Lecture 8: Momentum, Impulse, and - Changes in momentum are due to

Collisions impulse
- Changes in momentum are due to time
Momentum and Impulse
over which the force acts
- Which could potentially cause you - Momentum is the impulse that
greater injury: Bumped by a fast moving accelerated an object from rest
car, or bumped by a car with the double
Work-KE Theorem
the mass but moving at half the speed?
- Kinetic energy changes when work is
⃗p=m⃗v
done
- Measure of the quantity of motion - Total work depends on distance over
- Depends on mass and velocity which force acts
- A vector > same direction as velocity - Kinetic energy is the total work done to
- Momentum in component form: accelerate an object from rest
p x =mv x Momentum and Kinetic Energy
Compared
p y =mv y
Which is easier to catch (i.e. brought to
p z=mv z
rest)?
How can you change an object’s
a) 0.50-kg ball moving at 4.0 m/s
momentum?
b) 0.10-kg ball moving at 20 m/s
- Greater momentum
Example 1: Teeing off
o Hard to change its state of
motion A golf ball of mass 50 g is struck with a club.
- Lesser momentum The force exerted by the club on the ball
o Easy to change its state of varies from zero, at the instant before
motion contact, up to some maximum value and
- To change momentum then back to zero when the ball travels 200
o Apply a force m, estimate the magnitude of the impulse
o Apply the force at a longer caused by the collision. (Assume a launch
period of time angle of 45°.)

Impulse-Momentum Theorem
⃗J = ⃗
F net ∆t=⃗p 2−⃗p 1

- Applying an impulsive force at a period

of time on an object changes the objects
momentum during that time interval
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Example 2: A ball hits a wall
You throw a ball with a mass of 0.40 kg What happened before and after a
against a brick wall. It hits the wall moving collision?
horizontally to the left at 30 m/s and
- Essential in interactions of two or more
rebounds horizontally to the right at 20
objects
m/s.
- Forces to think about:
a) Find the impulse of the net force on o Internal Forces
the ball during its collision with the  Forces that particles
wall. in the system exert
b) If the ball is in contact with the wall on each other.
for 0.010 s, find the average  Impulsive forces of a
horizontal force that the wall exerts collision
on the ball during the impact. o External forces
 Forces exert on any
Test your understanding
part of the system by
Consider again the race between two some object outside
iceboats on a frictionless frozen lake. The it.
boats have masses m and 2m, and the wind - If our system is composed of particles A
exerts the same horizontal force on each and B
boat. The boat start from rest and cross the o Force exerted by A on B
finish line a distance s away. F A on B
⃗
o Force exerted by B on A
Which iceboat crosses the finish line with
F B on A
⃗
greater momentum?
Example 3: Kicking a soccer ball From Newton’s Third Law:
F A on B=−⃗
⃗ F B on A
A soccer ball has a mass of 0.40 kg. Initally it
is moving to the left at 20 m/s, but then it is Or, the sum of internal forces
kicked. After the kick it is moving at 45° in the system is ZERO
upward and to the right with speed 30 m/s. The total momentum of the system is: n
Find the impulse of the net force and the
average net force, assuming a collision time P=⃗p A +⃗pB
⃗
Δt = 0.010 s. From Newton’s 2nd Law based on
momentum:
d⃗
P
F A on B + ⃗
⃗ F B on A = =0
dt

The total momentum of the system is

Conservation of Momentum constant!
Pinitial =⃗
⃗ P final a. Kinetic energy is conserved
2) Inelastic collision
Impulsive forces in a collision leave the total
a. Kinetic energy is not
momentum of the system UNCHANGED!
conserved
b. Perfectly inelastic
c. inelastic
Principle of Conservation of Momentum
Elastic collision
- If the vector sum of the external forces
on a system is zero, the total - total kinetic energy of the objects is the
momentum of the system is constant. same after collision as before the
- Conservation of momentum holds collision
during collision only to the extent that 1) m 1 v 1 i+ m2 v 2 i=m 1 v 1 f +m 2 v 2 f
the impulsive forces of the collision are 2) m 1 ( v 1 i−v 1 f )=m 2 ( v 2 f −v2 i )
far greater than any external forces 1 2 1 2
3) m 1 v 1 i + m2 v 2 i =
acting on the system during the 2 2
collision. 1 1
m 1 v 1 f 2 + m2 v 2 f 2
o Friction can be neglected 2 2
between two cars colliding
m 1 ( v 1 i2−v1 f 2 )=m2 ( v 2 f 2−v 2i2 )
o Forces of gravity can be
neglected when you throw a 4)
ball on a wall m1 ( v 1 i−v 1 f ) ( v 1 i +v 1 f )=m2 ( v 2 i−v 2 f ) ¿(v 2 f +v 2 i )
Total momentum of a system of particles: Velocity
P=⃗p A +⃗pB + …=m A ⃗v A +m B ⃗v B +…
⃗
m1−m2 2 m2
Can be expressed by components
v1 f = ( m1 +m 2) (
v1 i + v
m1 +m 2 2 i )
P x =p A , x + p B , x +… 2m 1 m 2−m 1
P y = p A , y + p B , y +…
v2f = ( m1 +m 2) (
v 1 i+ v
m 1 +m 2 2 i )
P z= p A ,z + p B , z +…

