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Energy
EnergyProcedia
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00 (2017) 528–533
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids,
Applied Energy Symposium
REM and Forum,
2017, 18–20Renewable Energy
October 2017, Integration
Tianjin, China with Mini/Microgrids,
REM 2017, 18–20 October 2017, Tianjin, China
A Sequential Optimization Method for Soft Open Point Integrated
A Sequential Optimization
The 15th Method on
International Symposium forDistrict
SoftHeating
OpenandPoint Integrated
Cooling
with Energy Storage in Active Distribution Networks
with Energy Storage in Active Distribution Networks
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Cheng Yaoaa, Changxin Zhouaa, Jiancheng Yuaa, Ke Xuaa, Peng Lib,b,*, Guanyu Songbb
temperature function
Cheng Yao , Changxin for, Jiancheng
Zhou a long-term district
Yu , Ke heatLi demand
Xu , Peng *, Guanyuforecast
Song
a State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300010, China
a,b,c a State a of Ministry aPower b University, c
I. Andrić
b Key
*, A.
Laboratory Pina
of Smart , P. Ferrão
GridGrid
Tianjin Electric of, Education,
J. Fournier ., B. 300010,
Tianjin
Company, Tianjin Lacarrière
Tianjin , O. Le
China 300072, Correc
China
b Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
Soft open point (SOP) refers to a novel power electronic device installed in the distribution system to replace the traditional tie
Soft open
switch. Thepoint (SOP) refers
application of SOP towill
a novel power
promote theelectronic
flexibilitydevice installedofinthe
and resilience thedistribution
distributionsystem
systemintospatial
replace the traditional
scale. However, the tie
switch.
energy The application
storage
Abstract of SOP
system (ESS) is will promote
effective the flexibility
in energy and resilience
transferring of the
in time scale. distribution
SOP integratedsystem in spatial
with ESS scale.
(E-SOP) willHowever, the
form a new
energy storage system
comprehensive energy (ESS) is effective
conversion in energy
and storage transferring
device, which can insignificantly
time scale. SOP integrated
benefit with ESS
the operation (E-SOP)
of active will form
distributed a new
network
comprehensive
(ADN). First, a energy
sequentialconversion and
optimization storage
model ofdevice,
ADN which
with can
E-SOP significantly
is benefit
established, in the
which operation
the model
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing ofofactive
E-SOP distributed
is developednetwork
fully
the
(ADN). First,the
considering
greenhouse a sequential
gas losses
emissions optimization
of converters
from theand model of
ESS. Then,
building ADN
sector. thewith E-SOP
sequential
These systems isrequire
established,
optimizationhigh in which
strategy the which
of ADN
investments model of
withare E-SOP
E-SOP is is
returned developed
obtained. thefully
throughFinally,heat
considering
the
sales. Due the
modified IEEE
to losses of converters
the33-node
changed test andconditions
feeder
climate isESS.
usedThen, thebuilding
to verify
and sequential
the optimization
effectiveness
renovation strategy
andpolicies,
efficiency ofthe
of
heat ADN withinE-SOP
proposed
demand is obtained.
method.
the future Finally,
could decrease,
the modified IEEE 33-node test feeder
prolonging the investment return period. is used to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
Copyright
The main© 2018ofElsevier
scope Ltd.isAll
thisAuthors.
paper rights reserved.
to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
Copyright
Copyright ©© 2018 Elsevier
2018 The Ltd. Published
All rights by Elsevier
reserved. Ltd.
Selection
forecast. and
The peer-review
district of under
Alvalade, responsibility
located of the (Portugal),
inofLisbon scientific committee
was used of the Applied
study.Energy Symposium and Forum,
Selection and peer-review under responsibility the scientific committee of theasApplied
a case Energy The district
Symposium is consisted
and Forum, of 665
Selection
Renewable
buildings and
Energy
that peer-review
varyIntegration
in both under
with responsibility
Mini/Microgrids,
construction period of
andthe
REM scientific
2017.
typology. committee
Three weather ofscenarios
the Applied
(low,Energy
medium, Symposium
high) and and
threeForum,
district
Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2017
Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2017.
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
Keywords:
comparedactive
withdistributed network
results from (ADN);heat
a dynamic soft demand
open pointmodel,
(SOP);previously
energy storage system (ESS);
developed sequentialby
and validated optimization
the authors.
Keywords: active distributed network (ADN); soft open point (SOP); energy storage system (ESS); sequential optimization
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
1.scenarios,
Introduction
the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
1. Introduction
The value
With of slope coefficient
the increasing increased
penetration of DGs,on new
average within thesuch
challenges, rangeasofreverse
3.8% uppower
to 8%flow
per decade, that corresponds
and voltage excursion,toarethe
decrease
With the in
increasingly the number
increasing ofMeanwhile,
heating of
penetration
prominent. hours of 22-139h
DGs,
variousnew during the
challenges,
demand-side heating
such
resourcesas season (depending
reverse toonparticipate
power flow
are encouraged the
andcombination
voltage of weatherare
excursion,
in the operation and
of
renovation
ADN. Afterscenarios
increasingly further considered).
prominent. Meanwhile,
considering On the other
various
various hand, demand
function resources
demand-side
electricity intercept increased
and flexible for 7.8-12.7%
areinteraction
encouraged per decade
to participate
mechanism (depending
withinnetwork
the side,onthe
operation the
of
coupled
ADN. After scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
power flow further considering
will become morevarious
complexelectricity demand and
and challenging. flexible interaction
Moreover, due to powermechanism with network
flow control side, the
and protection
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
power flow will
coordination, ADNbecome
can onlymore
be a complex and challenging.
mode of closed loop design Moreover, dueoperation
and open loop to powerat flow controlstage.
this present and This
protection
mode
coordination,
greatly ADN
reduces the can only beofa ADN
flexibility mode and
of closed looprestricts
severely design the
andimprovement
open loop operation
of the at this supply
power presentreliability.
stage. ThisAs
mode
for
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
greatly
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and for
reduces the flexibility of ADN and severely restricts the improvement of the power supply reliability. As
Cooling.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 137 5244 5487; fax: +86 22 27892810.
E-mail
Keywords: address:
* Corresponding lip@tju.edu.cn.
author.Forecast;
Heat demand; Tel.: +86Climate
137 5244 5487; fax: +86 22 27892810.
change
E-mail address: lip@tju.edu.cn.
1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection
1876-6102and peer-review
Copyright under
© 2018 responsibility
Elsevier Ltd. All of the scientific
rights reserved. committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy
Integrationand
Selection with Mini/Microgrids,
peer-review REM 2017. of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy
under responsibility
Integration
1876-6102with Mini/Microgrids,
© 2017 The Authors. REM 2017.by Elsevier Ltd.
Published
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy
Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2017
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.04.077
 Cheng Yao et al. / Energy Procedia 145 (2018) 528–533 529
2 Cheng Yao et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

