PROJECT REPORT

REFRIGERATION and
AIR CONDITIONING

Submitted To:
Engr. Ashiq

Submitted By:
Syeda Anam Naqvi (01)
Syeda Itrat Naqvi (02)
Ubaid ur Rehman (08)
Usman Arif (11)
Hassan Ali (16)

College of Engineering and Technology

University of Sargodha
Table of Contents
Title ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2
Cooling Load ......................................................................................................................... 2
Components of Cooling Load ................................................................................................ 2
Sensible Heat Gain Through Building Structure by Conduction........................................... 3
Solar Heat Gain Through Outside Walls and Roofs .............................................................. 3
Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Areas ................................................................................... 5
Heat Gain Due to Infiltration ................................................................................................. 6
Heat Gain from Occupants..................................................................................................... 6
Heat Gain from Lighting Equipments.................................................................................... 7
Heat Gain from Power Equipments ....................................................................................... 7
Details of Drawing Hall ............................................................................................................. 7
Main Doors ............................................................................................................................ 7
Doors Adjacent to Computer Lab .......................................................................................... 8
Windows ................................................................................................................................ 8
Tube Lights ............................................................................................................................ 8
Fans ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Requirement ............................................................................................................................... 8
Calculations for Cooling Load ................................................................................................... 8
Sensible Heat Gain Through Building Structure by Conduction........................................... 8
Solar Heat Gain Through Outside Walls and Roofs .............................................................. 9
Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Areas ................................................................................. 10
Heat Gain Due to Infiltration ............................................................................................... 10
Heat Gain from Occupants................................................................................................... 11
Heat Gain from Lighting Equipments.................................................................................. 11
Heat Gain from Power Equipments ..................................................................................... 11
Total Heat Gain or Cooling Load ........................................................................................ 11
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 12

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Title
Cooling load estimation for the drawing hall of the College of Engineering and
Technology, University of Sargodha.

Introduction

Cooling Load
The total heat required to remove from the space in order to bring it at the desired
temperature by means of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment is knowns as cooling
load. The purpose of load estimation is to determine the size of refrigeration system for a
required space and required temperature conditions. The estimation of cooling load is carried
out at peak conditions so that there will not occur any problem in future.

Components of Cooling Load

The main components of a cooling load imposed on an air conditioning plant
operating during hot weather are as follows:

➢ Sensible Heat Gain Through Building Structure by Conduction

➢ Solar Heat Gain Through Outside Walls and Roofs
➢ Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Areas
➢ Heat Gain Due to Infiltration
➢ Heat Gain from Occupants
➢ Heat Gain from Lighting Equipments
➢ Heat Gain from Power Equipments

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Sensible Heat Gain Through Building Structure by Conduction
The heat gain from walls, floors and ceilings by conduction is major part of sensible
heat. The heat gain by conduction is calculated by Fourier’s law of conduction for overall
heat transfer coefficient of a body which is as follows:

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )

Where Q is heat energy in watts, U is overall heat transfer coefficient, A is area of

surface under consideration, to is the outside temperature and ti is the required temperature.

The value of overall heat transfer coefficient is either calculated by formula or used
can be used from table.

Solar Heat Gain Through Outside Walls and Roofs

The transmission of heat through the walls exposed to the outdoors and roof is not
steady due to variation in the outside temperature and the intensity of solar radiations over a
period of 24 hours. The walls and roofs first store the heat inside them and then transfer it to
the inside surface of room. This effect causes major problem in calculation of heat so a
convenient method is adopted to calculate this heat by using equivalent temperature

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differential. The equivalent temperature for roofs and walls is given in the table, the value of
heat is calculated by the following formula:

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝑡𝑒

Where te is the equivalent temperature differential.

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Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Areas
The heat gain through glass is not calculated by simple ways, it requires major
calculations. The value for the heat gain is thus used from data published by American
Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE). The table is given below:

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Heat Gain Due to Infiltration
The infiltration air is the air that enters a conditioned space through window cracks
and opening of doors. This is caused by the pressure difference between room and outside
and it depends upon the air velocity. The method to estimate the infiltrated air is as follows:

𝐿 × 𝑊 × 𝐻 × 𝐴𝑐 3
𝑉̇ = 𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
3600

Where 𝑉̇ is the volume flow rate of air, L is the length of room, W is the width of
room, H is the height of room, AC is the air changes per hour. The value of air changes per
hour for a room with two walls exposed is taken as 1.5.

