising the temperature?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Use your answer to (c)(i) to explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the
position of equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
45. (a) The values of the ionic product of water, Kw, at two different temperatures are shown in
the table below.
Temperature /°C Kw
/ mol2 dm–6
25 1.00 × 10–14
50 5.48 × 10–14
109
PMT
(i) Write an equation to represent the ionisation of water.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Write the expression for Kw.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Define the term pH.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Calculate the pH of pure water at 50 °C.
(2)
(v) Explain why pure water at 50 °C is neutral despite the fact that its pH is not 7.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
110
PMT
(b) The pH curve shown below was obtained when a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of sodium
hydroxide was added to 25.0 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid.
14
12
10
pH
8
0
0 10 20 30 40
Volume 0.100 mol dm –3 NaOH / cm 3
(i) What volume of sodium hydroxide solution is required to neutralise half of the
ethanoic acid in this reaction?
Volume added = ..............................................................cm3

(1)
(ii) Use the graph to determine the pH when the volume of sodium hydroxide you have
stated in part (i) has been added.
pH is .....................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH.
(1)
111
PMT
(iv) Use your answers to parts (ii) and (iii) to determine the value of Ka for ethanoic
acid at the temperature of the titration. Give your answer to two significant figures.
(2)
(c) Phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for a titration between ethanoic acid and sodium
hydroxide solutions whereas methyl orange is not a suitable indicator.
Explain why this is so.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
46. Phosphorus(V) chloride dissociates as follows:
PCl5(s) PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) ∆Hο = + 123.8 kJ mol–1
Standard entropy, Sο
Substance
/ J mol–1 K–1
PCl5(s) + 166.5
PCl3(l) + 217.1
Cl2(g) + 165.0
112
PMT
(a) (i) Explain why the entropy of solid phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, is smaller than the
entropy of liquid phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate ∆Sοsystem for the forward reaction. Include a sign in your answer.
(1)
(iii) Is the sign of ∆Sοsystem as you would expect? Fully justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Calculate ∆Sοsurroundings for the forward reaction at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your
answer.
(2)
113
PMT
(c) (i) Use your answers to calculate ∆Sοtotal for the forward reaction at 298 K. Include a
sign in your answer.
(1)
(ii) Comment on the position of equilibrium at 298 K.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) In an experiment to investigate this equilibrium, 41.7 g of phosphorus(V) chloride (molar

mass 208.5 g mol–1) was heated in a closed vessel at 150 °C until equilibrium was
established. The final pressure was found to be 4.32 atm and 0.15 moles of
phosphorus(V) chloride remained. At this temperature all of the reactants and products
are gaseous.
(i) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, and its units at this
temperature.
(2)
114
PMT
(ii) Complete the table
Substance Moles at start Moles at equilibrium Partial pressure at

equilibrium, peq
/atm
PCl5(g) 0.15
PCl3(g) 0
Cl2(g) 0
Total number of moles at equilibrium
(3)
(iii) Calculate Kp.
(1)
(iv) How would you expect the value of Kp to change, if at all, if the following changes
were made? Justify each of your answers.
A Only 20.85 g of phosphorus(V) chloride had been used.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
B The temperature had been increased to 250 °C.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
115
PMT
47. Human blood plasma is a buffer solution. It partly owes its buffer properties to carbon dioxide,
produced by respiration, dissolving in the blood for transportation to the lungs.
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water establishing the equilibrium
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)
(a) (i) Write the expression for Ka for this equilibrium and give its units.
Units ........................
(2)
(ii) What is the relationship between pKa and Ka?
(1)
(b) Explain what is meant by a buffer solution.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
116
PMT
(c) HCO3–(aq) can act as an acid or a base.
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)
In this equilibrium, decide whether HCO3–(aq) is acting as an acid or as a base. Give the
reason for your decision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) A sprinter had the pH and total carbonate concentration, [CO2 + HCO3–], of his blood
plasma measured immediately before and after a race. The following results were
obtained.
Total carbonate concentration, [CO2 + HCO3–]

pH
/ mol dm–3
Before race 7.4 2.52 × 10–2
After race 7.3 1.98 × 10–2
The pH of a buffer solution is given by the equation
[acid]
pH = pK a − log
[base]
For this equilibrium pKa is 6.5.
117
PMT
[acid]
(i) Use this information, together with the data in the table, to calculate before
[base]
the race.
(2)
(ii) The concentration of HCO3– is 0.0224 mol dm–3. Calculate the concentration of
CO2 before the race.
(1)
(iii) Use your results from (d)(i) and (ii) to complete the table below which will allow
you to compare the results before and after the race.
[acid] [HCO3–] [CO2]

[base] / mol dm–3 / mol dm–3
Before race 0.0224
After race 0.158 0.0171 0.00270
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain why vigorous exercise results in an
increase in blood plasma acidity (from 7.4 to 7.3).
118
PMT
Greater muscle activity during a race requires:
either
Hypothesis I the combustion of larger quantities of glucose, resulting in an

increase in dissolved carbon dioxide and hence an increase in
acidity.
or
Hypothesis II partial oxidation of glucose to lactic acid and hence an increase in

acidity.
State, giving your reasons, which hypothesis is favoured by the data and your
calculations.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
119
PMT
48. For the equilibrium,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Which is the correct expression for Kp?
[ NH 3 (g )] 2
A
[ N 2 (g)][H 2 (g)] 3
PN 2 ( g) PH 2 ( g)
B
PNH 3 ( g)
P 2 NH 3 ( g)
C
PN 2 ( g) P 3 H 2 ( g)
PN 2 ( g) P 3 H 2 ( g)
D
P 2 NH 3 ( g)
(Total 1 mark)
49. The expression for Kc for the equilibrium 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) is
[SO 3 (g)] 2
Kc =
[SO 2 (g)] 2 [O 2 (g)]
What are the units of Kc in this equilibrium expression?
A mol dm–3
B mol2 dm–6
C dm3 mol–1
D atm–1
(Total 1 mark)
120
PMT
50. For the equilibrium
2NO2(g) N2O4(g) ∆H = –57.2 kJ mol–1
which one of the following changes would result in a different value of the equilibrium
constant?
A an increase in temperature
B a decrease in pressure
C an increase in pressure
D an increase in the concentration of NO2(g)