these problems mentioned above, the switches in ADN can only achieve simple state conversion, which cannot provide
effective technical support for power flow control, voltage regulation and closed-loop operation. Obviously, it has
become a bottleneck of the ADN development.
Nomenclature

Sets DG
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 DG
, 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 active/reactive power injection by DG
SOP
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 , active/reactive power injection by SOP
ΩT set of all branches SOP
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡
ΩB set of all time periods ESS
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 charging/discharging active power of ESS
ΩN set of all nodes ESS
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 state of charge of ESS
ΩM set of all DC nodes, belonging to ΩN Parameters
Indices ∆𝑡𝑡 time interval of optimization process
𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗 indices of nodes, belonging to ΩN 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 resistance/reactance of branch
𝑚𝑚 indices of DC nodes, belonging to ΩM LOAD
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 , active/reactive power consumption
LOAD
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡
t indices of time periods, belonging to ΩT 𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖max , upper/lower limit of system voltage
𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖min
Variables 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖max rated current magnitude of branch
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 branch current magnitude 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖SOP
loss coefficient of SOP
SOP,loss ESS
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 active power losses of SOP 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 loss coefficient of ESS
ESS,loss
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 active power losses of ESS 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖SOP capacity limit of SOP
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 , 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 total active/reactive power injection 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 ESS,max charging/discharging active power limit of
ESS
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 , 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 active/reactive power flow of branch 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 ESS,max
, maximum/minimum state of charge limit of
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 ESS,min ESS
𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 node voltage magnitude 𝑇𝑇 end time of optimization process

