By

Mahesh Veezhinathan,
ASP, Dept. of BME, SSNCE
 Unit I

• Module I - Open and Closed loop Systems,

• Module II - Modeling and Block Diagrams, signal
flow graph representation of systems
• Module III - Reduction of block diagram and signal
flow graph
What is Control System?
 Open Loop Systems
•Referred to as non-feedback system.
•Type of continuous control system.
•The output has no influence or effect on the control action of the
input signal. Or In other words, in an open-loop control system the
output is neither measured nor “fed back” for comparison with the
input.
•Therefore, an open-loop system is expected to faithfully follow its
input command or set point regardless of the final result.
Example:
 Open Loop Systems
• No Knowledge on the output condition.
• Cannot self correct and error happening in the system.
• Poorly equipped to handle disturbances or changes in the
conditions which may reduce its ability to complete the desired
task.
Example:
Practical Example of OL
 Characteristics of OL
• No comparison between actual and desired values.
• No self-regulation or control action over the output value.
• Each input setting determines a fixed operating position for the
controller.
• Changes or disturbances in external conditions does not result
in a direct output change (unless the controller setting is
altered manually)
 Closed Loop Systems
• Portion of the output signal is fed back to the input to reduce errors
and improve stability.
Characteristics of Closed-loop Control

• Reduce errors by automatically adjusting the systems

input.
• Improve stability of an unstable system.
• Increase or reduce the systems sensitivity.
• Enhance robustness against external disturbances to
the process.
• Produce a reliable and repeatable performance.
Example - Manually Controlled Closed Loop System
 Automatic Control System

Block Diagram of Automatic Control System

Automatic Tank-Level Control System

Digital Computer Control System
Multi Variable Control System
Non – Engineering Examples

Economic Inflation Dynamics

Epidemic Dynamics