(Total 1 mark)
51. Solutions of concentration 0.1 mol dm–3 of iron(II) ions and silver(I) ions were mixed at room
temperature and allowed to reach equilibrium.
Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
Which one of the following statements is true?
A as the equilibrium position was approached, the forward reaction became slower until it
stopped.
B at the equilibrium position, no more Ag(s) reacted with Fe3+(aq).
C at the equilibrium position, the rate of the forward reaction equalled the rate of the
backward reaction.
D no Fe3+(aq) reacted with Ag(s) until the equilibrium position was reached.
(Total 1 mark)
52. This question concerns four solutions, A to D. They were prepared by mixing equal volumes of
0.2 mol dm–3 solutions of two different substances. The substances were
A HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq)
B HCl(aq) and NaCl(aq)
C NH3(aq) and NH4Cl(aq)
D CH3COOH(aq) and CH3CO2Na(aq)
121
PMT
Select, from A to D, the mixture which would:
(a) have the lowest concentration of hydrogen ions
D
(1)
(b) act as a buffer of pH about 5
D
(1)
(c) have a chloride ion concentration of 0.2 mol dm–3.
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
122
PMT
53. This question concerns the titration of a solution of sodium hydroxide with a solution of
hydrochloric acid. As the titration proceeds the pH of the mixture changes.
(a) What was the pH when 24.95 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) had been added to 25 cm3
of 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)?
A 3
B 6
C 8
D 11
(1)
(b) What was the pH when 25.05 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) had been added to 25 cm3
of 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)?
A 3
B 6
C 8
D 11
(1)
(c) Which one of the following indicators would be most suitable to use to determine the end
point of this titration?
pH range
A methyl violet 0–1.6
B universal indicator 3–11
C thymolphthalein 8.3–10.6
D alizarin yellow R 10.1–13.0

(1)
(Total 3 marks)
123
PMT
54. This question is about the pineapple flavouring used in sweets. It is an ester with the formula
C3H7COOCH3, which can be broken down into butanoic acid and methanol when mixed with
hydrochloric acid.
The following equilibrium is set up:
C3H7COOCH3(l) + H2O(l) C3H7COOH(l) + CH3OH(l)
(a) Give the name of this ester.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Why does the ester have a comparatively low boiling point compared to the other three
substances in the equation?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) What is the name given to this type of reaction?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
124
PMT
(d) Suggest the reasons why manufacturers choose to use the chemically manufactured
pineapple flavouring rather than the natural product and why consumers might prefer to
choose the natural product.
.....................................................................................................................................
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(4)
125
PMT
(e) In an experiment, 10.2 g (0.10 mol) of the ester was mixed with 18 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid and left until equilibrium had been reached. The hydrochloric acid acts
as a catalyst and contains 18 g (1 mol) of water. At equilibrium, 4.4 g of butanoic acid
was found to be present.
Molar mass of butanoic acid = 88 g; assume the total volume at equilibrium is 30 cm3.
Give the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium and calculate its
value. Explain why it has no units.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
55. Methane reacts with steam in an endothermic reaction.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
(a) State the effect on the value of the equilibrium constant of an increase in temperature.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
126
PMT
(b) Use your answer to (a) to explain the effect of this change on the position of equilibrium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
56. This question is about the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid which takes place
rapidly at room temperature.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H = –467 kJ mol–1
(a) Rewrite the equation omitting spectator ions.

(1)
127
PMT
(b) Suggest the sign of the following entropy changes for this reaction. Justify each of your
answers.
(i) ∆Ssystem
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) ∆Ssurroundings
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) ∆Stotal
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
128
PMT
(c) A student carried out this experiment at five different temperatures in order to calculate
the activation energy of the reaction. The student’s laboratory record is shown below.
Method
Clean a strip of magnesium weighing 0.100 g with sand paper. Measure the temperature of
20 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid in a 100 cm3 beaker. Add the magnesium ribbon,
stir continuously, and time how long it takes for the magnesium to disappear. Repeat the
experiment at four other temperatures.
Assumption: the initial rate of reaction is proportional to 1/time.
Results
Temperature Temperature 1/T time 1/time ln 1/time
/°C /K /K–1 /s /s–1
24 297 3.37 × 10–3 45 0.0222 –3.81
33 306 3.27 × 10–3 25 0.0400 –3.22
45 318 3.14 × 10–3 11 0.0909 -2.40
56 329 3.04 × 10–3 6 0.1667 -1.79
10 283 3.53 × 10–3 122 0.0082 -4.80
The Arrhenius equation is ln k = –Ea/R × (1/T) + constant
ln 1/time is proportional to ln k and so a graph of ln 1/time will have the same gradient as
that of the Arrhenius plot of ln k against 1/Temperature
The student plotted the graph of ln 1/time against 1/Temperature and from this the
activation energy, EA, was calculated as + 51.3 kJ mol–1.
(i) Suggest the reason for cleaning the magnesium ribbon with sand paper.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
129
PMT
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used up when all the
magnesium reacts in one experiment. Hence comment on whether the change in
concentration during the reaction will have a significant effect on the validity of the
assumption that the initial rate of reaction is proportional to 1/time. How would
you overcome this potential error?
[Take the relative atomic mass of magnesium as 24 in this and subsequent