The rapid development of power electronic technology provides an opportunity to solve this hard problem. Soft
open point (SOP) is a novel power electronic device with high controllability installed to replace normally open point
(NOP), realizing normal flexible connection and power transfer between feeders [1]. Compared to the conventional
network connection on the basis of tie switches, SOP can accurately realize the normal flexible connection between
feeders and avoid security risks caused by frequent changes of tie switches, significantly improving flexibility and
rapidity of ADN. With the help of SOP, ADN has advantages of open loop and closed loop operation simultaneously,
and becomes more operationally flexible. Thus, the advantages of SOP are focused on stronger regulating ability,
faster response, lower action cost and smaller failure effect.
Based on back-to-back voltage source converters, SOP has an operation mode of AC-DC-AC, providing a
possibility for SOP and energy storage system (ESS) in deep combination. Through the DC link of SOP, energy
storage such as the battery can be easily connected to ADN, which is called SOP integrated with ESS (E-SOP), as
shown in Fig. 1. Converters, located on both sides of SOP, can realize charging and discharging control of ESS.
Therefore, E-SOP has a new function of energy storage besides the original function and becomes a highly integrated
energy conversion device.
Previous studies have extensively investigated for SOP [2-5], including transient/steady state analysis [2, 3],
operation state optimization [4] and location/capacity planning [5]. Combined with advanced mathematical calculation
methods, such as second order cone programming (SOCP), semi-definite programming (SDP) and intelligent heuristic
methods, a series of excellent results can be obtained. However, these studies do not involve operation strategies of
E-SOP. After integrating energy storage, the operation strategy and regulation ability of E-SOP will change
dramatically, which becomes an urgent research topic.
530 Cheng Yao et al. / Energy Procedia 145 (2018) 528–533
Cheng Yao et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

SOP

HV/MV 1# Feeder DG Load

~= ESS

2# Feeder Load DG
=
~
Fig. 1. A SOP integrated with energy storage in a medium-voltage distribution network.

This paper proposes a sequential optimization strategy of E-SOP, promoting the economy of ADN and improving
benefits of converters in E-SOP. The overall contributions of this paper are summarized as follows.
1) A model of SOP integrated with ESS is established, in which the losses of converters are fully considered. The
charging and discharging efficiencies are considered to represent the power losses in the charging/discharging process.
2) Applying E-SOP to ADN will significantly reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the whole
distribution system, improving the operation state of ADN.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II builds a sequential optimization model of ADN with
E-SOP, which is essentially a nonconvex nonlinear programming problem. The case studies based on the modified
IEEE 33-node system are given in Section III and conclusions are stated in Section IV.
2. Sequential optimization model of ADN with E-SOP
2.1. Modelling of E-SOP
The implementation of E-SOP is mainly based on fully controlled power electronic devices. This paper uses back-
to-back voltage source converters (B2B VSCs) [1] to analyze the optimization model for SOP in the steady state. As
E-SOP can accurately control the active/reactive power between the connected feeders, the active/reactive power
outputs of the converters are taken as the decision variables. A loss coefficient is considered in the model [4], as shown
in (1)-(4).
SOP SOP SOP SOP,loss SOP,loss SOP,loss
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 =0 (1)
2 2
SOP,loss
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴SOP
𝑖𝑖 √(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡
SOP SOP
) + (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 ) (2)

2 2
SOP,loss
𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗SOP √(𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡
SOP SOP
) + (𝑄𝑄𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 ) (3)
SOP,loss
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴SOP SOP
𝑚𝑚 |𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 | (4)
As for the reactive power outputs of the converters, they are independent of each other because of DC isolation and
should satisfy their own capacity constraints, described as (5)-(7).
2 2
√(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡
SOP SOP
) + (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖SOP (5)

2 2
SOP
√(𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 SOP
) + (𝑄𝑄𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑗𝑗SOP (6)
SOP SOP
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚 (7)
The operation constraints of ESS in E-SOP are presented as follows. The charging and discharging efficiencies are
considered to represent the power losses in the charging/discharging process [6].
ESS,loss
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴ESS ESS
𝑚𝑚 |𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 | (8)
ESS,loss
SOP
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 = ESS
−(𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 ) (9)
−𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚ESS,max ≤ ESS
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚ESS,max (10)
 Cheng Yao et al. / Energy Procedia 145 (2018) 528–533 531
4 Cheng Yao et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

ESS,loss
ESS
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡+1 ESS
= 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 ESS
− (𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 )Δ𝑡𝑡 (11)
ESS,min ESS,max
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 ESS
≤ 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 (12)
ESS ESS
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡=𝑇𝑇 = 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡=0 (13)
2.2. Sequential optimization model of ADN with E-SOP
The sequential optimization model of ADN with E-SOP is built in this section. The objective function including
losses of network, converters and ESS is formulated as:
2 SOP,loss ESS,loss
min 𝑓𝑓 = ∑𝑡𝑡∈ΩT (∑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖∈ΩB 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + ∑𝑖𝑖∈ΩN 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + ∑𝑚𝑚∈ΩM 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚,𝑡𝑡 ) ∆𝑡𝑡 (14)
The constraints include the system constraints of ADN and the operation constraints of E-SOP, and the system
operation constraints are described next.
The Distflow branch model is used for modelling the distribution network. It can be described mathematically as
the following constraints:
2
∑𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗∈ΩB (𝑃𝑃𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑅𝑅𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 ) + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖∈ΩB 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 (15)
2
∑𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗∈ΩB (𝑄𝑄𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 ) + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖∈ΩB 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 (16)
2 2 2
𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑈𝑈𝑗𝑗,𝑡𝑡 + (𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2 )𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡
2
− 2(𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 ) = 0 (17)
2 2 2 2
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 (18)
DG SOP LOAD
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 (19)
DG SOP LOAD
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 (20)
Constraints (15) and (16) represent the active and reactive power balance of node 𝑖𝑖 at period 𝑡𝑡, respectively. The
Ohm’s law over branch 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 at period 𝑡𝑡 is expressed as (17). The current magnitude of each line can be determined by
(18). Constraints (19) and (20) indicate the total active and reactive power injection of node 𝑖𝑖 at period 𝑡𝑡, respectively.
The security constraints of ADN are expressed as follows:
𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖min ≤ 𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖max (21)
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖max (22)
As a consequence, Equations (1)-(22) form a sequential optimization model of ADN with E-SOP.

