Human motion and Joints

Biomechanics

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Types of Joints in Human body:
• Fibrous, (fixed, synarthroses)
• Cartilaginous, (slightly moveable or immoveable, amphiarthroses)
• Synovial, (freely moveable, diarthroses)

The three types of muscles

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Synovial Joints (joints & complex)

1. Hinge, e.g. Fingers, Toes, Humeroulnar

2. Ball and socket, e.g. Hip, Shoulder
Gliding
3. Pivot, e.g. Neck, Humeroradial Hinge
4. Gliding e.g. Wrist
5. Saddle, e.g. Thumb
Saddle
6. Condyloid e.g. Ankle, Spine Ball & Socket

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cYal_hitz4 Pivot

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Condoid
Joint mobility (Osteokinematic)
Movement between two boney segments
Plane of motion, Axis of motion, Degree of freedom, Range of motion
• Swing eg. Knee flexon
• Spin eg. Forearm rotation

Accessory movements (Arthrokinematic)

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Joint Stability
• Joint stability refers to
the resistance offered
by various
musculoskeletal tissues
that surround a skeletal
joint. Several
subsystems ensure the
stability of a joint.
Muscles, tendons, ligaments,
bones and other soft tissues— all
have to work together to
produce a stable joint. Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Joint congruence is the measure of two opposing joint surface as they
relate to one another, considering the 3D shape contour of each bone
at their interface. Mostly it is measured in closed pack position. (In
geometry, congruence means same measure or matching)

Synovial fluid and Intracapsular When stability is disturbed,

and atmospheric pressure are subluxation (partial dislocation) of a
also important for joint stability. joint take place. For example about
200N force is required for subluxation
of hip joint in normal adult.

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Close and open kinetic chain exercise
The Kinetic Chain is a way of describing human movement and it can
either be an open kinetic chain (OKC) or a closed kinetic chain (CKC).
In an open kinetic chain the segment furthest away from the body( eg
foot) is free and not fixed to an object. In a closed kinetic chain the
segment furthest away from the body is fixed. Both types of kinetic
chain exercises have their advantages. The biggest advantage of an
open kinetic chain (OKC) exercise is that it can isolate a muscle.
However, closed kinetic chain exercises are considered more reliable by
the rehabilitation experts.

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Isotonic , isometric , isokinetic exercise
Traditional types of exercise mostly are isotonic exercise, where tension or resistance remains unchanged.
Dumbbells and other free weights are good examples of this kind of exercise, where bicep curls and other
movements take place against a static resistance. Isotonic exercises require two specific types of muscle
contractions according to the load placed on the body:
Concentric muscle contraction occurs when the body is able to move a load in a certain direction.
Eccentric muscle contraction occurs when the muscles focus on distributing the load, rather than acting
against it.

Another kind of conventional training is isometric exercise. In isometrics, there is no movement, and the
muscle length and joint angle do not change. Someone holding free weights while not in motion is an example
of this kind of training.

Isokinetic exercise is an exercise that provides a variable resistance to a constant limb movement. These kinds
of adaptive exercises require equipment that can quickly accommodate changes in resistance.

A concept of active dynamometer can provide isokinetic exercise training. In gyms and health clubs, isokinetic
equipment might be present in the form of elastic bands, exertubes or specialized machines.
Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Muscle force measurement
Force platforms or force plates are used to measure the ground
reaction forces generated by a body standing on or moving across
them, to quantify balance, gait and other parameters of biomechanics

The inverse dynamics approach, uses experimentally measured motion

analysis and external reaction forces to calculate the forces and
moments about the joint. Muscle forces are then derived to balance
joint moments and their contribution to total joint forces computed
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1807-59322013000901180

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 Biomechanics of Knee joint complex
• Proximal component: Femur
• Distal component: Tibia

Mainly between the thigh bone (femur) & shin bone

(tibia). The smaller bone that runs alongside the tibia
(fibula) and the kneecap (patella) Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
 Knee joint complex

6 DOF
3 rotation, 3 Translation
Joint type: Gliding & Hinge

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

6 DOF
3 DOF neglecting Arthrokinematic

Rotation
Flexion - Extension: 160
degreeflexon, -5 degree hyper
extension
Varus-Valgus: 6 degree extension
Internal - External: 25 degree flexon

Translation
Anterior - Posterior: 5 to 10 mm
Compression: 2-5 mm
Medio-Lateral: 1-2 mm

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Natural variants

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Ground reaction (GRF) Moment during Knee
abduction motion is a
result of the magnitude
of ground force (GRF) x
distance of the center of
roation

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Force Balance

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Angular movement of Knee during walking

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Force on
Knee during
walking

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani
Other
Activities

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

 ROM (Range of motion) Extremities
Activities Knee Activity Force (BW)
flexion Walking 3.0
Normal gait in level surface 60° Stairs 3.8
Stair climbing 80° Stairs steep 4.3
Sitting/rising in most chair from 90° Squat-rise 5.0
Sitting/rising from western toilet seat 115° Squat-down 5.6
Squat 140° Cycling 1.2
Cycling 60-100°

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani

Prof. M. S. Dasgupta, BITS Pilani