calculations.]
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...........................................................................................................................
(5)
130
PMT
(iii) Use the value of ∆H and other information given in the question to calculate the
temperature change in an experiment assuming no energy is lost to the
surroundings. Hence comment on whether this change in temperature will have a
significant effect. How would you overcome this potential error?
[∆H = –467 kJ mol–1.
heat produced = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J K–1 g–1]
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(4)
131
PMT
(iv) The most difficult thing to measure accurately is the time it takes for the
magnesium to disappear and the time measured can be up to 2 seconds out.
Assuming this error, calculate the shortest time at 56 °C and the longest time at
10 °C for this reaction.
Complete the table for these times. Plot the two points on the grid below and join
them with a straight line. From the gradient, which equals –EA/R, of this line
calculate another value for the activation energy.
Temperature Temperature 1/T time 1/time

ln 1/time
/ °C /K /K–1 /s /s–1
56 329 3.04 × 10–3
10 283 3.53 × 10–3
1 /T (K–1)
0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036
–1.0
–1.5
–2.0
–2.5
ln 1 /t
–3.0
–3.5
–4.0
–4.5
–5.0
132
PMT
(v) If the reaction mixture is not stirred, the magnesium tends to float on the surface of
the acid.
Suggest how this would affect the measurements of the rate of the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(vi) Suggest two other improvements the student could do to this experiment to
improve the accuracy or validity of the results.
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(vii) If ethanoic acid of the same concentration and at the same temperature is used
instead of hydrochloric acid, explain how the rate would differ.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 24 marks)
133
PMT
57. One step in the production of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia.
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
This is carried out at 900 °C over a platinum-rhodium catalyst and is an example of

heterogeneous catalysis.
Explain in terms of collision frequency and collision energy how the rate would change if the
temperature were increased, and which of these causes the greater effect.
What is the difference between a heterogeneous and a homogeneous catalyst? Suggest one
advantage of using a heterogeneous catalyst in processes such as this.
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(Total 6 marks)
134
SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 Ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms.
1 (a) Complete the electron configuration of the Mg+ ion.
1s2 ......................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (b) (i) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
1 (b) (ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs
when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (b) (iii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the first
ionisation energy of magnesium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (b) (iv) Use your understanding of electron arrangement to complete the table by
suggesting a value for the third ionisation energy of magnesium.
First Second T hi r d Fourth Fifth
Ionisation energies of
73 6 145 0 10 500 13 629
magnesium / kJ mol–1
(1 mark)
3
1 (c) State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3
elements sodium to chlorine.
Trend ..................................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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1 (d) State how the element sulfur deviates from the general trend in first ionisation energies
across Period 3. Explain your answer.
How sulfur deviates from the trend ...................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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1 (e) A general trend exists in the first ionisation energies of the Period 2 elements lithium
to fluorine. Identify one element which deviates from this general trend.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
2 Ammonium sulfate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form ammonia, sodium sulfate and
water as shown in the equation below.
(NH4)2SO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2NH3(g) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2 (a) A 3.14 g sample of ammonium sulfate reacted completely with 39.30 cm3 of a sodium
hydroxide solution.
2 (a) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of (NH4)2SO4 in 3.14 g of ammonium sulfate.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
2 (a) (ii) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide which reacted.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
2 (a) (iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sodium hydroxide solution used.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
2 (b) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of ammonia in the reaction
between ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
5
2 (c) Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of ammonia in this process.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
2 (d) A sample of ammonia gas occupied a volume of 1.53 × 10–2 m3 at 37 °C and a

pressure of 100 kPa.
(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonia in this sample.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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2 (e) Glauber’s salt is a form of hydrated sodium sulfate that contains 44.1% by mass of
sodium sulfate. Hydrated sodium sulfate can be represented by the formula
Na2SO4. xH2O where x is an integer. Calculate the value of x.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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3 The table below shows the boiling points of some hydrogen compounds formed by Group 6
elements.
H2O H2S H2Se H2Te
Boiling point / K 373 21 2 23 2 271
3 (a) State the strongest type of intermolecular force in water and in hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Water ..................................................................................................................................
Hydrogen sulfide ................................................................................................................

(2 marks)
3 (b) Draw a diagram to show how two molecules of water are attracted to each other by the
type of intermolecular force you stated in part (a). Include partial charges and all lone
pairs of electrons in your diagram.
(3 marks)
3 (c) Explain why the boiling point of water is much higher than the boiling point of
hydrogen sulfide.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3 (d) Explain why the boiling points increase from H2S to H2Te
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
7
3 (e) When H + ions react with H2O molecules, H3O + ions are formed.
Name the type of bond formed when H + ions react with H2O molecules.
Explain how this type of bond is formed in the H3O + ion.
Type of bond ......................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
3 (f) Sodium sulfide (Na2S) has a melting point of 1223 K.

