Unit 1- Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

This unit presents the overview of the common concepts, methods and analysis
used in Analytical Chemistry

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

 Differentiate the major divisions of Analytical Chemistry and identify its

application;
 Design analytical procedure by applying the different methods used in Analytical
Chemistry and
 Evaluate the impact(s) of the methods applied to the economy and environment

Pretest

Direction: Answer as required.

Problem:
Your friend has bought a gold ring. As a laboratory analyst you were asked you to help find out
if the ring is really gold or a fake one. What are you going to do?

Make a schematic diagram for you analysis steps and list the necessary material, apparatus,
instruments and equipment.

From your designed procedure identify the positive economic impacts and the hazards to the
environment your analysis procedure might generate.

Content
Analytical Chemistry – is a science of chemical measurements (Powers, 2017) and application
of methods used in specimen sample analysis (Hamilton & Simpson, 1972).

Figure 1.1. Major divisions and methods of analysis used in Analytical Chemistry.

1.1. Divisions of Analytical Chemistry:

1. Qualitative Chemical Analysis – this method determines the nature of the sample or
specimen to be analysed.
2. Quantitative Chemical Analysis – this method determines how much of a certain
constituent is present in a sample.

1.2. Division of Quantitative Chemical Analysis:

A. Gravimetric methods
1. Chemical precipitation methods
2. Electrolytic deposition methods

B. Volumetric methods
1. Chemical indicator methods
2. Electrometric methods
a. Potentiometric methods
b. Conductometric methods
c. Amperometric methods
d. coulometric methods
 C. Colorimetric methods
D. Other physicochemical methods
E. Gas-Volumetric method

Mechanisms

A. Gravimetric method – the constituent to be determined is isolated as an element or a

compound, weighed and from its weight and known chemical composition, the amount of
the constituent is determined.

-separation processes are being employed such as precipitation using chemical reagent,
filtration, dilution, heating, evaporation or drying and etc.

Figure 1.2. Sample Gravimetric Steps

B. Volumetric method- In a volumetric analysis, a chemical reaction is cause to take place

using a certain indicator to determine chemical equilibrium (Hamilton & Simpson, 1971).
The process is called titration.
- The accurate volume and concentration of a certain chemical used to react with
another chemical with known volume is accurately measured.
- more rapid test
 - Requires less apparatus
- With greater accuracy

The figure below shows the different types of titration.

Figure 1. 3. Types of Titration as Volumetric Analysis method retrieved from goggle.com.

Figure 1.4. Simple acid-base titration setup from

http://sachiacidbase.weebly.com/titrations.htmlm

Figure 5 shows type of titration using electrode to detect the change in potential of the analyte
instead of using chemical indicator. The change in pH as titrant added is monitored by pH
electrode (Di & Kerns, 2016)
 Figure 1.5. Sample set up of potentiometric titration analysis. The image was retrieved from
freesvg.org

Importance of Quantitative Analysis

 Its application in control laboratories of any manufacturing plants

 Important in any field of scientific researches
 Quantitative analysis is an important tool of chemical research

The objective of the students in quantitative analysis should be:

1. To develop competency with the analytical method in common use and to understand
the theoretical principles in which they are based;
2. To identify the limitations of each method and the magnitude of the possible errors
involved;
3. To acquire skills in the use of the tools of quantitative analysis with speed and accuracy;
4. To develop ability in recording data in an understandable and systematic way;
5. To be able to search for a reference literature that could be used as supplemental
material in the discussion of any analytical procedure and
 6. To make calculations from analytical data with speed and accuracy.

Learning Activities

1. Download or read the reference books from Google classroom assigned for Analytical
Chemistry like Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th Edition by Daniel Harris,
Fundamentals of Analytic Chemistry, 9th Edition by Skoog et al. or any reference book in
quantitative chemistry. Take note of important terms used and detailed elaboration on
the topics.

Useful links are:

1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog et al.:

https://chemistry.com.pk/books/skoog-fundamentals-of-analytical-chemistry1/comment-
page-1/

2. Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Daniel Harris:

https://www.academia.edu/32945832/Quantitative_Chemical_Analysis_7E_Daniel_C_H
arris

2. View power point presentation on Introduction to Analytical Chemistry in the Google

classroom assigned to your course. Acquire class code from your teacher.
3. You may search for any supplemental materials for additional references.
4. You can drop your questions in our facebook group chat or Google class room.

Assessment

Direction: Read the problem and list down the required answers. For every correct answer, you
will be given a score of 1.

An analyst was given an ore to be analysed for available components. Assuming that the
single ore was taken directly from mine site, what will be the best thing the analyst
should do first?
 Design procedure on how to identify the ore components using the different methods
presented.

Identify economic impact(s) of the chosen method (as to electrical power consumption,
savings on man hours in doing the analysis)

References

Di, L. and Kerns, E. (2016). Drug-like properties, 2nd Edition

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/potentiometric-titration

Hamilton, L. and Simpson, S. (1971). Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 12th Edition. The Mcmillan
Company. Collier-Mcmilllan Canada Ltd. Toronto, Ontario

Powers, R. (2017). Elementary Quantitative Analysis. Power point presentation.

http://bionmr-c1.unl.edu/

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-pieces-of-apparatus-used-in-titration

http://sachiacidbase.weebly.com/titrations.html