1

Project Report

ON

RFID BASED SMART CARD TICKETING SYSTEM

Submitted to the Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

In partial fulfilment of the requirement

For the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

Yogya Shukla (1616431134)

Utkarsh Mishra (1616431123)
Nawaz Rayeen (1616431068)
Rajdeep Kumar (1616431088)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Rohit Tripathi

Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
Semester 2019-20
 DECLARATION
This is to certify that Report entitled “RFID Based Smart Card Ticketing System” which
is submitted by Yogya shukla, Utkarsh Mishra, Nawaz Rayeen and Rajdeep Kumar in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech in Electronics &
Communication Engineering to Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur Dr. A P J A
K Technical University, Lucknow comprises only my own work and due acknowledgement
has been made in the text to all other material used.

Signature: Signature:
Name: Yogya shukla Name: Utkarsh Mishra
Roll no: 1616431134 Roll no: 1616431123
Date: Date:

Signature: Signature:
Name: Nawaz Rayeen Name: Rajdeep Kumar
Roll no: 1616431068 Roll no: 1616431088
Date: Date:

Approved By:

H.O.D
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PSIT)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “RFID Based Smart Card Ticketing System” is the
work carried out by Yogya shukla, Utkarsh Mishra, Nawaz Rayeen and Rajdeep Kumar
students of B Tech (ECE) of Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Bhauti (Kanpur)
affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow(India) during the
academic year 2019-20, is a record of an original work done by us under the guidance of Sir.
Rohit Tripathi , in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology (Electronics & communication) and that the project has not formed
the basis for the award previously of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other
similar title.

Internal Guide Internal Examiner

_ _

External Guide Head of Department

_ _

Submission date: / /_
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech project undertaken
during B.Tech Final Year. We own special debt of gratitude to Mr Rohit Tripathi,
Department Of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of
Technology, Kanpur for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our
work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of
inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant effort that our endeavour have seen light of the day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Y.M. Dubey Head,
Department Of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of
Technology, Kanpur for his support and assistance during the development of the project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all the faculty
members of the department.
 ABSTRACT

The paper based public transport ticketing system, prevailing in the city, introduces severe malfunction in
the system, malicious argument among public, corruption and most of all traffic jam. This paper actually
suggests a much more public friendly, automated system of ticketing as well as the credit transaction with
the use of RFID based tickets. The total system mainly acts to bring out the consistency among various
bus agencies that will conclude in uniform access of passengers in daily rides through an automated server
being updated every single time the passengers travel by carrying RFID based tickets.
Furthermore in any Public Transport System, once the passenger reaches the destination, the ticket is no longer
useful and is eventually thrown away. To overcome these issues, a smart ticketing system to support the
concept of digitalization by introducing a paperless system for Public Transport System(PTS) is presented.
This Smart Ticketing System is implemented by interfacing Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) with
widely used microcontrollers- Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi. This reader system along with the GPS module
is attached at both ends of the bus. Passengers carrying the RFID tags are expected to tap the card against the
reader while entering and exit. GPS module is attached to get the exact coordinates of the source and
destination and the fare is calculated based on the distance travelled. This fare is deducted from the RFID cards
which are rechargeable.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

DECLARATION 2
CERTIFICATE 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
ABSTRACT 5
1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 BRIEF REVIEW 8
1.2 MOTIVATION 8
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
1.3.1 GENERATION & DEVELOPMENT 9
1.3.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT 10
1.4 TYPES OF ELEMENT 10
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION OF MAIN
2. 12
COMPONENT
2.1 Microcontroller – Arduino 12
2.2 MOTOR DRIVER 18
2.3 RFID TECHNOLOGY 19
2.4 LED INDICATORS 22
2.5 BREAD BOARD 23
2.6 LCD DISPLAY 24
2.7 BACKGROUND 24
2.8 INITIALIZATION THE LCD 28
2.9 GATE 35
3. BASIC ELEMENTS USED IN PROJECT 40
3.1 RESISTOR 40
3.2 CAPACITOR 42
3.3 TRANSISTOR 44
3.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 45
4 RFID BASED SMART CARD TICKETING 46
SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUTION/METHODS USED 51
4.2 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE USED 53
5 CONCLUSION 56
6 REFERENCE 58
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
BRIEF REVIEW

