106 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.5-3 A rigid bar of weight W
750 lb hangs from three

equally spaced wires, two of steel and one of aluminum (see figure).
The diameter of the wires is 1⁄8 in. Before they were loaded, all three
wires had the same length. S A S
What temperature increase T in all three wires will result in the
entire load being carried by the steel wires? (Assume Es
30  106 psi,

s
6.5  106/°F, and
a
12  106/°F.)

W = 750 lb

Solution 2.5-3 Bar supported by three wires

2
increase in length of a steel wire due to load

W/2
WL
S A S

2Es As
3
increase in length of aluminum wire due to
temperature increase T

W

a(T)L
Rigid
Bar For no load in the aluminum wire:

S
steel A
aluminum 1  2
3

W
750 lb WL

s (¢T)L 

a (¢T )L
2Es As
1
d
in.
8 or
d2 W
As

0.012272 in.2 ¢T


4 2Es As (
a 
s )
Es
30  106 psi Substitute numerical values:
EsAs
368,155 lb 750 lb
¢T


s
6.5  106/F (2)(368,155 lb)(5.5  10 6
F)

a
12  106/F
185F

L
Initial length of wires NOTE: If the temperature increase is larger than T,
the aluminum wire would be in compression, which
is not possible. Therefore, the steel wires continue to
S A S carry all of the load. If the temperature increase is
less than T, the aluminum wire will be in tension
1 and carry part of the load.
3
2
W W
2 2

1
increase in length of a steel wire due to

temperature increase T


s (T)L

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 SECTION 2.5 Thermal Effects 107

Problem 2.5-4 A steel rod of diameter 15 mm is held snugly (but

12 mm diameter bolt
without any initial stresses) between rigid walls by the arrangement
shown in the figure.
Calculate the temperature drop T (degrees Celsius) at which
the average shear stress in the 12-mm diameter bolt becomes 45 MPa.
15 mm
(For the steel rod, use

12  106/°C and E
200 GPa.)

Solution 2.5-4 Steel rod with bolted connection

B 2tAB
R Solve for ¢T: ¢T

EAR

d2B
15 mm AB

where dB
diameter of bolt
4
12 mm diameter bolt
d2R
R
rod AR

where dR
diameter of steel rod
4
B
bolt 2td2B
¢T

P
tensile force in steel rod due to temperature drop E
d2R
T
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
AR
cross-sectional area of steel rod

45 MPa dB
12 mm dR
15 mm
From Eq. (2-17) of Example 2-7: P
EAR
(T)


12  106/C E
200 GPa
Bolt is in double shear.
2(45 MPa)(12 mm) 2
V
shear force acting over one cross section of the ¢T

(200 GPa)(12  10 6
C)(15 mm) 2
bolt
¢T
24C

1
V
P
2
EAR
(¢T)
2

average shear stress on cross section of the bolt
AB
cross-sectional area of bolt
V EAR
(¢T)
t


AB 2AB

Problem 2.5-5 A bar AB of length L is held between rigid supports and

∆TB
heated nonuniformly in such a manner that the temperature increase T at ∆T
distance x from end A is given by the expression T
TBx3/L3, where
TB is the increase in temperature at end B of the bar (see figure). 0
Derive a formula for the compressive stress c in the bar. (Assume
that the material has modulus of elasticity E and coefficient of thermal A B
expansion
.)
x
L

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108 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Solution 2.5-5 Bar with nonuniform temperature change

∆TB d
Elongation of element dx

∆T
x3
d

(¢T )dx

(¢TB ) ¢ ≤ dx
0 L3

A B 
elongation of bar
L L

 
(¢T )
x x3 1
L 
d
B ¢ 3≤ dx

(¢TB )L
0 0
L 4
At distance x:
COMPRESSIVE FORCE P REQUIRED TO SHORTEN THE BAR
x3 BY THE AMOUNT 
¢T
¢TB ¢ 3 ≤
L
EA 1
P

EA
(¢TB )
REMOVE THE SUPPORT AT END B OF THE BAR: L 4

A B COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE BAR

x dx P E
(¢TB )
sc



A 4
L
Consider an element dx at a distance x from end A.

