Math 1 JimCarlo Pajenado

Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University

Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
LESSON 1
THE NUMERATION SYSTEM
1st Semester, A.Y. 2020 – 2021
Week 1 & 2
Name:JimCarlo S. Pajenado 1CsC
A numeral system is a writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a

mathematical notation for representing number of a given set, using digit or
INTRODUCTION:
other symbols in a consistent manner. The same sequence of symbol may
represent different numbers in different numeral system.
LESSON DEVELOPMENT
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
 Describe various number system
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Convert numbers into different number system.
 Recognize, read and position different types of number system
 Print Materials:
Readings
Syllabus
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
Lesson/Assignment Files
Handouts
 Online discussion via Zoom and LMS
Pre-Test: Brainstorming
I. True or False. Read carefully each sentence and determine if the sentence is True or False.
1. x times x = 2x- True
2. The sum of 3 and -2 is 1.-True
3. Place value of 4 in ‘56743 is hundreds.-False
4. 657 is greater than 545.-True
5. In roman numeral DXC is equal to 540?-False
II. Essay.
1. What is mathematics?
2. How you relate mathematics in your daily life?
 THE NUMERATION SYSTEM
It is necessary that we know how numbers are represented. Let us start our study of mathematics
and discuss the different systems of numeration used during the early times and those used today.
Ancient Numerals
Throughout history, a variety of numeration system has been developed to represent numbers. Today the number
system we are most familiar with the hindu-Arabic numeral system
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Types of Numeral system

1. Unary system - Is a type of numeral system that uses something like tally marks. Each number is represented
by different amount of symbol.
2. Positional system – uses places value to show the value of numerals. The hindu Arabic system is the positional
decimal system that we use.
 Hindu-Arabic numeral system

It is the number system that we used today. This system was developed in India about 2,000 ears ago. It spread all
across Europe by the time of the Renaissance. It also called decimal numerals
It uses ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. These are called digits.
Place value chart
Group name BILLIONS MILLIONS THOUSANDS UNITS

TEN BILLIONS
ONE BILLIONS
TEN MILLIONS
ONE MILLIONS
TENS
ONES
Place Value
HUNDRED BILLIONS
HUNDRED MILLIONS
HUNDRED THOUSANDS
TEN THOUSANDS
ONE THOUSANDS
1011 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 HUNDREDS
102 101 100
DIGIT 2 9 3 6 2 1 1 5 7 5 2 4
Notice that the place names starting from the unit group are 10 0, 101, 102, and so on. The numeral 10 in this case is called the
base and the small numbers on its upper right hand corner are called the exponents. An exponent tells us how many times 10 taken a
factor. Hence 101=10: 102= 10 x 10 = 100; 103= 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000 and so on.
The numeral 7,524 is in the units and thousands group and is read as “seven thousand, five hundred twenty-four.” It means
that there are:
4 ones; (3 x 100) = 4
2 tens; (2 x 101) = 20
5 hundreds; (5 x 102) = 500
7 thousands; (7 x 103) = 7,000
 Egyptian numeral system

The ancient Egyptian system was base 10 system. It has different symbols for power of ten. This system was
workable for smaller numbers, but it didn’t work so well with large numbers. In the ancient Egyptian wanted to write the
numeral 5,978,947, they’d have to use forty-nine symbols.
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 Roman numeral system

Many of us have become familiar to this numerals system through the manipulation of books since many books use
roman numerals as page number. The Roman also had a unary system, but it was a little bit different from Egyptian
type. It use a system of addition and subtraction to create numeral so you need to be pretty good at mental math to
figure out the value of the numerals expressed.
IV is the numeral 4 V– I = IV
5–1=4
XI is the number 11 X + I = XI
10 + 1 = 11
Roman
Example: Numerals
XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16 I 1
DCXVI = 500 + 100 + 10 + 5 +1 = 616 V 2
X 10
L 50
C 100
D 500
 Babylonian numerals system M 1,000
The Babylonians lived about 5,000 years ago in an area known as Mesopotamia.
Archeologists believe that they developed one of the first written numeral system. This numeral system has a
combination of a unary and a positional system. However, it is probably one of the most ambiguous of all numerals.
 Maya numeral system
The Maya, who lived in an area as known as Mesoamerica, had a vigesimal system that was boyh unary and
positional system. Vigesimal means base 20. It is also the inventors of the numeral zero. This number system should be
studied last. It uses three basic symbol yet it is probably one of the most complicated of all numerals.
INDIVIDUAL WORK Activity 1