RFID technology is used in applications that identify or track objects.Using this particular smart card one
can travel through bus,train, metro etc.Ticket friendly machine holds the details about the events provided
by promoters, so that consumer can purchase ticket in their personal account using smartcards.The radio
frequency identification has been the most widely used technology in recent years. The RFID technology
is widely used in number of application. They are used for animal identification, schools, universities and
museums. The RFID tags provides security and hustle free services to its users. An RFID system consist
of tags, basically a microchip with an antenna and an interrogator or reader with an antenna. A
fundamental system of RFID consist of two primary components i.e. the reader circuit and tag. The RFID
tag and the reader circuit set up communication via waves of electromagnetic nature. The most RFID tags
consist of an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating RF
signal and other specialized function. It also consists of an antenna for receiving and transmitting the
signal. The data is stored in RFID tag with response to the reader by transforming the energy of radio
frequency queries from the reader and sending back the information. A computer hosting a specific RFID
application pilots the reader and its processes the data it sends.In the city,the conventional system of public
transport is based on paper based bus or railway tickets that ultimately lead to chaos among
public,system loss ,corruption and most of all traffic jam that is responsible for a huge wastage of time.
A passive RFID tag draws power from field created by reader and uses it to power the microchip’s circuits.

The user friendly automated ticketing system suggested in this paper will not only automatically
deduct the passenger’s fare according to the distance travelled but also detect the passenger’s
identification. This is possible by use of RFID cards and GPS, and can be used to make the transaction
and travelling very precise. This paper basically deals with the identification and ticketing of the
passengers travelling by the bus. Also discusses possible future extensions of this system in areas such
as Internet–of-Things (IoT).The idea of using RFID in PTS was previously put forward by different
personalities . But the system proposed here stays closer to a future ticketing system than anything
else. Usage of Raspberry Pi is another important feature owing to possibilities of future expansions
and alternations. With the advent of new systems to replace Pi, smaller and more reliable systems are
expected to come into existence. RFID has been an emerging technology in recent years. RFID
technology can be effectively employed in number of applications due to its penchant for
efficiency.As for its application, it’s been a widespread tool for both tracking the transit transports. A
fundamental system of RFID consists of two primary components: The reader circuit and tag, details
of which are discussed later.The usage of RFID has a great advantage as it is considered to be an
integral part of IoT. IoT refers to a global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects
through exploitation of data capture and communication capabilities.Identification of objects is a huge
task ahead of IoT and usage of RFID in PTS can be considered a step towards implementing IoT.The
proposed system mainly acts to bring out the consistency among various bus agencies that will
conclude in uniform access of passengers in daily rides through an automated server being updated
every single time the passengers travel by carrying the RFID based tickets.

MOTIVATION

Under the scheme of Digital India as we are moving towards sophisticated and digitally
active world, we have a responsibility to make people cognizant of every possible aspect of
technology.

 To provide user friendly system which required simple step for the user to use it.
 To help the user to use for safety purpose.
 Test the system in more real world situation by utilizing external testing facilities.
 To combine more and more functions in a single unit to make use of it for multiple tasks.
 To make a system as feasible as possible so that it can be used for different purposes in
different situations.

