Measure of Central Tendency or Position

 is a single figure which is representative of the general level of magnitudes or values of the
items in a set of data. This figure is used to represent all the numbers in the set of data.
1. Mode is defined as the value of the term that appears most frequently (most frequently seen
item).
Classification
 unimodal – a set of data with one mode
 bimodal – a set of data with two modes
 multimodal – a set of data with more than two modes
2. Median is the value of the middle item after arranging the data in an ascending or descending
order.

Median = x (n+1)/2

If n = odd; median = middle term

If n = even; median = middle values ÷ 2
3. Mean is the sum of all items or terms divided by the total number of items or terms.

Mean (

me n
∑ sum
n = number of items
 Example 1. Find the mode, median and mean of the given data.
Data: 20, 21, 26, 20, 23
Solution: Array of the data
20
20
21 median (middle score)
23
26
Answers:
Example 2: Find the mode, median and mean of the given data.
Data: 2 5 3 2 6 8
Solution: Array of the data
2
2
3 (middle scores)
5
6
8
Answers:
Example 3: Find the mean, mode and median from ungrouped data.
Given Ungrouped Data: (arranged from lowest to highets score)

118 138 148 158

120 139 148 159
124 140 149 161
128 142 149 161
129 142 150 165
130 142 150 167
130 143 151 168
133 146 152 170
137 147 153 175
138 147 156 180

Answers:
Mean (

Mode = 142
Name: __________________________ Score: _________________________

Activity # 6
Finding the Mean, Mode, and Median from Ungrouped Data

Problem: Find the mean, mode and median of the following ungrouped data:

Data: Refer to your array in Activity #3

Array
Grouped Data

Mean

Where Σ sum
f = frequency
x = class mark
n = number of items/scores = f

where Lm = lower limit of the median class

F = the sum of all frequencies before the median class
or the cumulative frequency (cum f) before that of
the median class.
fm = frequency of the median class
i = class size
Note: median class is found in nth ÷ 2 item
where Lmo = the lower limit of the modal class
(this is the class interval with the highest frequency)
1 = is the difference between the highest frequency and the
frequency just above it.
2 = the difference between the highest frequency and the frequency
just below it.
i = class size
Example. Find the mean, mode and median from grouped data.

Data: (From previous example)

Class Class
Intervals Frequency Mark
f x
118-126 3 122
127-135 5 131
136-144 9 140
145-153 12 149
154-162 5 158
163-171 4 167
172-180 2 176
The highest frequency, hence, the class
interval (145 – 153) is the modal class.

Class Intervals Frequency class mark The sum of all

frequencies before
f x fx cum f the median class,
hence F = 17
118-126 3 122 366 3
127-135 5 131 655 8
136-144 9 140 1260 17
145-153 12 149 1788 29
154-162 5 158 790 34 The value of nth/2 = 20 (40
÷ 2 = 20), hence, the class
163-171 4 167 668 38 interval (145 – 153) is the
median class.
172-180 2 176 352 40
Σf 40 Σ(fx) = 5879

Mean,

Median = 145 + (½ 40 -17) 9

12

= 145 + ( 3)(9) = 145 + 2.25

12

Median = 147.25
Name: __________________________ Score:_________________________
Activity # 7
Finding the Mean, Mode, and Median from Grouped Data

Problem: Find the mean, mode and median of the following grouped data:

Data: Refer to your frequency Distribution Table in Activity #3

class intervals frequency class mark

f x fx cum f

Σf =_______ Σ(fx ) = ________

Weighted Arithmetic Mean
Weighted Mean is an average computed by giving different weights to some of the
individual values. If all the weights are equal, then the weighted mean is the same as
the arithmetic mean.