The heat transfer then calculated by following formula:

𝑄 = 𝑉̇ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )

Heat Gain from Occupants

Each person generates heat
continuously. The amount of heat
for each person is different. The
amount of heat transmitted by a
person is depends upon the state of
the person either it is standing or
sitting e.t.c. To estimate the
cooling load, we sum up the heat
of occupants in the room.

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Heat Gain from Lighting Equipments
Every electrical equipment uses energy to function. The heat is thus added in the
cooling load. The heat gain from lighting equipment is calculated using the following
formula:

𝑄 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

The use factor is taken as 1 for domestic purpose and 0.5 for industry. The allowance
factor is taken as 1.25

Heat Gain from Power Equipments

The fan or motor is called power equipment. The heat gain from these equipments is
calculated by following way

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑒𝑚 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

The value of load factor is taken as 1.

Details of Drawing Hall

➢ Length 𝐿 = 12.60 𝑚
➢ Width 𝑊 = 7.95 𝑚
➢ Height 𝐻 = 3.34 𝑚
Main Doors
➢ Number of main doors 𝑛 = 2
➢ Length 𝑙 = 2.70 𝑚
➢ Width 𝑤 = 1.36 𝑚
➢ Length of glass 𝑙𝑔 = 1.67 𝑚

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 ➢ Length of wood 𝑙𝑤 = 1.03 𝑚
Doors Adjacent to Computer Lab
➢ Number of doors 𝑛 = 2
➢ Length 𝑙 = 2.08 𝑚
➢ Width 𝑤 = 1.08 𝑚
➢ Material: wood
Windows
➢ Number of windows 𝑛 = 8
➢ Length 𝑙 = 1.82 𝑚
➢ Width 𝑤 = 1.05 𝑚
➢ Material: glass
Tube Lights
➢ Number of lights 𝑛 = 6
➢ Power rating: 60 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Fans
➢ Number of fans 𝑛 = 9
➢ Power rating: 80 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Requirement
The required temperature for drawing hall is 200 𝐶 when outside temperature is 500 𝐶.
The temperatures of adjacent rooms are 200 𝐶.

Calculations for Cooling Load

The following calculation will be done as discussed above

Sensible Heat Gain Through Building Structure by Conduction

The amount of heat gain through conduction is calculated by Fourier’s law of
conduction.

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )

The heat will be calculated for each wall, roof and window separately

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑤 = 1.82 × 1.05 𝑚2

𝐴𝑤 = 1.911𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑚𝑑 = 2.70 × 1.36 𝑚2

𝐴𝑚𝑑 = 3.672 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑑 = 2.08 × 1.08 𝑚2

𝐴𝑑 = 2.2464 𝑚2

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 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 12.6 × 7.95 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 100.17 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐸 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑁𝑊,𝑆𝐸 = 7.95 × 3.34 𝑚2

𝐴𝑁𝑊,𝑆𝐸 = 26.553 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑊 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑁𝐸,𝑆𝑊 = 12.6 × 3.34 𝑚2

𝐴𝑁𝐸,𝑆𝑊 = 42.084 𝑚2

• Heat from windows

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑄𝑐,𝑤 = 𝑈𝑤 × 8 × 𝐴𝑤 × (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )

𝑄𝑐,𝑤 = .412 × 8 × 1.911 × (323 − 293)

𝑄𝑐,𝑤 = 189 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = .189 𝑘𝑊

• Total heat from Conduction

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄𝑐,𝑤

𝑄𝑐 = 0.189 𝑘𝑊

Solar Heat Gain Through Outside Walls and Roofs

The heat transfer through radiation is from two walls and roof which are exposed to
sun. The heat transfer will be calculated for solar radiation will be calculated as follows:

• Solar heat gain through roof

𝑄𝑠,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 𝑈𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 × 𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 × 𝑡𝑒

𝑄𝑠,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 3.18 × 100.17 × 58 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑠,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 18475.3548 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 18.475 𝑘𝑊

• Solar heat gain from SW wall

𝑄𝑠,𝑆𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 × (𝐴𝑠𝑤 − 5𝐴𝑤 ) × 𝑡𝑒

𝑄𝑠,𝑆𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.53 × (42.084 − 5(1.911)) × 14 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑠,𝑆𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 696.77118 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.697 𝑘𝑊