Predict the type of bonding in sodium sulfide and explain why its melting point is
high.
Type of bonding .................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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4 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which can be obtained from crude oil.
Pentane is an example of an alkane. A molecule of pentane contains five carbon atoms.
4 (a) (i) State the meaning of the term saturated and of the term hydrocarbon as applied
to alkanes.
Saturated ...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Hydrocarbon .............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
4 (a) (ii) Give the general formula for the alkanes.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (b) Pentane burns completely in oxygen.
4 (b) (i) Write an equation for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (b) (ii) State how the products of this reaction may affect the environment.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (c) Give the name of a solid pollutant which may form when pentane burns incompletely
in air.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (d) One molecule of C9H20 can be cracked to form one molecule of pentane and one other
pr od uc t .
4 (d) (i) Write an equation for this cracking reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (d) (ii) Suggest a type of compound that can be manufactured from the other product of
this cracking reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (d) (iii) State why a high temperature is needed for cracking reactions to occur.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (e) Pentane can react to form the following haloalkane Q.
H Br H H Br
H C C C C C H
H H H H Cl
4 (e) (i) Name Q.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (e) (ii) State the type of structural isomerism shown by Q and the haloalkane shown
below.
Br
C H
H
C CH3
H3C
C Cl
H
Br
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
SECTION B
5 A mass spectrometer can be used to investigate the isotopes in an element.
5 (a) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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5 (b) Element X has a relative atomic mass of 47.9
Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which element X belongs and give the
electron configuration of an atom of element X.
Calculate the number of neutrons in the isotope of X which has a mass number 49
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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5 (c) The mass spectrum of element Z is shown below.
Use this spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass of Z, giving your answer to
one decimal place.
Identify element Z.
9. 0
8. 0
7. 0
6. 0
Relative 5. 0
abundance 4.0
3. 0
2. 0
1. 0
0
90 91 92 93 94
m/z
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(4 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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5 (d) State how vaporised atoms of Z are converted into Z+ ions in a mass spectrometer.
State and explain which of the Z+ ions formed from the isotopes of Z in part (c) will
be deflected the most in a mass spectrometer.
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(4 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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5 (e) Explain briefly how the relative abundance of an ion is measured in a mass
spectrometer.
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(2 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
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6 A molecule of ClF3 reacts with a molecule of AsF5 as shown in the following equation.
ClF3 + AsF5 → ClF2+ + AsF6–
Use your understanding of electron pair repulsion to draw the shape of the AsF5 molecule
and the shape of the ClF2+ ion. Include any lone pairs of electrons.
Name the shape made by the atoms in the AsF5 molecule and in the ClF2+ ion.
Predict the bond angle in the ClF2+ ion.
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(5 marks)
(Extra space) ...............................................................................................................................
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END OF QUESTIONS
SECTION A
1 Hydrogen gas is used in the chemical industry.
1 (a) Tungsten is extracted by passing hydrogen over heated tungsten oxide (WO3).
1 (a) (i) State the role of the hydrogen in this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (a) (ii) Write an equation for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (a) (iii) State one risk of using hydrogen gas in metal extractions.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (b) Hydrogen is used to convert oleic acid into stearic acid as shown by the following
equation.
H H 150 °C
C C + H2 CH3(CH2)16COOH
c a ta ly s t
CH3(CH2)6CH2 CH2(CH2)6COOH
oleic acid stearic acid
1 (b) (i) Use your knowledge of the chemistry of alkenes to deduce the type of reaction
that has occurred in this conversion.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (b) (ii) State the type of stereoisomerism shown by oleic acid.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (c) Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen in the Haber Process. The equation for the equilibrium
that is established is shown below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
1 (c) (i) State Le Chatelier’s principle.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
1 (c) (ii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why an increase in the total pressure of
this equilibrium results in an increase in the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
1 (d) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction as shown by the following
equation.
1
H2(g) + O (g)
2 2
H2O(g) ∆H = –242 kJ mol–1
Use the information in the equation and the data in the following table to calculate a
value for the bond enthalpy of the H–H bond.
O–H O= O
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 + 463 + 496
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(3 marks)
(Extra space) ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
PMT
Areas outside
2 Hess’s Law is used to calculate the enthalpy change in reactions for which it is difficult to the box will
not be scanned
determine a value experimentally. for marking
2 (a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
2 (b) State Hess’s Law.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
2 (c) Consider the following table of data and the scheme of reactions.
Reaction Enthalpy change / kJ mol–1
HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) –75
H(g ) + Cl(g) HCl(g) – 43 2
H(g ) + Cl(g) H +(g) + Cl–(g) + 963
∆Hr
H+(g) + Cl–(g) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
H(g ) + Cl(g) HCl(g)
Use the data in the table, the scheme of reactions and Hess’s Law to calculate a value
for ∆Hr
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(3 marks)
3 For each of the following reactions, select from the list below, the formula of a sodium
halide that would react as described.
NaF NaCl NaBr NaI
Each formula may be selected once, more than once or not at all.
3 (a) This sodium halide is a white solid that reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to give a
brown gas.
Formula of sodium halide ..................................................................................................

(1 mark)
3 (b) When a solution of this sodium halide is mixed with silver nitrate solution, no
precipitate is formed.

(1 mark)
3 (c) When this solid sodium halide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid, the reaction
mixture remains white and steamy fumes are given off.

(1 mark)
3 (d) A colourless aqueous solution of this sodium halide reacts with orange bromine water
to give a dark brown solution.