Problem 2.5-6 A plastic bar ACB having two different solid circular cross
sections is held between rigid supports as shown in the figure. The diameters
50 mm C 75 mm B
in the left- and right-hand parts are 50 mm and 75 mm, respectively. The A
corresponding lengths are 225 mm and 300 mm. Also, the modulus of elasticity
E is 6.0 GPa, and the coefficient of thermal expansion
is 100  106/°C. The
bar is subjected to a uniform temperature increase of 30°C. 225 mm 300 mm
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the compressive force P in the bar;
(b) the maximum compressive stress c; and (c) the displacement C of point C.

Solution 2.5-6 Bar with rigid supports

50 mm 75 mm RIGHT-HAND PART:
A C B
L2
300 mm d2
75 mm
 2 
225 mm 300 mm A2
d
(75 mm) 2
4417.9 mm2
4 2 4
E
6.0 GPa

100  106/C
(a) COMPRESSIVE FORCE P
LEFT-HAND PART:
Remove the support at end B.
L1
225 mm d1
50 mm C B
  A
A1
d21
(50 mm) 2
4 4
C B

1963.5 mm2 A P

T
30°C L1 L2
A1 A2

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 SECTION 2.5 Thermal Effects 109

T
elongation due to temperature (b) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS

P

(T)(L1L2) P 51.78 kN
sc


26.4 MPa


1.5750 mm A1 1963.5 mm2

P
shortening due to P (c) DISPLACEMENT OF POINT C

PL1 PL2 C
Shortening of AC


EA1 EA2 PL1
C

(¢T )L1

P(19.0986  109 m/N11.3177  109 m/N) EA1

(30.4163  109 m/N)P
0.9890 mm  0.6750 mm

(P
newtons) C
0.314 mm

Compatibility: T
P (Positive means AC shortens and point C displaces to

the left.)
1.5750  103 m
(30.4163  109 m/N)P
P
51,781 N
or
P
51.8 kN

Problem 2.5-7 A circular steel rod AB (diameter d1
1.0 in., length d1 d2

L1
3.0 ft) has a bronze sleeve (outer diameter d2
1.25 in., length A B
L2
1.0 ft) shrunk onto it so that the two parts are securely bonded
(see figure). L2
Calculate the total elongation  of the steel bar due to a temperature rise
L1
T
500°F. (Material properties are as follows: for steel, Es
30  106 psi
and
s
6.5  106/°F; for bronze, Eb
15  106 psi and
b
11  106/°F.)

Solution 2.5-7 Steel rod with bronze sleeve

d1 d2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
A B

s
6.5  106/F
b
11  106/F

L2 Es
30  106 psi Eb
15  106 psi

L1 d1
1.0 in.

L1
36 in. L2
12 in.  2
As
d
0.78540 in.2
4 1
ELONGATION OF THE TWO OUTER PARTS OF THE BAR
d2
1.25 in.
1

s(T)(L1  L2)
 2

(6.5  106/F)(500F)(36 in.  12 in.) Ab
(d  d12)
0.44179 in.2
4 2

0.07800 in. T
500F L2
12.0 in.

ELONGATION OF THE MIDDLE PART OF THE BAR 2
0.04493 in.