Consider two objects collide with each

other,
pi = p f

m 1 v 1 i+ m2 v 2 i=m 1 v 1 f +m 2 v 2 f

Two types of collision:

1) Elastic collision Example 4: the ballistic pendulum
The ballistic pendulum is an apparatus used x-component:
to measure the speed of a fast-moving
m 1 v 1 i=m 1 v 1 f cos θ+m 2 v 2 f cos ϕ
projectile, such as a bullet. A bullet of mass
m1 is fired into a large block of wood of y-component:
mass m2 suspended from some light wires.
0=m 1 v 1 f sinθ−m 2 v 2 f sin ϕ
The bullet embeds in the block, and the
entire system swings through a height h.
How can we determine the speed of the
Example 6: Collision at an intersection
bullet from a measurement of h?
A 1500-kg car travelling east with a speed of
25.0 m/s collides at an intersection with a
Assignment 2500-kg van travelling north at a speed of
20.0 m/s. find the direction and magnitude
A block of mass m1=1.60 kg initially moving
of the velocity of the wreckage after the
to the right with a speed of 4.00 m/s on a
collision, assuming that the vehicles
frictionless horizontal track collides with a
undergo a perfectly inelastic collision (that
spring attached to a second block of mass
is, they stick together).
m2=2.10 kg initially moving to the left with a
speed constant of 2.50 m/s. The spring Assignment
constant is 600 N/m.
A proton collides elastically with another
a) Find the velocities of the two blocks after proton that is initially at rest. The incoming
the collision proton has an initial speed of 3.50 x 105 m/s
and makes a glancing collision with the
b) during the collision, at the instant block 1
second proton. (At close separation, the
is moving to the right with a velocity of
proton exerts a repulsive electrostatic force
+3.00 m/s, determine the velocity of block 2
on each other) After the collision, one
c) Determine the distance the spring is proton moves off at an angle of 37.0° to the
compressed at that instant original direction of motion, and the second
deflects at an angle of φ to the same axis.
d) what is the maximum compression of the
Find the final speeds of the two protons and
spring during the collision?
the angle φ.

Two-dimensional collision
- For a general collision of two objects in
three-dimensional space, the
conservation of momentum principle
implies that the total momentum of the
system in each direction is conserved
Center of Mass If the net external force is zero
(P=constant),
What happens in the motion of an object
NOT treated as a point particle? - The center of mass itself follows the
same smooth path that we expect for a
- For a system composed of a pair of
smaller, simpler object, like a “point
particles that have different masses and
particle”.
connect by a light rigid rod.
- The sum of forces on the particles is
m 1 x 1 +m 2 x 2
x cm = ∑ F ext =M ⃗aCM
m1 +m 2
“The net external force on a system of
Example 7: CM of water molecule particles equals the total mass of the
system multiplied by the acceleration of
A water molecule consists of an oxygen
the center of mass.”
atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen has
a mass of 16 unified mass units (u) and each
hydrogen has a mass of 1 u. The hydrogen
Example 9: Projectile Bomb
atoms are each at an average distance of
9.6 nm (9.6 x 10-9) from the oxygen atom, A projectile is fired into the air over level
and are separated from one another by an ground with an initial velocity of 24.5 m/s at
angle of 104.5°. Where is the center of mass 36.9° to the horizontal. At its highest point,
of the water molecule? it explodes into two fragments of equal
mass. One fragment falls straight down to
Motion of the Center Mass
the ground. Where does the other fragment
What happens to system of particles when land? (given: x1= 0.5R, xcm=R, x2=?)
the system moves?
Example 10: Row your boat
m 1 ⃗v 1+ m2 ⃗v 2 +m 3 ⃗v 3 +…
⃗v cm= You (mass 80 kg) and Bob (mass 120 kg) are
m 1 +m 2+ m3 + …
in a rowboat (mass 60 kg) on a calm lake.
- If we represent M as the sum of the You are at the center of the boat, rowing,
masses of the particles in the system and he is at the back, 2 m from the center.
M ⃗v CM =m1 ⃗v 1 +m 2 ⃗v 2 +m 3 ⃗v 3+ …= ⃗
P You get tired and stop rowing. Bob offers to
- Total momentum is equal to the total row, and after the boat comes to rest, you
mass times the velocity of the center of change places. How far does the boat
mass. move? (Neglect any horizontal force
- The motion of a system of particles can exerted by the water.)
be simplified by considering its center of
mass.
o The treatment is LIKE that for
a point particle!
PTOT =⃗p1+ ⃗p 2+ ⃗p 3+ …
⃗