Read each problem carefully and then convert according to the instruction.
1. Use word to write the number below.
a. 463,572,080-Four hundred sixty-three million,Five hundred seventy two Thousand, eighty
b. 4,020,001-Four million,Twenty Thousand, One
c. 21,903,087-Twenty-one million,Nine-hundred three Thousand,Eighty seven
2. Write the following in Hindu – Arabic numerals.
a. XXVI-26
b. DCCIV-704
c. LXXXVIII-88
d. CMCCXLVI-1146
e. MMXCLXXIV-2164
3. Write the following in Roman numerals.
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a. 87-LXXXVIII
b. 521-LIV
c. 204-CCIV
d. 2,510-MMDX
e. 1,539-MDXXXIX
4. In the numeral 5,628, which digit represents the greatest value? The smallest value? Why?
Answer:5 the greatest value which is Thousand Place.place value of 5,000.then 8 is smallest value which is in one's
so that it's place value is 8
5. In the numerals 3,645 the digit in the ten’s place and the digit in the hundred’s place are interchanged. Tell whether
the new numeral is increased or decreased and by how much. Answer:-180
LESSON 2
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
1st Semester, A.Y. 2020 – 2021
Week 3 & 4
All numbers that will be mentioned in this lesson belong to the set of the
INTRODUCTION:
Real numbers. The set of the real numbers is denoted by the symbol R.
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
 Classify a real number as a natural, whole, integer, rational, or
irrational number.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Perform calculation using order of operations.
 Use the following properties of real numbers; commutative,
associative, distributive, inverse and identity
 Print Materials:
Readings
Syllabus
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
Lesson/Assignment Files
Handouts
 Online discussion via Zoom and LMS
LESSON DEVELOPMENT
Pre-Test:
I. True or False. Read carefully each sentence and determine if the sentence is True or False.
1. Every rational number is a real number.--True
2. Every integer is a rational number.-True
3. All integers are whole numbers.-False
4. Every whole number is a rational number.-False
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5. -53.3333 is a rational number.-False

6. √45 is a rational number-False
7. No. 0 (zero) is a rational number.-True
8. √64 is a rational number-True
9. Every whole number is a natural number.-False
Five Subsets of Real numbers
1. The set of natural or counting numbers
The set of the natural numbers (also known as counting numbers)

contain the elements,
Symbol of the set of Natural Numbers

N
Elements of the Natural Numbers
{ 1,2,3,4,5,6,…………… }
The ellipsis “….” Signifies that the numbers go on forever in the
pattern.
2. The Set of Whole Numbers
The set of whole numbers includes all the elements of the natural number plus the number zero (0)
Symbol of the set of Whole Numbers

W
Elements of the Whole Numbers
{ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,…………… }
The slight addition of the element zero to the set of natural numbers generates the new set of whole numbers.
3. The set of Integers
The set of integers includes all the elements of the set of whole numbers and the opposites or “negatives” of all the
elements of the set of counting numbers.
Symbol of the set of Integers

Z
Elements of the integers
{ -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,,…. } 5
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4. The set of Rational Numbers

The set of rational numbers includes all numbers that can be written as a fraction or as a ratio of integers. However,
the denominator cannot be equal ro zero.
Symbol of the set of Rational Numbers

Q
Elements of the Rational Numbers
a
where a and b are integers but b ≠ 0
A rational number may also b appear in the form of a decimal. If a
decimal number is repeating or terminating, it can be written as a
fraction, therefore, it must be a rational number.
Example of terminating decimals:
12 3
100 = 25 = 0.12
456 57
1,000
= 125
= 0.465
Example of repeating decimals:

1
3
= 0.3́
7
11
= 0.63
´
1
7
= 0.142857
´
5. The set of Irrational Numbers

The set of irrational numbers can be described in many ways. These are the common ones.
a) Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as a ratio of two integers. This description is exactly the
opposite that of the rational numbers.
b) Irrational numbers are the leftover numbers after all rational numbers are removed from the set of the real
number. You may think of it as,
Irrational numbers = real numbers “minus” rational numbers
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c) Irrational numbers if written in decimal forms don’t terminate and don’t repeat. There’s really no standards
symbol to represent the set of irrational numbers. But you may encounter the one below.
Symbol of the set of Irrational Numbers

R/Q
Elements of the Irrational Numbers
Real numbers “minus” rational numbers
Examples:
a) Pi
π = 3.141592653589793238462643…
b) Euler’s number
e= 2.7182818284590452353602874…
c) The square root

√ = 1.41421356237309504880168…
Properties of Addition and Multiplication

The following are the properties of addition and multiplication which are helpful to us we work further with
numbers.
 Closure Property
For any real number a and b, the sum a + b is a real number and the product a . b is a real
number. This means that if we add or subtract two real numbers the result is also a real number.
Example:
6 + 12 = 18 where, 6, 12 and 18 are real numbers.
(5) (-80) = -400 where 5, -80, and -400 are real numbers.
 Commutative Property
For any real number a and b
a+b=b+a
a.b =b.a
This means that the order of the addends or the factors does not affect the result.
Example:
10 + 12 = 12 + 10 = 22
5 x 6 = 6 x 5 = 30
 Associative Property
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For any real number a, b, and c