PURPOSE

Main objective of this project is to provide automation in the ticket system for the transport sector.
This project provides concept of e-currency and it reduces the human effort. Interacting with the
initial ideas and sculptures of the databases involved in the past this project faces serious troubles
when used without RFID cards. So, this RFID cards plays a visionary role of highlighting the vital
storage of data elements. Thus, getting the perspective of the idea behind mutual computation of
interlinking databases with the radio frequency card would enable a great contribution towards
service based computing. Enriching formats, extended connections, everlasting working phase
algorithms are all made easy. On the brink of a glorious environment of interconnected personal
computers and standalone operators, This multi-frame architecture using system booms the virtue of
great interoperability among its software components. One side faces extensive computation and data
links while the other side sustains the equity between the devices. The relationship model proposed
in this project maintains the integrity of the resources along with its scalable nature of quality
assurance and quality of service best suited for every business applications related software. Any
system of theoretically denoted and practically implemented data sharing modules will be benefitted
by the objective listed for this project. The aim of this project is to implement an intelligent smart
card system to automate the transport ticketing system ( ETransport) for public transport. To
implement this smart card system RFID technology is used. Using this smart card any one can travel
in the public transport like Bus, train etc without buying tickets. RFID technology is used to
automatically detect the smart card and the distance travelled by the passenger. Based on the distance
travelled the transport charges will be deducted from their account. It is like our mobile phone system
wherein we can top up our mobile any time we want and when it is in use the amount will be
deducted based on the usage time. Same concept is implemented here. This smart card can be topped
up using the internet. When we travel instead of carrying money, we can use this smart card. By
TOUCH ON and TOUCH OFF the RFID reader the status of the card will be known to the user. This
smart card is nothing but RFID tags.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

Fig 1.1: Block Diagram

1.3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

A brief history of RFID technology RFID technology was emerged as Frederick Hertz found
existence of radio frequency during his experiment in 1886 (Wyld, 2005) and developed for
the report that the first commercialization of RFID technology was done by purpose of
defense during the Second World War4 . During 1970s and 1980s, the RFID system attracted
plenty of scholars and innovators, so efforts to register patents progressed (Takahashi, 2004).
Researchers like Charles Walton had registered a patent to use RFID. In the 1980s, many US
and European companies recognized the importance of developing RFID technology and
started to manufacture RFID tags.

GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Modern cities of today have developed multiple means of communication including Buses, trains,
metros and private vehicles. Now each transport system has their own smart card and it becomes a
hectic process for users to manage separate smart cards for every transport medium. Thus we propose
a smart master card approach that integrates all these systems together and allows for a single master
card and a centralized system for all transportation mediums. To demonstrate this concept we use
three RFID scanners to demonstrate as bus train and metro train smart card scanners respectively.
Now we use three smart cards that work particularly on each of the systems viz one rfid card for bus,
one for train and one for metro respectively. Now we also provide one more card that is the master
smart card that can work on all three scanners thus making it very easy for the user to use any
transport as desired using the same card. The system also allows for source and destination selection
and based on that deducts particular amount from the user master card. This system works upon RFID
cards system. After a passenger had issued a RFID card. He or She only had to scan this card under
RFID Reader attached at the entry of bus. The RFID Reader will read data and send it to web server
through WIFI modulo. The web server will authenticate the passenger. If passenger is authenticated,
then the passenger is asked to choose his/her destination.

TYPES OF ELEMENTS
SENSORS: The sensors are the devices that are useful for gathering the information at the
point of activity. This information is actually captured by appliances, wearable devices, some
specific device mounted controls, and so on. Thus these are the elements of IoT that sense
any type of information depending upon purpose of the application.

COMMUNICATION: The information sensed by various sensors needs to be transmitted

to a cloud based service for subsequent processing. This requires Wi-Fi, WAN, LAN or
some internet communication network. Along with this communication networks the support
for other capabilities such as Bluetooth, short range communication method or GPS for
locating the positions is often required for effective communication. The communication
network is typically based on the M2M technique. The M2M stands for machine to machine
communication system in which at one end sensors are attached to sense any desired
information and at other end the devices that deliver the information to the actual user are
attached.

SCOPE OF PROJECT

To ensure no or lesser passengers without ticket a QR based ticket system can be introduced in the
bus or train which must be scanned before getting into and after leaving . This project helps in
Restricting unauthorised travelling of passengers in the metro trains. RFID card is immune to any
kind damage due to weather condition. This project also helps in Cashless transaction which is the
trend to be followed in the near future. No queuing is required i.e. to wait in lines for tickets before
boarding a train. Passengers can get down at any stations as required, no predefined stations and
money will get deducted accordingly. The system is time efficient since it helps in saving time for
booking tickets. The RFID system creates a system which is capable of mass identification
process, precise location data recorder and easier and faster contactless payment.
 The system can be monitored from anywhere.
 RFID tags store digital information.
 Saves time and physical work.

.
 CHAPTER 2
HARDWARE USED
ARDUINO PRO MINI

The Arduino Pro Mini is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. 