The steel rod and bronze sleeve lengthen the same TOTAL ELONGATION
amount, so they are in the same condition as the bolt
and sleeve of Example 2-8. Thus, we can calculate 
1  2
0.123 in.

the elongation from Eq. (2-21):
(
s Es As 
b Eb Ab )(¢T)L2
2

Es As  Eb Ab

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110 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.5-8 A brass sleeve S is fitted over a steel bolt B (see figure),
and the nut is tightened until it is just snug. The bolt has a diameter d2
d1
dB
25 mm, and the sleeve has inside and outside diameters dB Sleeve (S)
d1
26 mm and d2
36 mm, respectively.
Calculate the temperature rise T that is required to produce a
compressive stress of 25 MPa in the sleeve. (Use material properties
as follows: for the sleeve,
S
21  106/°C and ES
100 GPa;
for the bolt,
B
10  106/°C and EB
200 GPa.) Bolt (B)
(Suggestion: Use the results of Example 2-8.)

Solution 2.5-8 Brass sleeve fitted over a Steel bolt

S SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
S
25 MPa
B
d2
36 mm d1
26 mm dB
25 mm
Steel Bolt ES
100 GPa EB
200 GPa
Brass Sleeve

S
21  106/C
B
10  106/C
Subscript S means “sleeve”.
 2 
Subscript B means “bolt”. AS
(d2  d21 )
(620 mm2 )
4 4
Use the results of Example 2-8.  
AB
(dB ) 2
(625 mm2 )
S
compressive force in sleeve 4 4
ES AS
EQUATION (2-20a): 1
1.496
EB AB
(
S 
B )(¢T)ES EB AB
sS
(Compression) 25 MPa (1.496)
ES AS  EB AB ¢T

(100 GPa)(11  10 6
C)
SOLVE FOR T: ¢T
34C

sS (ES AS  EB AB ) (Increase in temperature)
¢T

(
S 
B )ES EB AB
or
sS ES AS
¢T
¢1  ≤

ES (
S 
B ) EB AB

Problem 2.5-9 Rectangular bars of copper and aluminum are held

by pins at their ends, as shown in the figure. Thin spacers provide a
separation between the bars. The copper bars have cross-sectional Copper bar
dimensions 0.5 in.  2.0 in., and the aluminum bar has dimensions
1.0 in.  2.0 in. Aluminum bar
Determine the shear stress in the 7/16 in. diameter pins if the
Copper bar
temperature is raised by 100°F. (For copper, Ec
18,000 ksi and

c
9.5  106/°F; for aluminum, Ea
10,000 ksi and

a
13  106/°F.) Suggestion: Use the results of Example 2-8.

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 SECTION 2.5 Thermal Effects 111

Solution 2.5-9 Rectangular bars held by pins

C
0.5 in. × 2.0 in.
A 1.0 in. × 2.0 in.
0.5 in. × 2.0 in.
C
Pin Copper Aluminum

7
Diameter of pin: dP
in.
0.4375 in. SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
16 (3.5  10 6
F)(100F)(18,000 ksi)(2 in.2 )
Pa
Pc

 2 18 2.0
Area of pin: AP
d
0.15033 in.2 1¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
4 P 10 2.0
Area of two copper bars: Ac
2.0 in.2
4,500 lb
Area of aluminum bar: Aa
2.0 in.2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF PIN AT THE LEFT END
T
100F
Pc
Copper: Ec
18,000 ksi
c
9.5  106/F 2
Aluminum: Ea
10,000 ksi
a
13  106/F Pa
Pc
Use the results of Example 2-8. 2
Find the forces Pa and Pc in the aluminum bar and
V
shear force in pin
copper bar, respectively, from Eq. (2-19).

Pc /2
Replace the subscript “S” in that equation by “a”
(for aluminum) and replace the subscript “B”
2,250 lb
by “c” (for copper), because
for aluminum

average shear stress on cross section of pin
is larger than
for copper.
V 2,250 lb
(
a 
c )(¢T)Ea Aa Ec Ac t


Pa
Pc
AP 0.15033 in.2
Ea Aa  Ec Ac
t
15.0 ksi

Note that Pa is the compressive force in the
aluminum bar and Pc is the combined tensile
force in the two copper bars.
(
a 
c )(¢T)Ec Ac
Pa
Pc