(1 mark)
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4 Group 2 metals and their compounds are used commercially in a variety of processes and
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applications.
for marking
4 (a) State a use of magnesium hydroxide in medicine.
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(1 mark)
4 (b) Calcium carbonate is an insoluble solid that can be used in a reaction to lower the
acidity of the water in a lake.
Explain why the rate of this reaction decreases when the temperature of the water in
the lake falls.
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4 (c) Strontium metal is used in the manufacture of alloys.
4 (c) (i) Explain why strontium has a higher melting point than barium.
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(2 marks)
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(1 mark)
4 (d) Magnesium can be used in the extraction of titanium.
4 (d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with titanium(IV) chloride.
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(1 mark)
4 (d) (ii) The excess of magnesium used in this extraction can be removed by reacting it
with dilute sulfuric acid to form magnesium sulfate.
Use your knowledge of Group 2 sulfates to explain why the magnesium sulfate
formed is easy to separate from the titanium.
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(1 mark)
5 Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia in a process that involves several stages.
5 (a) In the first stage, ammonia is converted into nitrogen monoxide and the following
equilibrium is established.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = –905 kJ mol–1
The catalyst for this equilibrium reaction is a platinum–rhodium alloy in the form of a
gauze. This catalyst gauze is heated initially but then remains hot during the reaction.
5 (a) (i) In terms of redox, state what happens to the ammonia in the forward reaction.
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(1 mark)
5 (a) (ii) Suggest a reason why the catalyst must be hot.
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(1 mark)
5 (a) (iii) Suggest a reason why the catalyst remains hot during the reaction.
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(1 mark)
5 (a) (iv) State how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
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(2 marks)
5 (b) In the second stage, nitrogen monoxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide. The
equation for the equilibrium that is established is shown below.
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = –113 kJ mol–1
Explain why the equilibrium mixture is cooled during this stage of the process.
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(2 marks)
5 (c) In the final stage, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water as shown by the following
equation.
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) H +(aq) + NO3–(aq) + HNO2(aq)
Give the oxidation state of nitrogen in each of the following.
NO2 ....................................................................................................................................
NO3– ...................................................................................................................................
HNO2 .................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)
6 Consider the following scheme of reactions.
CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3CH2CH2OH pr opa na l

1-chloropropane propan-1-ol
CH3CH2CH3
pr opa ne
CH3CHClCH3 CH3CH(OH)CH3 propanone
2-chloropropane propan-2-ol
6 (a) State the type of structural isomerism shown by propanal and propanone.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
6 (b) A chemical test can be used to distinguish between separate samples of propanal and
pr opa no ne .
Identify a suitable reagent for the test.

State what you would observe with propanal and with propanone.
Test reagent ........................................................................................................................
Observation with propanal .................................................................................................
Observation with propanone ..............................................................................................

(3 marks)
6 (c) State the structural feature of propanal and propanone which can be identified from
their infrared spectra by absorptions at approximately 1720 cm–1.
You may find it helpful to refer to Table 1 on the Data Sheet.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
6 (d) The reaction of chlorine with propane is similar to the reaction of chlorine with
me t h a n e .
6 (d) (i) Name the type of mechanism in the reaction of chlorine with methane.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
6 (d) (ii) Write an equation for each of the following steps in the mechanism for the
reaction of chlorine with propane to form l-chloropropane (CH3CH2CH2Cl).
Initiation step
...................................................................................................................................
First propagation step
...................................................................................................................................
Second propagation step
...................................................................................................................................
A termination step to form a molecule with the empirical formula C3H7
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(4 marks)
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7 (a) Consider the following reaction. for marking
H H
CH3 C CH3 + KOH CH3 C CH3 + KBr
Br OH
7 (a) (i) Name and outline a mechanism for this reaction.
Name of mechanism .................................................................................................
M e c ha ni s m
(3 marks)
7 (a) (ii) Name the haloalkane in this reaction.
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(1 mark)
7 (a) (iii) Identify the characteristic of the haloalkane molecule that enables it to undergo
this type of reaction.
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(1 mark)
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7 (b) An alternative reaction can occur between this haloalkane and potassium hydroxide as
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shown by the following equation.

for marking
H H
CH3 C CH3 + KOH CH3 C CH2 + KBr + H2O
Br
Name and outline a mechanism for this reaction.
Name of mechanism ..........................................................................................................
M e c ha ni s m
(4 marks)
7 (c) Give one condition needed to favour the reaction shown in part (b) rather than that
shown in part (a).
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(1 mark)
7 (d) Alkenes can be polymerised to produce poly(alkenes).
7 (d) (i) State the type of polymerisation that alkenes undergo.
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(1 mark)
7 (d) (ii) Name the alkene that gives a polymer with the repeating unit shown below.
H CH3
C C
CH3 H
Name of alkene .........................................................................................................

(1 mark)
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8 Copper is extracted from the ore chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) in a three-stage process.

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8 (a) In the first stage of this extraction, the chalcopyrite is heated with silicon dioxide and
oxy ge n .
8 (a) (i) Balance the following equation for this first stage in which copper(I) sulfide is
formed.
……CuFeS2 + ……SiO2 + ……O2 Cu2S + ……FeSiO3 + ……SO2

(1 mark)
8 (a) (ii) Give one environmental reason why the SO2 gas formed in this reaction is not
allowed to escape into the atmosphere.
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(1 mark)
8 (a) (iii) State one use for the sulfur dioxide formed in this reaction.
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(1 mark)
8 (b) In the second stage of this extraction, the copper(I) sulfide is converted into
copper(II) oxide. This occurs by roasting the sulfide with oxygen at high temperature.
Write an equation for this reaction.
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(1 mark)
8 (c) In the third stage of this extraction, copper(II) oxide is reduced to copper by its
reaction with carbon. Write an equation for this reaction.
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(1 mark)
8 (d) Scrap iron can be used to extract copper from dilute aqueous solutions containing
copper(II) ions.
8 (d) (i) Explain why this is a low- cost method of extracting copper.
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(1 mark)
8 (d) (ii) Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction of iron with copper(II) ions in
aqueous solution.
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(1 mark)
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9 There are four isomeric alcohols with the molecular formula C4H10O
9 (a) Two of these are butan-l-ol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) and butan-2-ol.