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, an
on-board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin headers. A six pin header can be
connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun breakout board to provide USB power and
communication.
The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent installation in objects or exhibitions. The
board comes without pre-mounted . The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for
the Arduino Duemilanove or
Diecimila.

Fig: Arduino mega 2560 board

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 Ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 101.52 mm
Width 53.3 mm
Weight 37 g
 Fig. 2: detailed diagram of atmega board.

POWER SUPPLLY:

The Arduino Mega2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can
be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate
on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin
may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the
voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12
volts. The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-
to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.

INPUT-OUTPUT PINS:

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50 k-Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

· Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16
(TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-
TTL Serial chip.

· External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4),
20 (interrupt 3), and 21(interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()
function for details.

PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
· SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically
compatible with the Duemilanove and Diecimila.

· LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

· I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library
(documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location as
the I2C pins on the Duemilanove.

The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and Analog Reference () function.

PROGRAMMING:

If you have an external programmer (e.g. an AVR-ISP, STK500, or parallel programmer),

you can burn sketches to the Arduino board without using the bootloader. This allows you to
use the full program space (flash) of the chip on the Arduino board. So with an ATmega168,
you'll get 16 KB instead of 14 (on an ATmega8 you'll get 8 KB instead of 7). It also avoids
the bootloader delay when you power or reset your board. However you must have in mind
that the Upload Using Programmer procedure doesn't burn fuses so, if you have a fresh
factory micro-controller you have to burn the boot-loader first in order to have a properly
working device. This can be easily done in this way:

 Tools->Boards->Your Board
 Tools->Programmer->Your Programmer
 Sketch->Upload Using a Programmer

USB OVERCURRENT PROTECTION:

The Arduino Mega has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the
fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port,
the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SHIELD COMPATIBILITY:

The maximum length and width of the Mega PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital
pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

The Mega is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Diecimila or
Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0
to
5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations. Further the main UART
(serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2
and 3 respectively). SPI is available through the ICSP header on both the Mega and
Duemilanove / Diecimila.

MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT

INTRODUCTION

Micro controller IC 89s51 is heart of our project. We select this micro controller IC for our
project for following no. of advantages.

a) Internal 8 K bytes of electrically erasable programmable read only memory for feeding
programmed so that there is no need of external EPROM.

b) Four 8 bit input, output port p0, p1, p2, p3 out of which we use otwo port to read ADC
and other port is use to connect 16x2 alphanumeric display for written current & temperature
purpose. Operating voltage of 3.5 to 6v d.c.Which is easily available by using voltage
regulator IC.

c) Internal 128 byte RAM to store temporally storage of data. In which we can feed took up
table to turn ON/OFF relay.

d) Three 8-bit time/counter are present for timing and counting purpose. 4 external and 2
internal interrupt are available. Micro controller can read the data (for the corresponding
channel ) available at output of adc and convert in equivalent alphanumeric code & display
on 16x2 dot matrix liquid crystal display.

OTHER MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES

Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins
(GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When
GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external
signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs
or motors, often indirectly, through external power electronics.
Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the
purpose of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and
process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals
that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the
incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some
microcontrollers is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that allows the processor to output
analog signals or voltage levels.
In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as
well. One of the most common types of timers is the programmable interval timer (PIT). A
PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count
register, overflowing to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor
indicating that it has finished counting. This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which
periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner
on, the heater on, etc.
.A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) block makes it possible to receive
and transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip
hardware also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital
formats such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Universal
Serial Bus (USB), and Ethernet.

HOW DO MICROCONTROLLERS WORK?

A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular function in a device.

It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals using its central processor.
The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its data memory,
where the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory to
decipher and apply the incoming data. It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and
enact the appropriate action.

Microcontrollers are used in a wide array of systems and devices. Devices often utilize
multiple microcontrollers that work together within the device to handle their respective
tasks.

For example, a car might have many microcontrollers that control various individual systems
within, such as the anti-lock braking system, traction control, fuel injection or suspension
control. All the microcontrollers communicate with each other to inform the correct actions.
Some might communicate with a more complex central computer within the car, and others
might only communicate with other microcontrollers. They send and receive data using their
I/O peripherals and process that data to perform their designated tasks.