Ec Ac
1
Ea Aa

Problem 2.5-10 A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at end A and supported by

two cables at points B and C (see figure). The cable at B has nominal
diameter dB
12 mm and the cable at C has nominal diameter dC
20 mm.
A load P acts at end D of the bar. dB dC
What is the allowable load P if the temperature rises by 60°C and
each cable is required to have a factor of safety of at least 5 against its
ultimate load? A B C D
(Note: The cables have effective modulus of elasticity E
140 GPa
and coefficient of thermal expansion

12  106/°C. Other properties 2b 2b b
of the cables can be found in Table 2-1, Section 2.2.) P

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112 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Solution 2.5-10 Rigid bar supported by two cables

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR ABCD
TB TC
SUBSTITUTE EQS. (3) AND (4) INTO EQ. (2):
TC L 2TB L

(¢T)L
 2
(¢T)L
EAC EAB
A B C D
or
RAH 2b 2b b
RAV 2TB AC  TC AB
E
(T)AB AC (Eq. 5)
P
TB
force in cable B TC
force in cable C SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (5):
dB
12 mm dC
20 mm TB(346)  TC(76.7)
1,338,000 (Eq. 6)
From Table 2-1: in which TB and TC have units of newtons.
AB
76.7 mm2 E
140 GPa
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY EQS. (1) AND (6):
T
60C AC
173 mm2
TB
0.2494 P  3,480 (Eq. 7)


12  106/C
TC
1.1253 P  1,740 (Eq. 8)
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM in which P has units of newtons.
©MA
0

TB (2b)  TC (4b)  P(5b)
0
SOLVE EQS. (7) AND (8) FOR THE LOAD P:
or 2TB  4TC
5P (Eq. 1)
PB
4.0096 TB  13,953 (Eq. 9)
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM PC
0.8887 TC  1,546 (Eq. 10)
A 2b B 2b C b D
ALLOWABLE LOADS
From Table 2-1:
B
(TB)ULT
102,000 N (TC)ULT
231,000 N

COMPATIBILITY: C Factor of safety
5

(TB)allow
20,400 N (TC)allow
46,200 N
C
2B (Eq. 2)
From Eq. (9): PB
(4.0096)(20,400 N)  13,953 N
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT AND TEMPERATURE-
95,700 N
DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
From Eq. (10): PC
(0.8887)(46,200 N)  1546 N
TB L
B

(¢T )L (Eq. 3)
39,500 N
EAB
TC L Cable C governs.
C

(¢T )L (Eq. 4) Pallow
39.5 kN
EAC

Problem 2.5-11 A rigid triangular frame is pivoted at C and held by two iden- A
tical horizontal wires at points A and B (see figure). Each wire has axial rigidity
EA
120 k and coefficient of thermal expansion

12.5  106/°F. b

(a) If a vertical load P
500 lb acts at point D, what are the tensile forces B
TA and TB in the wires at A and B, respectively?
b
(b) If, while the load P is acting, both wires have their temperatures raised
by 180°F, what are the forces TA and TB? D C
(c) What further increase in temperature will cause the wire at B to become
slack? P
2b

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 SECTION 2.5 Thermal Effects 113

Solution 2.5-11 Triangular frame held by two wires

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF FRAME

TA
A (b) LOAD P AND TEMPERATURE INCREASE T

b Force-displacement and temperature-

TB
displacement relations:
B
TAL
A

(¢T)L (Eq. 8)
b EA

D C TBL
B

(¢T)L (Eq. 9)
P 2b EA
Substitute (8) and (9) into Eq. (2):
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM TAL 2TBL

(¢T)L
 2
(¢T)L
©MC
0
 EA EA

P(2b)  TA(2b)  TB(b)
0 or 2TA  TB
2P (Eq. 1) or TA  2TB
EA
(T) (Eq. 10)

Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (10):
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
1
A A TA
[4P  EA
(¢T ) ] (Eq. 11)
5
b
2
TB
[P  EA
(¢T ) ] (Eq. 12)
B B 5
b Substitute numerical values:

C P
500 lb EA
120,000 lb
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY T
180F
A
2B (Eq. 2)

12.5  106/F

(a) LOAD P ONLY 1

TA
(2000 lb  270 lb)
454 lb
5
Force-displacement relations:
2
TA L TB L TB
(500 lb  270 lb)
92 lb
A

B
(Eq. 3, 4) 5
EA EA
(L
length of wires at A and B.) (c) WIRE B BECOMES SLACK
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2): Set TB
0 in Eq. (12):
TA L 2TB L P
EA
(T)


EA EA or
or TA
2TB (Eq. 5) P 500 lb
¢T


Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5): EA
(120,000 lb)(12.5  10 6
F)
4P 2P
333.3F
TA

TB
(Eqs. 6, 7)
5 5 Further increase in temperature:
Numerical values: ¢T
333.3F  180F
P
500 lb
153F
∴ TA
400 lb TB
200 lb

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114 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Misfits and Prestrains

Problem 2.5-12 A steel wire AB is stretched between rigid supports

(see figure). The initial prestress in the wire is 42 MPa when the
temperature is 20°C. A B

(a) What is the stress  in the wire when the temperature drops Steel wire
to 0°C?
(b) At what temperature T will the stress in the wire become zero?
(Assume

14  106/°C and E
200 GPa.)

Solution 2.5-12 Steel wire with initial prestress

A B From Eq. (2-18): 2
E
(T)

s
s1  s2
s1  E
(¢T )

Initial prestress: 1
42 MPa
42 MPa  (200 GPa)(14  10 6
C)(20C)

Initial temperature: T1
20C
42 MPa  56 MPa
98 MPa

E
200 GPa (b) TEMPERATURE WHEN STRESS EQUALS ZERO

14  106/C 
1  2
0 1  E
(T)
0

(a) STRESS  WHEN TEMPERATURE DROPS TO 0C s1

¢T

E

T2
0C T
20C
(Negative means increase in temp.)
Note: Positive T means a decrease in temperature
and an increase in the stress in the wire. 42 MPa
¢T

 15C
(200 GPa)(14  10 6
C)
Negative T means an increase in temperature and a
decrease in the stress. T
20C  15C
35C
Stress  equals the initial stress 1 plus the
additional stress 2 due to the temperature drop.

Problem 2.5-13 A copper bar AB of length 25 in. is placed in position 0.008 in.
at room temperature with a gap of 0.008 in. between end A and a rigid A
restraint (see figure).
Calculate the axial compressive stress c in the bar if the temperature
25 in.
rises 50°F. (For copper, use

9.6  106/°F and E
16  106 psi.)

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 SECTION 2.5 Misfits and Prestrains 115

Solution 2.5-13 Bar with a gap

S c
stress in the bar

A L
25 in.
EC E
S
0.008 in.
EeC

[
(¢T)L  S]
L L
L
T
50F (increase) Note: This result is valid only if
(T)L  S.


9.6  106/F (Otherwise, the gap is not closed).
B
E
16  106 psi Substitute numerical values:

elongation of the bar if it is free to expand 16  106 psi
sc
[ (9.6  10 6
F)(50F)(25 in.)


(T)L 25 in.

C
elongation that is prevented by the support  0.008 in.]
2,560 psi

(T)L  S
eC
strain in the bar due to the restraint

C /L

Problem 2.5-14 A bar AB having length L and axial rigidity EA is fixed 2L L s

— —
at end A (see figure). At the other end a small gap of dimension s exists 3 3
between the end of the bar and a rigid surface. A load P acts on the bar at
A C B
point C, which is two-thirds of the length from the fixed end.
If the support reactions produced by the load P are to be equal in
magnitude, what should be the size s of the gap? P

Solution 2.5-14 Bar with a gap (load P)

2L L S COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
— —
3 3 1  2
S or
2PL RBL