3. Case study
In this section, the sequential optimization method of ADN with E-SOP is analyzed and verified on a modified
IEEE 33-node test feeder [5]. The voltage level is 12.66kV and it has 37 branches with 5 tie switches, as shown in
Fig. 2. The voltage level is 12.66kV, the total active load is 3715kW, and the total reactive load is 2300kvar. Five
wind turbines of 500/300/200/200/300 kVA and three photovoltaic systems of 500/300/400 kVA are integrated at
nodes 10, 16, 17, 30, 33, 7, 13 and 27, respectively. The daily DGs and loads operation curves are obtained by
forecasting [4].
The sequential optimization model is solved by the primal-dual interior-point algorithm. The proposed method is
implemented in MATLAB R2014a scripts. The hardware platform for the simulation is a PC with an Intel Xeon CPU
E5-1620 @3.70GHz and a 32GB RAM.
Considering the regulation of E-SOP can effectively improve the operation state of ADN, three scenarios are
adopted to compare and analyze the performance of proposed method for ADN.
Scenario I: The initial operation state of ADN without E-SOP is obtained.
Scenario II: The optimal operation is conducted based on SOP.
Scenario III: The optimal operation is conducted based on E-SOP.
The optimization results are listed in Table 1.
532 Cheng Yao et al. / Energy Procedia 145 (2018) 528–533
Cheng Yao et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

TS2 E-SOP

PV WT WT

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
TS5

PV WT PV WT WT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
TS4

TS1

19 20 21 22

Fig. 2. Structure of the IEEE 33-node test feeder

Table 1. Losses of different schemes
Scenario Network loss/kWh Converter loss of SOP/kWh Loss of energy storage/kWh Total loss/kWh
I 1256.0 -- -- 1256.0
II 874.9 163.1 -- 1038.0
III 781.2 136.2 38.7 956.1

It shows that by regulating the operation of SOP in Scenario II, the total active power losses are reduced by 17.36%
compared with Scenario I. ESS can effectively realize the temporal power regulation by charging or discharging,
while SOP accomplishes the spatial power transformation by flexible connecting adjacent feeders. Thus, the total
active power losses are further reduced by 23.88% in Scenario III, which is a considerable improvement while
maintaining the secure operation of ADN.
The scheduling strategies of E-SOP in Scenario III are presented in Fig. 3. E-SOP accurately adjusts the power
flow between the connected feeders, which can rapidly respond to the fluctuation of PVs and loads.
200 300

100
200
Q (kVar)

0
P (kW)

-100
100
-200

-300 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (h) Time (h)
SOP-18 SOP-33 SOP-18 SOP-33

(a) Active power transmission of SOP; (b) Reactive power compensation of SOP.

200 500

100 400
SOC (kWh)

0 300
P (kW)

-100 200

-200 100

-300 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (h) Time (h)
ESS-P ESS-SOC

(a) charging/discharging power of ESS; (b) State of charge of ESS.

Fig. 3. Operation strategies of E-SOP in Scenario III

4. Conclusion
As a highly integrated energy conversion device, E-SOP will significantly benefit to the distribution system
operation and control. In this paper, E-SOP is applied to reduce the losses of ADN. The sequential optimization model
of ADN with E-SOP is established, which is accurately solved by the primal-dual interior-point algorithm. Compared
 Cheng Yao et al. / Energy Procedia 145 (2018) 528–533 533
6 Cheng Yao et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

with conventional SOP, E-SOP has more flexible regulation ability with the integration of energy storage. With the
high penetration of renewable energy resources, the flexible control mode of E-SOP will also bring many benefits to
the entire distribution system, which has a good application prospect.
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