ELEMENTS OF A MICROCONTROLLER

The core elements of a microcontroller are:

 The processor (CPU) -- A processor can be thought of as the brain of the device. It
processes and responds to various instructions that direct the microcontroller's function.
This involves performing basic arithmetic, logic and I/O operations. It also performs
data transfer operations, which communicate commands to other components in the
larger embedded system.
 Memory -- A microcontroller's memory is used to store the data that the processor
receives and uses to respond to instructions that it's been programmed to carry out. A
microcontroller has two main memory types:

1. Program memory, which stores long-term information about the instructions that the
CPU carries out. Program memory is non-volatile memory, meaning it holds
information over time without needing a power source.

2. Data memory, which is required for temporary data storage while the instructions are
being executed. Data memory is volatile, meaning the data it holds is temporary and
is only maintained if the device is connected to a power source.

 I/O peripherals -- The input and output devices are the interface for the processor to the
outside world. The input ports receive information and send it to the processor in the
form of binary data. The processor receives that data and sends the necessary instructions
to output devices that execute tasks external to the microcontroller.

While the processor, memory and I/O peripherals are the defining elements of the
microprocessor, there are other elements that are frequently included. The term I/O
peripherals itself simply refers to supporting components that interface with the memory and
processor. There are many supporting components that can be classified as peripherals.
Having some manifestation of an I/O peripheral is elemental to a microprocessor, because
they are the mechanism through which the processor is applied.

Other supporting elements of a microcontroller include:

 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) -- An ADC is a circuit that converts analog signals
to digital signals. It allows the processor at the center of the microcontroller to interface
with external analog devices, such as sensors.

 Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) -- A DAC performs the inverse function of an

ADC and allows the processor at the center of the microcontroller to communicate its
outgoing signals to external analog components.

 System bus -- The system bus is the connective wire that links all components of the
microcontroller together.
  Serial port -- The serial port is one example of an I/O port that allows the
microcontroller to connect to external components. It has a similar function to a USB or
a parallel port but differs in the way it exchanges bits.

RFID SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION

Any RFID System will consist of a RFID reader and a RFID tag. The tag will often be small and portable
with little to no electronics in it.

RFID Reader
It is a device which consists of an antenna, transceiver and a decoder.

Transceiver: It can be used either as a transmitter or a receiver. It consists of an oscillator to generate a

continuous signal which is modulated to a required frequency and then transmitted into air through
antenna.

Antenna: It is a device which converts the electrical signal into electromagnetic signal which is efficient
in propagating the signal in air.

Decoder: When a RF signal is detected at the antenna from a tag, the decoder helps in retrieving the
data.

RFID Tag
It consists of 2 components (in case of a passive tag). They are Microchip and an antenna. You can know
more about RFID Tags here.

 Microchip: It is a semiconductor device which consists of a circuit etched in it with some KB of

memory storage, capable of storing data and transmitting it whenever needed.
 Antenna: It is used to transmit the data that is present in the chip into air so that it can be detected
by a reader.
 Incase of an active tag it consists of Microchip, battery and an antenna

 Battery:  In active devices in order to power up the microchip battery is externally used.

PRINCIPLE:

A RFID Reader stays powered on all the time and is normally powered from an external power source. So
when it is ON, the oscillator in it generates a signal with a desired frequency but as the signal strength will
be very less (which may lead to fading off the signal if it is transmitted directly) it has to be amplified
which can be done using an amplifier circuit, inorder to propogate the signal to a longer distance we need
to modulate the signal which is done by a modulator. With all these improvements the signal is now ready
to be transmitted which can be done by an antenna which converts the electrical signal into a
electromagnetic signal.
The RFID reader signals are everywhere with it is proximity to detect a tag. When a RFID tag comes in
the proximity of the RFID reader the tag detects the readers signal through a coil present in it which
converts the received RF signal into a electrical signal. This converted signal alone is sufficient to power
up the microchip present in the tag. Once the microchip gets powered up, its function is to send the data
(unique ID) which it is stored in it. The same way the signal came in, it is sent out through the same coil
into the air.
As discussed earlier the RFID reader also has a transceiver in it. When the signal comes back from the tag
through the antenna of RFID reader it is fed to the demodulator and then decoded by a decoder where the
original data can be obtained and then further processed by a microcontroller or a microprocessor to
perform a specific task.
Note that the above explanation is for a passive RFID tag. In case of an active RFID tag it detects the
signal from the reader only to trigger the circuit and make the tag ready to send the data to the reader,
since active tags have built-in power source.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY:-