S (Eq. 1)
3EA EA
A P B
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
L
length of bar
S
size of gap
RA P RB
EA
axial rigidity
RA
reaction at end A (to the left)
Reactions must be equal; find S.
RB
reaction at end B (to the left)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS P
RA  RB
2L
— P( 2L Reactions must be equal.
3 P 3)
1
P
EA ∴ RA
RB P
2RB RB

2
1 Substitute for RB in Eq. (1):
RBL
2
2PL PL PL
EA 
S
or
S

3EA 2EA 6EA
RB NOTE: The gap closes when the load reaches the
value P/4. When the load reaches the value P, equal
2
to 6EAs/L, the reactions are equal (RA
RB
P/2).
When the load is between P/4 and P, RA is greater
than RB. If the load exceeds P, RB is greater than RA.

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116 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.5-15 Wires B and C are attached to a support at the left-hand 700 lb
end and to a pin-supported rigid bar at the right-hand end (see figure).
Each wire has cross-sectional area A
0.03 in.2 and modulus of elasticity B b
E
30  106 psi. When the bar is in a vertical position, the length of
each wire is L
80 in. However, before being attached to the bar, the C b
length of wire B was 79.98 in. and of wire C was 79.95 in.
Find the tensile forces TB and TC in the wires under the action of b
a force P
700 lb acting at the upper end of the bar.
80 in.

Solution 2.5-15 Wires B and C attached to a bar

P = 700 lb Elongation of wires:

B b B
SB  2 (Eq. 2)
C
SC   (Eq. 3)
C b

b FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
L = 80 in.
TBL TC L
B

C
(Eqs. 4, 5)
EA EA
P
700 lb
A
0.03 in.2 SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS

E
30106 psi Combine Eqs. (2) and (4):

LB
79.98 in. TBL

SB  2 (Eq. 6)
EA
LC
79.95 in.
Combine Eqs. (3) and (5):
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION TCL
P = 700 lb
SC   (Eq. 7)
EA

b ©Mpin
0
 Eliminate  between Eqs. (6) and (7):

TB
EASB 2EASC
b TC(b)  TB(2b)
P(3b) TB  2TC
 (Eq. 8)
TC L L
b 2TB  TC
3P (Eq. 1)
Pin Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (8):
6P EASB 2EASC
TB
 
5 5L 5L
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
3P 2EASB 4EASC
SB
80 in.  LB
0.02 in. TC
 
5 5L 5L
SC
80 in.  LC
0.05 in.
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
SB EA
B
2250 lb
in.
2 5L
C  TB
840 lb  45 lb  225 lb
660 lb
SC TC
420 lb  90 lb  450 lb
780 lb
(Both forces are positive, which means tension, as
L = 80 in. required for wires.)

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 SECTION 2.5 Misfits and Prestrains 117

Problem 2.5-16 A rigid steel plate is supported by three posts of P

high-strength concrete each having an effective cross-sectional area
A
40,000 mm2 and length L
2 m (see figure). Before the load
P is applied, the middle post is shorter than the others by an amount S
s
1.0 mm. s
Determine the maximum allowable load Pallow if the allowable
compressive stress in the concrete is allow
20 MPa. (Use E
30 GPa
for concrete.) C C C L

Solution 2.5-16 Plate supported by three posts

P EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Steel plate P

2P1  P2
P (Eq. 1)
s

P1 P2 P1
C C C L
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
1
shortening of outer posts
2
shortening of inner post
s
size of gap
1.0 mm 1
2  s (Eq. 2)
L
length of posts
2.0 m
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
A
40,000 mm2
P1L P2L
allow
20 MPa 1

2
(Eqs. 3, 4)
EA EA
E
30 GPa
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
C
concrete post
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
DOES THE GAP CLOSE? P1L P2L EAs

 s
or
P1  P2
(Eq. 5)
Stress in the two outer posts when the gap is just EA EA L
closed:
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
s 1.0 mm
s
Ee
E ¢ ≤
(30 GPa) ¢ ≤ EAs
L 2.0 m P
3P1 
L