The other two isomers are alcohol X and alcohol Y.
Draw the displayed formula for butan-2-ol.
Alcohol X does not react with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.

Give the structure of alcohol X.
Name the fourth isomer, alcohol Y.
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9 (c) British scientists have used bacteria to ferment glucose and produce the biofuel
butan-l-ol.
Write an equation for the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6) to form butan-l-ol, carbon
dioxide and water only.
State one condition necessary to ensure the complete combustion of a fuel in air.
Write an equation for the complete combustion of butan-l-ol and state why it can be
described as a biofuel.
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9 (d) Butan-l-ol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution to produce two Areas outside
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State the class of alcohols to which butan-l-ol belongs.
Draw the displayed formula for both of the organic products.
State the type of reaction that occurs and the change in colour of the potassium
dichromate(VI) solution.
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10 (a) When chlorine gas dissolves in cold water, a pale green solution is formed. In this
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solution, the following equilibrium is established.
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + HClO(aq)
Give the formula of the species responsible for the pale green colour in the solution of
chlorine in water.
Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why the green colour disappears when sodium
hydroxide solution is added to this solution.
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10 (b) Consider the following reaction in which iodide ions behave as reducing agents.
Cl2(aq) + 2I –(aq) I2(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)
In terms of electrons, state the meaning of the term reducing agent.
Deduce the half-equation for the conversion of chlorine into chloride ions.
Explain why iodide ions are stronger reducing agents than chloride ions.
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10 (c) When chlorine reacts with water in bright sunlight, only two products are formed. One
of these products is a colourless, odourless gas and the other is an acidic solution that
reacts with silver nitrate solution to give a white precipitate.
Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with water in bright sunlight.
Name the white precipitate and state what you would observe when an excess of
aqueous ammonia is added to it.
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10 (d) The reaction of chlorine with ethene is similar to that of bromine with ethene.
Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction of chlorine with ethene to form
1,2-dichloroethane, as shown by the following equation.
H2C CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2CH2Cl
(5 marks)
END OF QUESTIONS
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SECTION A
1 This question is about the use of transition metals as catalysts.
1 (a) State how a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction.
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(2 marks)
1 (b)
State the characteristic property of transition metals that enables them to act as
catalysts in redox reactions.
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(1 mark)
1 (c)
In the Contact Process for the conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide,
vanadium(V) oxide acts as a heterogeneous catalyst.
1 (c)
(i) Write two equations to show how the catalyst is involved in this reaction.
Equation 1 ................................................................................................................
Equation 2 ................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
1 (c)
(ii) Suggest one reason why poisoning reduces the effectiveness of a heterogeneous
catalyst.
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(1 mark)
1 (c)
(iii) Suggest how poisoning of a catalyst, used in an industrial process, can be
minimised.
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(1 mark)
4 The table below gives some values of standard enthalpy changes. Use these values to answer
the questions.
∆H / kj mol–1
Name of enthalpy change
+1 2 1 J
Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine
–36 4
Electron affinity of chlorine
+2 8 9
Enthalpy of atomisation of silver
+7 3 2
First ionisation enthalpy of silver
–12 7
Enthalpy of formation of silver chloride
4 (a) Calculate the bond enthalpy of a Cl – Cl bond.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
4 (b) Explain why the bond enthalpy of a Cl – Cl bond is greater than that of a Br– Br bond.
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(2 marks)
4 (c) Suggest why the electron affinity of chlorine is an exothermic change.
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(1 mark)
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4 (d) The diagram below is an incomplete Born–Haber cycle for the formation of silver
chloride. The diagram is not to scale.
Ag+(g) + Cl–(g)
Ag(s) + 12 Cl2 (g)
AgCl(s)
4 (d) (i) Complete the diagram by writing the appropriate chemical symbols, with state
symbols, on each of the three blank lines. (3 marks)
4 (d) (ii) Calculate a value for the enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver chloride.
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(2 marks)
4 (e) The enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver chloride can also be calculated
theoretically assuming a perfect ionic model.
4 (e) (i) Explain the meaning of the term perfect ionic model.
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(1 mark)
4 (e) (ii) State whether you would expect the value of the theoretical enthalpy of lattice
dissociation for silver chloride to be greater than, equal to or less than that for
silver bromide. Explain your answer.
Theoretical lattice enthalpy for silver chloride ........................................................
Explanation ...............................................................................................................
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4 (e) (iii) Suggest why your answer to part (d) (ii) is greater than the theoretical value for
the enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver chloride.
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(2 marks)
5 The simplified diagram below shows how the entropy of ammonia varies with temperature at
a pressure of 100 kPa. In this diagram, ammonia is a solid at point A and a gas at point F.
F
E
S / J K–1 mol–1
D
C
B
A
0
0 T Temperature / K
5 (a) State why the entropy value for ammonia is equal to zero at 0 K.
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(1 mark)
5 (b) Explain, in terms of the movement of particles, why the entropy value increases
between points A and B on the diagram.
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(1 mark)
5 (c) Temperature T is marked on the diagram. What does the value of this temperature
represent?
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(1 mark)
5 (d) Explain why there is a large entropy change between points D and E on the diagram.
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(2 marks
5 (e) An equation for the reaction in the Haber Process is shown below, together with some
entropy data.
1 3
2 N2(g) + 2H2(g) NH3(g) ∆H = – 46.2 kJ mol–1
N2(g) H2(g) NH3(g)
S / J K–1 mol –1 192 131 193
5 (e) (i) Calculate a value for the entropy change, ∆S , for the formation of one mole of
ammonia.
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(2 marks)
5 (e) (ii) Give the equation that relates free-energy change, ∆G , to enthalpy change,
∆H , and entropy change, ∆S .
Use this equation to calculate the temperature at which the value of ∆G = 0 for
the formation of ammonia in the Haber Process.
(If you have been unable to calculate an answer to part (e) (i), you may assume
that ∆S = –81.4 J K mol–1 but this is not the correct value.)
Equation ....................................................................................................................
Calculation ................................................................................................................
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(4 marks)
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5 (e) (iii) What can you deduce about the formation of ammonia if the reaction mixture is
heated to a temperature above the value that you have calculated in part (e) (ii)?
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(1 mark)
6 The complex cisplatin acts as an anticancer drug by changing the properties of DNA when it
reacts with guanine, a component of DNA.
Cl NH3 H
N
N
Pt
H
Cl NH3 N N N
connects to H
DNA chain
cisplatin guanine
When cisplatin is absorbed into the human body, it undergoes a ligand substitution reaction
and one chloride ligand is replaced by a water molecule forming a complex ion Q.
6 (a) Write an equation for this substitution reaction to form the complex ion Q.
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
6 (b) The complex ion Q can bond to guanine in two different ways.
6 (b) (i) The first way involves a hydrogen atom, from one of the ammonia ligands on Q,
bonding to an atom in a guanine molecule. State the type of bond formed to
guanine and identify an atom in guanine that could form a bond to this hydrogen
atom.
Type of bond .............................................................................................................
Atom in guanine .......................................................................................................