There are three types of connections in Bluetooth, single slave, multi slave or scatter net.
Multiple Bluetooth devices form a piconet network that is a wireless personal area network.
A piconet consists of one hub device along with seven client devices. In order to transmit or
receive information with the client it should be in active mode. Only seven clients can be
active at a time. In a scatter net, the two piconets are not synchronized (in terms of time and
frequency). Each of them operates in its own frequency band, multiple piconets can work
simultaneously using frequency division multiplexing.
M – MASTER

S – SLAVE

INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO:

Bluetooth HC-05module interfacing with Arduino Mega 2560 board module interfacing with
Arduino board. Bluetooth HC-05 module can be easily interfaced with arduino mega board.
Connections should be done as the schematic shown below:

Voltage divider is used to drop 5V to 3.3V. After the completion of the connections , the red
led on HC-05 Bluetooth Module will blink continuosly indicating that device is ready to pair.
To pair the HC-05 Bluetooth module with computer

1.Go to the Bluetooth icon on computer, right click on Add a Device.

2. Search for new device to pair , Bluetooth module HC-05 will appear as HC-05.

3. Go to HC-05 , click Ready to pair.

4. Enter the password as 1234.

5. Now after pairing is done we can program the arduino microcontroller to send and receive
data. Once the pairing is done led on bluetooth module will blink twice after every 2seconds.

POWER MODES AND SECURITY:

Power modes: There are three power modes available for a bluetooth module. They are sniff
mode, hold mode and park mode. These modes are selected depending upon the requirement
for a Bluetooth device. In sniff mode, a device listens to a piconet at a reduced rate. The sniff
mode has a programmable interval which provides flexibility for different applications. In
hold mode only an interval timer is running and data transfer starts again as the units transits
out of hold mode. Park mode is used in the case wherein seven clients can be active at any
time. Security : By default most of the devices operate in an unprotected environment. The
link established between two devices in order to exchange information with each other there
 should provide authentication, this is achieved using encryption keys. This key is known as
PIN code, both the devices should have the same PIN code. By default the PIN provided is
“0000” or “1234”. After these PIN codes are entered, the two devices are paired and hence
now they can exchange information with each other.

FEATURES:-

1-Typical -80dBm sensitivity

2-Up to +4dBm RF transmit power
3-Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O
4-PIO control
5-UART interface with programmable baud rate
6-With integrated antenna
7-Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity, Data control: has
supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.

ADVANTAGES:-

1- Ease of use.
2- No LOS (Line of sight) required for data transfer.
3- Less power consumption makes its usage very practical.
4- 2.4 GHz radio frequency ensures world wide
operability. 5- The data rate is high i.e around 3Mbp.

APPLICATIONS:-

1- Handheld device, music players, other electronic systems.

2- Wireless communication of devices like keyboard, mouse, printer , etc.
3- Wireless internet access using Bluetooth Dongle.
4- In medical field like

BLP -for blood pressure measurement. HTP - for medical temperature measurement devices.
GLP -for blood glucose monitors.
CGMP -Continuous Glucose Monitor Profile

5- In sports field like

HRP –for devices which measure heart rate
LNP-Location and Navigation Profile
RSCP-Running Speed and Cadence Profile WSP-Weight Scale Profile

6- Short range data transfer

Features of RFID Module

 Host interfaces supported are SPI, RS232 serial UART and I2C.
 Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode is up to 50 mm based on the size of antenna size
and tuning.
 Reset with low power function for power efficiency.
 Interrupt modes are flexible for interfacing with microcontroller when multiples devices have to be
connected.
 2.5 V to 3.3 V operating voltage.
 Internal self test for testing the device by itself when powered ON to check whether the system is
working as expected or not.