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(a . b) . c = a . (b . c)
This means that the grouping of addends or factor does not affect the result.
Example:
(8 + 12) + 3 = 8 + (b + c)
(2 . 3) . 8 = 2 . (3 . 8) = 48
 Distributive Property
For any real number a, b, and c
a.(b + c) = (a . b) + (a . c); left hand distributive property
(b + a) . a = (b . a) + (c
Example:
3 . (4 + 5) = (3 . 4) + (3 . 5) = 12 + 15 = 27
(4 + 5) . 3 = (4 . 3) + (5 .3) = 12 + 15 = 27
 Identity Property
For any real number a
a+0=a
a.1=a
Zero is called the identity elements for addition and one as the identity element for multiplication.
 Multiplication Property
For any real number a
a.0=0.a=0
Precedence of operation
In performing a series of operations, some rules or order of precedence have to be observed. Remember
that this operation are to be performed in the order as they appear from left to right.
1. Multiplication or division first to be followed by addition or subtraction.
Example:
2 x 6 + 30 ÷ 5 = 12 + 6
18 ÷ 3 x 2 – 10 + 5 = 6 x 2 – 10 + 5 = 12 – 10 + 5
Notice that in the second example, division is performed first. The order of the operation from left to right in this
case is division followed by multiplication
2. Lastly, addition or subtraction will be performed in the order in which they appear from left to right.
Example:
In the example (# 1) 12 + 6 will be performed.
Hence, 2 x 6 + 30 ÷ 5 = 12 + 6 = 18
Similarly, 18 ÷ 3 x 2 – 10 + 5 = 12 – 10 + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7
There are instances when it is convenient to perform series of operations enclosed with grouping
symbols. The grouping symbols commonly used are parenthesis, braces, and brackets whose symbols are
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( ), { } and [ ], respectively. When there are several operations enclosed with grouping symbols, the
innermost operations are to be performed first.
Example:
To evaluate the expression
[{(2 x 5 ) x 6} ÷ 3] – 4, the operation in the innermost grouping symbol is 2 x 5.
Hence we have
[{10 x 6} ÷ 3] – 4
The next operation to be performed will be 10 x 6, then we have
[60 ÷ 3] – 4 = 20 – 4 = 16
INTEGERS
Recall that the set of counting numbers or natural numbers was invented for the purpose of counting. With
the inclusion of zero in the set of natural numbers, the set of whole numbers was formed.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Numbers to the left of zero or less than zero are negative numbers, and numbers to the right or greater that zero
are positive numbers. Notice that every positive integer can be paired with negative integers. These pairs called opposite or
additive inverse.
Addition and Subtraction of Integers
To add and subtract integers having the same sign, keep the same sign and add the absolute value of each
number.
To add and subtract integers with different signs, keep the sign of the number with the largest absolute
value and subtracts the smallest absolute value from the largest.
To subtract integers having unlike sign, change the sign of the subtrahend and proceed to addition.
Example:
2+5=7 7–5=2
-4 + 3 = -1 -4 – 3 = -7
9 + (-7) = 2 9 – (-7) = 16, 9 + (+7) = 16
-5 + (-2) = -7 -5 – (-2) = -3, -5 + (+2) = -3
Multiplication and Division of integers

To multiply and divide like sign or both positive or negative the product would be positive.
To multiply and divide unlike sign the product is always negative.
Example:
5(5) = 25 36 ÷ 9 = 4
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5(-2) = 10 -42 ÷ 3 = -14

-5(2) = 10 56 ÷ (-8) = -7
-3(-4) = 12 -63 ÷ (-9) = 7
INDIVIDUAL WORK Activity 2
1. Find the number that will make the statement true. State the property of the number operations that is illustrated.
a. 10 + 15 = 15_ + 10
b. 9 . 8_ = 8 . 9
c. 5 + (3 + 8) = ( 5_ + 3) + 8
d. (10 +3 ) . 5 = (10 + 3) + 5
e. 4. (6 + 3) = (4 . 6) + (4 . 3)
2. Find the answer in each of the following series of operations.

a. 7 x 6 + 64 ÷ 8 + 6 x 3 = _42+8+18=68_
b. (5 + 9) – (36 ÷ 6) x (8 – 2) = (14)-(6)x(6)
c. 18 ÷ 6 – 3 + 15 – 24 ÷ 6 = 3-18-4
3. Solve the following Problem using the four fundamental operations.