(2 marks)
6 (b) (ii) The second way involves a ligand substitution reaction in which an atom in a
guanine molecule bonds to platinum by displacing the water molecule from Q.
State the type of bond formed between guanine and platinum when a water
molecule is displaced and identify an atom in guanine that could bond to
platinum in this way.
Type of bond .............................................................................................................
Atom in guanine .......................................................................................................

(2 marks)
6 (c) State and explain one risk associated with the use of cisplatin as an anticancer drug.
Risk ....................................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
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7 This question is about some reactions of cobalt compounds.
Na2CO3(aq)
concentrated
CoCl2(aq) NH3(aq) H2O2(aq)
W X
pink solution
pale brown dark brown
solution solution
concentrated
HCl(aq) excess
H2NCH2CH2NH2
Z
Y
7 (a) Give the formula of the complex responsible for the pink colour in aqueous CoCl2 and
name its shape.
Formula ..............................................................................................................................
Name of shape ...................................................................................................................

(2 marks)
7 (b) Give the formula of the cobalt-containing compound V and describe its appearance.
Formula ..............................................................................................................................
Appearance ........................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
7 (c) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the pink solution is converted
into W.
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(2 marks)
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7 (d) Give the formula of the cobalt-containing complex in X and state the role of the H2O2
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Formula ..............................................................................................................................
Role of H2O2 ......................................................................................................................

(2 marks)
7 (e) Give the formula of the cobalt-containing complex in Y and explain why this complex
is more stable than the cobalt-containing complex in W.
Formula ..............................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
7 (f) Identify the cobalt-containing complex in solution Z and explain why its co-ordination
number is different from that in the pink solution of CoCl2
Complex .............................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
SECTION B
8 (a) State and explain the trend in electronegativities across Period 3 from sodium to sulfur.
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8 (b) Explain why the oxides of the Period 3 elements sodium and phosphorus have different
melting points. In your answer you should discuss the structure of and bonding in
these oxides, and the link between electronegativity and the type of bonding.
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(6 marks)
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8 (c) A chemical company has a waste tank of volume 25 000 dm . The tank is full of not be scanned
for marking
phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution formed by adding some unwanted phosphorus(V)
oxide to water in the tank.
A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution required 21.2 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution for complete reaction.
Calculate the mass, in kg, of phosphorus(V) oxide that must have been added to the
water in the waste tank.
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9 (a) State the electron configuration of a Ti(III) ion and that of a Ti(IV) ion. Explain, in
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terms of electron configurations and electron transitions, why Ti(III) compounds are
for marking
usually coloured but Ti(IV) compounds are colourless.
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(5 marks)
9 (b) Transition metal ions and their complexes can often be identified from their colours.
For each of the following, identify a complex ion responsible for the colour of the
aqueous solution. Restrict your answers to complexes formed from the elements
Cr, Fe, Co and Cu.
A deep blue solution formed in an excess of concentrated aqueous ammonia.
A green solution formed in an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
A yellow– green solution formed in an excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
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(3 marks)
9 (c) An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of the autocatalysed reaction
between aqueous potassium manganate(VII) and ethanedioate ions in an excess of
dilute sulfuric acid. When these reagents are mixed together, the colour of the reaction
mixture gradually fades. The concentration of the manganate(VII) ions is recorded at
different times using a spectrometer. The temperature of the reaction mixture is
constant.
9 (c) (i) Give two reasons why the use of a spectrometer is the most appropriate method
for measuring the concentration of the coloured ions in this experiment. PMT
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(2 marks)
9 (c) (ii) Sketch a curve to show how you would expect the concentration of
manganate(VII) ions to change with time until the colour has faded because the
concentration has reached a very low value. Explain the shape of the curve.
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END OF QUESTIONS
1. Predict the relative acidity of the following pairs : /4Marks
i. H 3 O & NH 4
ii. CH 3 NH 2 & CH 3 OH
2. (a) Which is a strongest acid and why?
(b) Which is a strongest base and why?
/5Marks
3. Draw the structures of three meso diastereoisomerisms of C 6 H 12 Br2 /6Marks