15 MPa
By inspection, we know that P1 is larger than P2.
Since this stress is less than the allowable stress, the Therefore, P1 will control and will be equal to
allowable force P will close the gap. allow A.
EAs
Pallow
3sallow A 
L

2400 kN  600 kN
1800 kN

1.8 MN

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118 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.5-17 A copper tube is fitted around a steel bolt and the nut
is turned until it is just snug (see figure). What stresses s and c will be
produced in the steel and copper, respectively, if the bolt is now tightened
Copper tube
by a quarter turn of the nut?
The copper tube has length L
16 in. and cross-sectional area
Ac
0.6 in.2, and the steel bolt has cross-sectional area As
0.2 in.2 The
pitch of the threads of the bolt is p
52 mils (a mil is one-thousandth
of an inch). Also, the moduli of elasticity of the steel and copper are Steel bolt
Es
30  106 psi and Ec
16  106 psi, respectively.
Note: The pitch of the threads is the distance advanced by the nut
in one complete turn (see Eq. 2-22).

Solution 2.5-17 Steel bolt and copper tube

Copper tube
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
Pc L Ps L
c

s
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
Ec Ac Es As
Steel bolt
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
L
16 in.
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
p
52 mils
0.052 in.
PcL PsL
1 
np (Eq. 5)
n
(See Eq. 2-22) EcAc EsAs
4
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
Steel bolt: As
0.2 in.2
npEs As Ec Ac
Es
30  106 psi Ps
Pc
(Eq. 6)
L(Es As  Ec Ac )
Copper tube: Ac
0.6 in.2
Substitute numerical values:
Ec
16  106 psi
Ps
Pc
3,000 lb
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
STRESSES

Ps Steel bolt:
Pc
Ps 3,000 lb
ss


15 ksi (tension)
As 0.2 in.2
Ps
tensile force in steel bolt
Copper tube:
Pc
compressive force in copper tube
Pc 3,000 lb
Pc
Ps (Eq. 1) sc


Ac 0.6 in.2

COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
5 ksi (compression)

Ps Pc

np
c
shortening of copper tube
s
elongation of steel bolt
c  s
np (Eq. 2)

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 SECTION 2.5 Misfits and Prestrains 119

Problem 2.5-18 A plastic cylinder is held snugly between a rigid plate

and a foundation by two steel bolts (see figure).
Determine the compressive stress p in the plastic when the nuts on
the steel bolts are tightened by one complete turn.
Steel
Data for the assembly are as follows: length L
200 mm, pitch of L
bolt
the bolt threads p
1.0 mm, modulus of elasticity for steel Es
200 GPa,
modulus of elasticity for the plastic Ep
7.5 GPa, cross-sectional area of
one bolt As
36.0 mm2, and cross-sectional area of the plastic cylinder
Ap
960 mm2.
Probs. 2.5-18 and 2.5-19

Solution 2.5-18 Plastic cylinder and two steel bolts

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
Ps L Pp L
s

p
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
Es As Ep Ap
S P S
L
200 mm SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
P
1.0 mm Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
Es
200 GPa Pp L
Ps L
As
36.0 mm2 (for one bolt) 
np (Eq. 5)
Es As Ep Ap
Ep
7.5 GPa Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
Ap
960 mm2 2npEs As Ep Ap
Pp

n
1 (See Eq. 2-22) L(Ep Ap  2Es As )

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION STRESS IN THE PLASTIC CYLINDER

Ps Ps Pp 2 np Es As Ep
sp


Ap L(Ep Ap  2Es As )

SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

Pp N
Es As Ep
54.0  1015 N2/m2
D
Ep Ap  2Es As
21.6  106 N
Ps
tensile force in one steel bolt
Pp
compressive force in plastic cylinder 2np N 2(1)(1.0 mm) N
sp
¢ ≤
¢ ≤
L D 200 mm D
Pp
2Ps (Eq. 1)

