University of Zakho

Collage of engineering
Mechanical department

A Test to Measure the flow head loss in a pipe

Experiment No. 6
By :Mohammed Amin Abdo
Second stage

Nov/2019
 I. PURPOSE
To estimate the head loss of a diffuser and after a 90-degree bend
directly.
II. APPARATUS
The next figure showed the test apparatus which is consists of:
a. Panel: to support the test parts.
b. Manometers: are using to measure the heads at different points along
the pipe.
c. Venturimeter, Orifice meter, Wide angle diffuser and rotameter.
d. Hand pump to purge the air into the manometers.
e. Air purge valve.
f. Control valve.
g. Water pump to supply water to the flow measurement apparatus.

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III. THEORY:
Major loss comes from the friction in the straight sections of the pipe
which is caused by the viscosity effect, the movement of
fluid molecules against each other or against the (possibly rough) wall of the
pipe. Minor losses are estimated also by the effect of other factors like bends,
couplings, valves, or transitions in the pipe diameter could either causes
losses in pressure.
For steady, adiabatic flow of an incompressible fluid along a stream
tube, figure. Bernoulli’s Equation can be written in the form
2 2
u1 p1 u p
+ + z 1= 2 + 2 + z 2 + ΔH 12
2 g ρg 2 g ρg ….(1)
Where
p
h = ρg = Hydrostatic head (Pressure head)
2
u
2 g = Kinetic head
Z = Potential head
2
u p
+ +z
2 g ρg = Total head.

By applying Equation 1 for Diffuser between C and D

2 2
u C p C uD p D
+ = + + ΔH CD
2 g ρg 2 g ρg
uC and uD may be calculated using the following equation:
Q Q
uC = ,u =
Ac D AD

Q calculated using rotameter, venturimeter, or orifice meter.

2 2
u p u p
ΔH CD=( C + C )−( D + D )
2 g ρg 2 g ρg

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Head Loss coefficient K
∆ H CD
K=
❑
By applying Equation 1 for right angled bending between G and H

2 2
uG pG uH p H
+ = + + ΔH GH
2 g ρg 2 g ρg
uC and uD may be calculated using the following equation:
Q Q
uG = , uH=
AG AH

Q can be calculate by using rotameter, venturimeter, or orifice meter.

2 2
u p u p
ΔH GH =( G + G )−( H + H )
2 g ρg 2 g ρg
∆H
Head Loss coefficient K= GH
❑

IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the supply hose from the hydraulic bench to the Venturimeter
inlet and secure with hose clip.
2) Connect the hose to the H10 control valve outlet and direct its free end
into the hydraulic bench.
3) Close the air purge and the H10 control valve fully, then open it by 1/3
turn.
4) Switch on the hydraulic bench pump and slowly open the valve until
water starts to flow and record the manometers readings.
5) Repeat the previous procedure for 6 runs by increasing flow rate to the
maximum value that could be use by opining the valve.

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 Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Manometer levels C 0.262 0.215 0.236 0.267 0.278 0.233
D 0.261 0.214 0.234 0.264 0.272 0.232
G 0.212 0.144 0.174 0.216 0.230 0.196
H 0.212 0.142 0.172 0.214 0.229 0.194
Flow rate m3/s 3.4 3.28 2.91 2.91 1.73 2.21
venture X x x x x x
meter 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4 10^-4

Velocity, m/sec C 0.38 00.49 0.44 0.39 0.320 0.41

G 0.97 0.11 0.112 0.090 0.081 0.104

Calculation:
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Test No.5:
hA 284mm
hB 236mm
hC 278mm
hD 272mm
hF 222mm
hG 230mm
hH 229mm

We calculate the flow rate by using venture meter.

2 g(hA−hB)
Q=C.AB.
1−(
√AB 2
AA
)

2( 9.81)(0.284−0.236)
Q=(0.95).(0.000201).
√ 1−(
0.000201 2
0.00053
)

Qventure=2.0026 ×10−4m3/s

(∆H) between C and D.

Q
uC =
Ac

2.0026 ×10−4
uC = =0.377m/s
0.00053
Q
u D=
AD

2.0026 ×10−4
u D= =0.094m/s
0.002116
uc2 uD 2
∆HCD=( +hc ¿−( + hD)
2g 2g
0.3772 0.094 2
∆HCD=( +0.278 ¿−( +0.272)
2(9.81) 2 ( 9.81 )
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∆HCD=0.2852-0.27245=0.1275m
∆HCD=hC-hD
∆HCD=0.278-0.272=0.006m
∆ H CD
K=
uC 2
2g
0.1275
K=
0.3772 =0.1828
2(9.81)

(∆H) between G and H.

Q
uG =
AG

2.0026× 10−4
uG = =0.094m/s
0.002116
Q
uH=
AH

2.0026× 10− 4
uH= =0.377m/s
0.00053
uG2 uH 2
∆HGH=( +hG ¿−( +hH )
2g 2g
0.0942❑ 0.3772
∆HGH=( + 0.230 ¿−( + 0.229)
2(9.81) 2 ( 9.81 )

∆HGH=0.27245-0.2852=-0.1275m
∆HGH=hG-hH
∆HGH=0.230-0.229=0.001m
∆ H GH
K=
u G2
2g
0.1275
K=
0.0942 =0.1828
2(9.81)

Discussions:
1. What are the sources of the error?

7
 The source of error it maybe the level of a device not correctly enough,
and the water is not pure one hundred percentage, however the
temperature can effect to device, when we were taking the readings, my
friend didn’t use the correct angle of looking …
2. How can be minimizing the errors?
When we reading correctly ,and the water just liquid (not mixture)
Have a good place to find the source of error.