4. From the list of formulas below, select the one or two which best fit each description:
i. A cis stereoisomer
ii. A pair of enantiomers
iii. A meso compound
iv. A pair of diastereoisomer
v. A pair of compounds which might form a racemic mixture.
/5Marks
5. A compound on analysis gave C=54.55%; H=9.09% and O=36.26%. Its vapour
density is 44. Find the molecular formula of the compound. /5Marks
6. Write structures and names for all the isomers of the alkane of formula C 6 H 14 .
/5Marks
7. A 10g mixture containing butane and 2-butene reacts with 8.0g of bromine dissolved
in carbon tetrachloride. Calculate the percentage of butane in the mixture. /5 Marks
8. Compound (A), C 6 H 14 O , on treatment with hot sulphuric acid yields an unsaturated
compound (B), C 6 H 12 which with ozonolysis gives a mixture of carbonyl compounds
(C), C 3 H 6 O and C 3 H 6 O . Deduce the structures of A, B, C and D. /5 Marks
9. A cylinder contains one of the following gases: propane, propene or propyne. What
chemical tests would you apply to identify the gases? /5 Marks
10. A compound contains C=90% and H=10% and its molecular weight is 54. One mole
of the compound absorbs two moles of bromine and when it is shaken with Cu 2 Cl 2 in
niyonsaba innocent keba: age quod agis

ammonia, the compound produces a red precipitate containing copper. Draw the
structure of the compound. /5 Marks
11. A hydrocarbon A, of molecular weight 54 reacts with an excess of Br2 in CCl 4 to
give a compound B, whose molecular weight is 59.3% more than that of A. However,
on catalytic hydrogenation with excess of H 2 , A forms C, whose molecular weight is
only 7.4% more than that of A. A reacts with CH 3 CH 2 Br in the presence of NaNH 2
to give another hydrocarbon D which on oxidation with ozone yields propanoic acid
only. Assign structures A to D. /5 Marks
12. Hydrocarbon A, C 6 H 10 on treatment with H 2 , H 2 and
Ni Lindlar' s catalyst
Na forms three different reduction products B, C and D respectively. A does
liq.NH 3
not form any salt with ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, but forms a salt E on heating
with sodamide in an inert solvent. Compound D, reacts with CH 3 I to give F.
Compounds D, on oxidative ozonolysis gives n-butanoic acid along with other
product. Give structures A to E with proper reasoning. /5 Marks
13. A mixture of ethyl-and isopropyl-iodides is heated with metallic sodium in dry ether.
Predict the products. /3Marks
14. There are four possible mono-substitution products that would be obtained by the
chlorination of isopentane at 300°C. Which isomer would you expect to predominate?
/2 Marks
15. Write a complete reaction mechanism for the formation of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane
by the free radical bromination of 2-methylpropane. /5 Marks
niyonsaba innocent keba: age quod agis

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AROMATIC CHEMISTRY and AMINES

(i) Write an equation for the overall reaction.

(ii) State the name of the catalyst used.

(b) Methylbenzene is converted into (chloromethyl)benzene in a free radical substitution

C6H5CH3 + Cl2 → C6H5CH2Cl + HCl

(i) Write an equation for the initiation step.

(ii) Write equations for the two propagation steps.

Reaction 1 CH3CHO + HCN → CH3CH(OH)CN

Reaction 2 C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

(i) Write a mechanism for Reaction 1.

(i) What is the economic importance of cracking?

NO2 NO2 NH2

Type of reaction .........................................................................................................

Type of reaction .........................................................................................................

COCH 2 C 6 H5 CH(OH)CH 2 C 6 H 5 CH=CHC 6H 5

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Equation for formation of reactive intermediate ...............................................…....

Name of mechanism ...............................................................................................…..

Type of reaction .........................................................................................................

Name of mechanism ...............................................................................................…..

(d) What type of stereoisomerism is shown by the product of Step 2?

Type of isomerism .......................................................................................................

(a) (i) Name compound X.

Structural feature ............................................................................................

Benzene into methylbenzene.

Type of mechanism ..........................................................................................

(c) Explain why butylbenzene, C6H5CH2CH2CH2CH3, is obtained only as a minor by-product

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

(ii) Name the type of reaction taking place in Step 2.

Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

(i) Give one major use of phenylethene.

Reactive species ...............................................................................................

(iii) Name the type of reaction which occurs in Step 2.

Name of product .........................................................................................................

Name of organic product ............................................................................................

(i) Give the formula of the reactive intermediate.

COCH 2 CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 CH=CHCH 3

(b) What type of stereoisomerism is shown by the product of Step 2?

(i) Give the structures of the two isomers.

(ii) Name the type of mechanism involved.

10. (a) Name the compound (CH3)2NH

Name of mechanism .....................................................................................................

Type of compound .......................................................................................................

Name of mechanism .....................................................................................................

(d) Draw the structure of a tertiary amine which is an isomer of butylamine.

(ii) Give the name of the mechanism of this reaction.

(ii) Draw the graphical formula of compound Q.

(i) sodium tetrahydridoborate(III), NaBH4;

Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

(ii) Fehling’s solution;

Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

(iii) hydrogen cyanide.

Type of reaction ...............................................................................................

Equation for formation of reactive species.................................................................

( b) Explain why phenylamine is a weaker base than ammonia.

Compound 1 Compound 2 Compound 3

Product 1 Product 2 Product 3

(d) Explain why phenylamine is a weaker base than ethylamine.

(e) Suggest why ethanamide, CH3CONH2, is a weaker base than ethylamine.

Name of mechanism ...................................................................................................

Brønsted-Lowry base ...................................................................................

( b) Explain why methylamine is a stronger base than ammonia.

Name of mechanism ................................................................................................