Source: https://byjus.com/weighted-mean-formula/

Formula:

where = weighted mean/average

= rating
= total number of students/respondents
f = frequency/number of students/respondents who responded
in a particular category
∑f = sum of all the products of frequency and the rating
5 Point Likert’s Scale
Score Range Verbal Description
5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.41 – 4.20 Agree
3 2.61 – 3.40 Undecided
2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree

4 Point Scale
Score Range Verbal Description
4 3.25-4.00 Very Serious
3 2.50-3.24 Serious
2 1.75-2.49 Partially Serious
1 1.00-1.74 Not a Problem

3 Point Scale
Score Range Verbal Description
3 2.34 – 3.00 Undecided
2 1.67 – 2.33 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.66 Strongly Disagree
 Example: Find the weighted mean (w ) in every statement.
This means that there are 30
respondents in the study and all of
them responded every statement.
This figure means that there are 16
respondents who “strongly agree” that they
Statements are confident when it comes to Math. Responses
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Total
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I have a lot of self-confidence when it
comes to Mathematics. 16 10 2 2 0 30
2. Studying Mathematics makes me feel
nervous. 1 2 2 15 10 30
3. When I heard the word Mathematics, I
have a feeling of dislike. 5 5 10 5 5 30
4. I am able to solve Mathematics
problems without too much difficulty. 5 15 5 3 2 30
5. Mathematics is one of my dreaded
subjects. 1 2 3 2 22 30

Solution:
Formula:

w should be
Statement 1: (w ) = (5*16 + 4*10 + 3*2 + 2*2 +1*0) ÷ 30 = 4.33 rounded off to
the nearest
Statement 2: (w ) = (5*1 + 4*2 + 3*2 + 2*15 +1*10) ÷ 30 = 1.97 hundreths.
Statement 1: (w ) = (5*5 + 4*5 + 3*10 + 2*5 +1*5) ÷ 30 = 3.00
Statement 2: (w ) = (5*5 + 4*15 + 3*5 + 2*3 +1*2) ÷ 30 = 3.60
Statement 1: (w ) = (5*1 + 4*2 + 3*3 + 2*2 +1*22) ÷30 = 1.60
Statements Responses
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Total Verbal
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1) w Description
1. I have a lot of self-
confidence when it comes 16 10 2 2 0 30 4.33 Strongly
to Mathematics. Agree
2. Studying Mathematics
makes me feel nervous. 1 2 2 15 10 30 1.97 Disagree
3. When I heard the word
Mathematics, I have a 5 5 10 5 5 30 3.00 Undecided
feeling of dislike.
4. I am able to solve Agree
Mathematics problems 5 15 5 3 2 30 3.60
without too much difficulty.
5. Mathematics is one of my Strongly
dreaded subjects. 1 2 3 2 22 30 1.60 Disagree

5 Point Likert’s Scale

Score Range Verbal Description
5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.41 – 4.20 Agree
3 2.61 – 3.40 Undecided
2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree
Name: __________________________ Score:_________________________

Activity # 8
Weighted Mean Computation

Problem: Solve for the weighted mean and give its verbal description using the following scale:
Score Scale Verbal Description
5 4.21– 5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.41– 4.20 Agree
3 2.61– 3.40 Undecided
2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree

Data:
Responses
Indicators/Statements Strongly Strongly wx Verbal
Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Description
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I am always under a terrible 24 10 2 2 1
strain in a mathematics class
2. I don’t like M them tics nd 2 2 2 8 25
it scares me to take it.
3. I approach Mathematics with 2 3 29 3 2
a feeling of hesitation.
4. My mind goes blank and I 2 33 2 1 1
am unable to think clearly
when working Mathematics
5. I feel a sense of insecurity 1 1 3 31 3
when attempting to do
Mathematics.
Important Notations:
Sample Population
Number of respondents n N
Mean µ
Standard Deviation s σ

Variability – the spread or dispersion of scores in a distribution

Measures of Variability
1. Range - the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
2. Variance - is the average of the squared deviation from the mean. It is a measurement of the spread
between numbers in a data set.