a. A farmer harvested 112 sacks of corn per hectare, if he cultivated 12 hectares and sold 1,235 sacks, how
many were left? Answer:109
Solution:12÷112-1235=109
b. Maria bought 15 meters of cloth at P48 per meter and 8 meters of lace at P25 per meter. How much
change will she receive from her 1,000 peso bill?Answer:80
Solution:1000-15(48)+8(25)
1000-720+200
1000-920
=80 Answer=80
c. Maricel has 615 potted plants in her garden while Laarni has 528 in her garden. Their neighbor who has a
bigger garden has 75 more potted plants than Maricel’s and Laarni’s combined together. How many potted
plants does their neighbor have?
Answer:1218 potted
Solution:615+528+75=1218
d. Eric sold 5 hogs for P24,325. If each hog he spent approximately P2,150 for feeds, medicine, and feed
supplement, how much did he gain? How much was each hog worth?
Answer: He gain P13,575 and Hog was worth P2,715
Solution:2150x5=10,750
24,325-10,750=13,575
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e. Maria bought 15 meters of cloth at P48 per meter and 8 meters of lace at P25 per meter. How much
change will she receive from her P1,000 peso bill? Answer:80
Solution:1000-15(48)+8(25)
1000-70+200
1000-920
=80
4. Perform the following integers.
a. 36 (-25) (-1) =900
b. 4(20) (-5) (-1) = 400
c. -125 ÷ (-5) = 5
d. 625 ÷ (-25) = -25
e. -(-400) ÷ (-8) =-50
II.ESSAY
What is mathematics?
Okay so The mathematics is a subjects that all numbers have measure,counting money and etc then it's
applying to others like physics and engineering so mathematics deal with some logical,Logic of shape,have many
Formula For Problem solving and making Arrangement.when we say math it's study of many a lot of numbers,and
specially the pattern so mathematics can help us to thinking analyzing and ability to solving processing problem.so
that the analyzing it's is skill that ability to think critical and connecting some solutions.Sohuw about the techniques
when we say about that it is make achieve to effective to solving and getting easily the solutio.so many
mathematician use their some theory and many techniques like formula so many mathey do work applying about
mathematics like to solving problems in business and life social but I can Explain The Advantaged and
Disadvantaged about mathematics First The Advantaged it is good in own life like to measuring anything see the
real clock and to find some solution that can better in life like establishment of your own business but our
disadvantage of math I think it many people hated of math because it is hardest to get the answer they cannot be
solved without a calculator and makes abstract thinking is difficult .As additional math and science are related each
other like science it will have a scientifical Education then having a problem soving Formula like Newton's law of
Gravitational, Distances and kilometers exactly .yes of course they have many formula to work it.As a matter of Fact
mathematics is very important without number should didn't knowing about measure something like to build up
construction and also can solving a many problem like to spent money that's it The really important of math and
definitionthats all thank you.
How your relate mathematics in your daily life?

Explain
For me how related mathematics in my daily life First of all mathematics can give way to something understand
the pattern and to analyzing.So I use number Daily For Real clock time,date weather and year.That I am updating
For my life then Numbers are very importantike what I said It can use For counting Money,Use for measurements of
many Things, Password of my mobile phone to help out away from snatching and page number that remind me of
what pages of many lesson but many professional like Engineers can use number for calculation to build up or
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building construction to measurements them and accountancy use for solvingand calculation for counting money
and analysis of the Profit.So mathematics can related to the world like in the mall shopping for the best
price,manage money and take time and cost for travelling but use of all it can understand of loans of house,Cars
and many other purposes just use of the number that's all
12

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Republic of the Philippines

Surigao del Sur State University

A numeral system is a writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a

 THE NUMERATION SYSTEM

Types of Numeral system

 Hindu-Arabic numeral system

It uses ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. These are called digits.

Place value chart

Group name BILLIONS MILLIONS THOUSANDS UNITS

 Egyptian numeral system

 Roman numeral system

INDIVIDUAL WORK Activity 1

5. -53.3333 is a rational number.-False

The set of the natural numbers (also known as counting numbers)

Symbol of the set of Natural Numbers

Symbol of the set of Whole Numbers

Symbol of the set of Integers

4. The set of Rational Numbers

Symbol of the set of Rational Numbers

Example of repeating decimals:

5. The set of Irrational Numbers

Symbol of the set of Irrational Numbers

c) The square root

Properties of Addition and Multiplication

For any real number a, b, and c

Addition and Subtraction of Integers

Multiplication and Division of integers

5(-2) = 10 -42 ÷ 3 = -14

INDIVIDUAL WORK Activity 2

2. Find the answer in each of the following series of operations.

3. Solve the following Problem using the four fundamental operations.

How your relate mathematics in your daily life?

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