• Solar heat gain from NE wall

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 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁𝐸 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑄𝑠,𝑁𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 × (𝐴𝑁𝐸 − 3𝐴𝑤 − 2𝐴𝑚𝑑 ) × 𝑡𝑒

𝑄𝑠,𝑁𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.53 × (42.084 − 3(1.911) − 2(3.672)) × 12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑠,𝑁𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 532.56852 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.533 𝑘𝑊

• Total heat gain trough radiation from walls and roofs

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 + 𝑄𝑠,𝑆𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝑄𝑠,𝑁𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑄𝑠 = 18.475 + 0.697 + 0.533 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑠 = 19.705 𝑘𝑊

Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Areas

The heat gain from glass areas which are exposed to sun are calculated by using value
given in table. We use peak values for our calculations so for glass we will use values
according to their directions

• Solar heat gain through glass in SW direction

The value of heat transfer per unit area from table is 483 W/m2. The number of windows
which has glass in this side are 5. The area of each window is 1.911 m2.

𝑄𝑔,𝑠𝑤 = 483 × 5 × 1.911 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑔,𝑠𝑤 = 4615.065 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 4.615 𝑘𝑊

• Solar heat gain through glass in NE direction

The value of heat transfer per unit area from table is 555 W/m2. The number of windows
which has glass in this side are 3. The area of each window is 1.911 m2. Also, there are main
doors in this direction which have glass. The area of glass of door is 2.2712 m2.

𝑄𝑔,𝑁𝐸 = 555 × ((3 × 1.911) + (2 × 2.2712)) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑔,𝑁𝐸 = 5702.847 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 5.703 𝑘𝑊

• Total heat gain trough radiation from walls and roofs

𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑔,𝑆𝑊 + 𝑄𝑔,𝑁𝐸

𝑄𝑔 = 4.615 + 5.703 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑔 = 10.318 𝑘𝑊

Heat Gain Due to Infiltration

𝐿 × 𝑊 × 𝐻 × 𝐴𝑐 3
𝑉̇ = 𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
3600
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The value of Ac is used from table as 1.5.

12.6 × 7.95 × 3.34 × 1.5 3

𝑉̇ = 𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
3600
𝑚3
𝑉̇ = 0.1394
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉̇ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )

𝑄𝑖 = 0.1394 × 1.004 × 1.293 × (323 − 293) 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑖 = 5.429 𝑘𝑊

Heat Gain from Occupants

The occupants in the lab are students and a lab engineer. Normally a class has a
maximum 60 students and a lab engineer. The value of heat rejected by a person is obtained
from table depending on their activity. For this case we will use 161 watts per person.

𝑄𝑜 = 61 × 161 = 9821 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 9.821 𝑘𝑊

Heat Gain from Lighting Equipments

There are total 6 tube lights in the drawing hall each having power of 60 watts. So,
heat gain will be as follow:

𝑄𝑙 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑙 = 60 × 1 × 1.25 × 6 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑄𝑙 = 450 watts = 0.45 kW

Heat Gain from Power Equipments

The power equipments in drawing hall are fans only. The fan has power rating of 80
watts. There are total 9 fans in drawing hall.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 × 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑒𝑚 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

The value of load factor is 1 and motor efficiency is 90%.

9 × 0.08
𝑄𝑒𝑚 = × 1 𝑘𝑊
0.9
𝑄𝑒𝑚 = 0.8 𝑘𝑊

Total Heat Gain or Cooling Load

The cooling load is sum of heat gain from all the sources which is as follow:

𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄𝑐 + 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑔 + 𝑄𝑖 + 𝑄𝑜 + 𝑄𝑙 + 𝑄𝑒𝑚

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 𝑄𝑡 = 0.189 + 19.705 + 10.318 + 5.429 + 9.821 + .45 + .8 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑡 = 46.712 𝑘𝑊

∴ 1 𝑇𝑅 = 3.5 𝑘𝑊

46.712
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑇𝑅
3.5
𝑄𝑡 = 13.35 𝑇𝑅

Results
From above calculations the total sensible heat load is 13.35 TR. To remove this heat
from drawing hall we must use a 14𝑇𝑅 refrigeration system.

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