25.0 MPa
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
Pp Ps
Ps
np

S P S

s
elongation of steel bolt

p
shortening of plastic cylinder
s  p
np (Eq. 2)

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120 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.5-19 Solve the preceding problem if the data for the
assembly are as follows: length L
10 in., pitch of the bolt threads
p
0.058 in., modulus of elasticity for steel Es
30  106 psi,
modulus of elasticity for the plastic Ep
500 ksi, cross-sectional
area of one bolt As
0.06 in.2, and cross-sectional area of the
plastic cylinder Ap
1.5 in.2

Solution 2.5-19 Plastic cylinder and two steel bolts

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
Ps L Pp L
s

p
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
Es As Ep Ap
S P S
L
10 in.
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
p
0.058 in.
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
Es
30  106 psi Ps L Pp L

np (Eq. 5)
As
0.06 in.2 (for one bolt) Es As Ep Ap
Ep
500 ksi Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
Ap
1.5 in.2 2 np Es As Ep Ap
Pp

n
1 (see Eq. 2-22) L(Ep Ap  2Es As )

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION STRESS IN THE PLASTIC CYLINDER

Ps
tensile force in one steel bolt Pp 2 np Es As Ep

sp


Ap L(Ep Ap  2Es As )
Pp
compressive force in plastic cylinder
Pp
2Ps (Eq. 1) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
N
Es As Ep
900  109 lb2/in.2
Ps Ps
D
Ep Ap  2Es As
4350  103 lb
2np N 2(1)(0.058 in.) N
sP
¢ ≤
¢ ≤
L D 10 in. D
Pp

2400 psi
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
s
elongation of steel bolt
p
shortening of plastic cylinder
s  p
np (Eq. 2)

Pp Ps
Ps
np

S P S

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 SECTION 2.5 Misfits and Prestrains 121

Steel wires
Problem 2.5-20 Prestressed concrete beams are sometimes
manufactured in the following manner. High-strength steel wires are
stretched by a jacking mechanism that applies a force Q, as represented Q Q
schematically in part (a) of the figure. Concrete is then poured around
the wires to form a beam, as shown in part (b). (a)
After the concrete sets properly, the jacks are released and the Concrete
force Q is removed [see part (c) of the figure]. Thus, the beam is
left in a prestressed condition, with the wires in tension and the Q Q
concrete in compression.
Let us assume that the prestressing force Q produces in the steel (b)
wires an initial stress 0
620 MPa. If the moduli of elasticity of the
steel and concrete are in the ratio 12:1 and the cross-sectional areas are in
the ratio 1:50, what are the final stresses s and c in the two materials?
(c)

Solution 2.5-20 Prestressed concrete beam

Steel wires L
length
0
initial stress in wires
Q Q


620 MPa
As
Concrete As
total area of steel wires
Ac
area of concrete

50 As
Es
12 Ec
Pc
Ps Ps
final tensile force in steel wires
Pc
final compressive force in concrete
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Ps
Pc (Eq. 1)

COMPATIBILITY EQUATION AND

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
STRESSES
1
initial elongation of steel wires Ps s0
QL s0L ss




As Es As
EsAs Es 1
Ec Ac
2
final elongation of steel wires Pc s0
Ps L sc



Ac Ac Es
Es As 
As Ec
3
shortening of concrete
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Pc L

Es As 1
Ec Ac s0
620 MPa

12


Ec Ac 50
s0 L Ps L Pc L
1  2
3
or

(Eq. 2, Eq. 3) 620 MPa
Es Es As Ec Ac ss

500 MPa (Tension)
12
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (3): 1
s0 As 50
Ps
Pc

Es As 620 MPa
1 sc

10 MPa (Compression)
Ec Ac 50  12

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