3. Standard Deviation - is a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean and is
calculated as the square root of the variance. It is calculated as the square root of variance by
determining the variation between each data point relative to the mean. If the data points are further
from the mean, there is a higher deviation within the data set; thus, the more spread out the data, the
higher the standard deviation.
4. Coefficient of Variation – is a statistical measure of the dispersion of data points in a data series
around the mean. It represents the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, and it is a useful statistic
for comparing the degree of variation from one data series to another, even if the means are drastically
different from one another.
Formula: cv = standard deviation divided by mean
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/coefficientofvariation.asp

Standard Deviations of Ungrouped Data

 Example: Solve for the standard deviation of the following UNGROUPED data:

Score
x
15
15
17 The divisor is 5 since
there are 5 scores.
18
20

Solution:
a. Solve for the mean ( )

= (15 + 15 + 17 + 18 + 21) ÷ 5 = 17
= 17
b. Solve for (x - ), (x - ) 2 and Σ ( - ) 2.

This means that the score The value in the second

(x) will be subtracted by . column will be squared.
Hence, 15 – 17 = -2.

x (x - ) (x - )2
(-2)2 means (-2) (-2) = 4
15 -2 4
15 -2 4
17 0 0 (1)2 = 1

18 1 1
18 – 17 = 1. (3)2 = 9
20 3 9
Σ (x - )2 = 18 This figure will be used in getting the sample
20 – 17 = 3. and population standard deviations.

Sum of all (x - )2. Thus, 4 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 9 = 18.

n–1=5–1=4
Name: __________________________ Score: _________________________

Activity # 9
Sample and Population Standard Deviations of Ungrouped Data

Problem: Solve for the sample and population standard deviations of the following ungrouped data:

Array:
Score (x) (x - ) (x - )2
18
20
25
30
31
32
35
38
40
41
Σ (x - )2 =
 Standard Deviations of Grouped Data

Example 2; Solve for the standard deviations of the following GROUPED data.

Note: Data were taken from the previous example.

Class Intervals Frequency Class Mark

f x
118-126 3 122
127-135 5 131
136-144 9 140
145-153 12 149
154-162 5 158
163-171 4 167
172-180 2 176

a.) Solve for the mean of grouped data.

Solution:
First Step: Solve for fx by multiplying
f and x (3 * 122) = 366.
(5 * 131) = 655. Do the same
step until the last row.

Class Intervals Frequency class mark

f x fx
118-126 3 122 366
127-135 5 131 655
136-144 9 140 1260
145-153 12 149 1788
154-162 5 158 790
163-171 4 167 668
172-180 2 176 352
Σf 40 Σf 5879 Sum of all fx
Sum of all frequencies

Mean,
 2 2
b.) Solve for (x - ), (x - ) and f(x - ) .
122 – 146.975 = -24.98 (-24.98)2 = 623.75
131 – 146.975 = -15.98 (-15.98)2 = 255.20
Continue until the last Continue until the last
Class Mark (x) – Mean ( ) row. row.

Class Class Multiply values in Column 6 by

Intervals Frequency Mark its respective frequency (f).
2 2
(623.75)(3) = 1871.25
f x fx (x - ) (x - ) f(x - )
118-126 3 122 366 -24.98 623.75 1871.25
127-135 5 131 655 -15.98 255.20 1276.00
(255.20)(5) = 1276.00
136-144 9 140 1260 -6.97 48.65 437.86 (48.65)(9) = 437.86
Continue until the last row.
145-153 12 149 1788 2.03 4.10 49.21
154-162 5 158 790 11.03 121.55 607.75
163-171 4 167 668 20.03 401.00 1604.00
172-180 2 176 352 29.03 842.45 1684.90

Σf 40 Σf 5879 Σf(x - )2 = 7530.98

This is the sum of all the

values in the last column. This
figure will be used in getting
the sample and population
standard deviations.
 Name: __________________________ Score: _________________________

Activity #10
Sample and Population Standard Deviations of Grouped Data

Problem: Solve for the sample and population standard deviations of the following grouped data:

Data: Refer to your Frequency Distribution Table and results in Activity #7. Copy the data.
Class Class
Intervals Frequency Mark
f x fx (x - ) (x - )2 f(x - )2

Consider data Σf = ___ Σfx = ____________ Σf(x - )2 = ____________

in Activity # 7.

Mean,
Consider data
= _______________ = _______________ in Activity # 7.
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