Important Note: The features and pin description discussed here is applicable only to RC522 RFID
module. Please use this link to know more about other RFID modules .

Applications of RFID

 Used in office/schools for attendance management.

 Used for inventory tracking.
 Used to avoid fraudulent/stolen products from malls and super markets.
 In constructions industries RFID technology can be used to manage materials.
 Used in Real Time Location systems (RTLS) for tracking the location of a particular asset or an
employee.
 Used to lock and unlock the doors.
 And many more.

RFID Module

The generally used RFID module is RC522 which falls under High frequency Passive
RFID system. It is mostly used with microcontrollers like Arduino,PIC,AVR and other
microcontrollers that support communication protocols like SPI, IIC or USART. Its
interface is simple and has readily built libraries for Arduino. RC522 has a capability of
reading the data from a tag as well as writing the desired info into the tag. It is very cheap
and is easily available.
TYPES OF RFID SYSTEMS
The RFIDs are broadly categorized into two types mainly based on the type of RFID tag used. The two
systems are called Active RFID system and Passive RFID system.
1. Active RFID system
The Active RFID system has active tags which are powered up with a power source (a battery). So the
active tags are capable of radiating their own Radio frequency signals to transmit the data that contains in
the microchip, without depending upon the Reader’s signals to power up.
The active RFIDs are typically categorized under UHF RFID which has detection range up to 20 meters.
These active tags are further categorized into Transponders and Beacons

Transponders:

As the name itself specifies that it receives a RF signal and emits another RF signal (usually data) as a
response. The transponders are not active (powered up) all the time but they become active only when it
detects a signal from a Reader and then powers up the microchip to get the data which is then transmitted
back to the Reader. So transponders are the active tags which power ups only when the Reader transmits
the signal. This allows the transponders to have high battery life compared to Beacons.

Beacons:

Beacons are the active tags which are powered up all the time but transmit the data only in specified time
intervals (time interval can be once in a minute or once in a day). When the data is transmitted,
corresponding Reader within its proximity detects the signal and respective action can be performed.
Battery life span is low when compared to Transponders but is faster since it stays active all the time.

2. Passive RFID system:

This is the most commonly used type of system that you can find in ID cards, banking cards etc. It consists of
passive tags which doesn’t have any battery to power up the chip in the tag. Instead the Reader transmits the RF
signals which are detected by the tag. These RF signals induce current into the tag’s antenna which is then used to
power up the chip. Then the tag responds with the data in the chip through the coiled antenna which is detected by
the Reader and respective action will be performed. These are generally seen in maintaining attendance systems at
offices and colleges.

BREAD BOARD
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a
bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. Because the solderless
breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating
temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless
breadboards are also extremely popular with students and in technological education. Older
breadboard types did not have this property. A stripboard (Vero board) and similar
prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered
prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be
prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central
processing units (CPUs).

Fig: Breadboard

LCD DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. It is a flat panel display used in digital data in digital
watches, smartphones, display screens, monitors, etc. LCD works on the principle of
blocking the light rather than emitting the light. An electrical current passing through the
liquid causes the crystal to align so that the light can not pass through them. Thus, each
crystal either allows the light to pass or blocks the light.
 Fig: LCD Display

Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric Display it

means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols thus LCD is a
user friendly Display device which can be used for displaying various messages unlike
seven segment display which can display only numbers and some of the alphabets. The
only disadvantage of LCD over seven segment is that seven segment is robust display and
be visualized from a longer distance as compared to LCD. Here we have used 16 x 2
Alphanumeric Display which means on this display we can display two lines with
maximumof 16 characters in one line. This interface diagram shows us the connection of
an LCD to microcontroller. LCD consists of8 data lines which can be either a command
or a data. An entire port is used for sending data to the LCD by microcontroller 3 other
pins used for handshaking purpose.

LCD MODULE
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Character and graphical lcd's are most common among
hobbyist and DIY electronic circuit/project makers. Since their interface serial/parallel pins
are defined so its easy to interface them with many microcontrollers. Many products we see
in our daily life have lcd's with them. They are used to show status of the product or provide
interface for inputting or selecting some process. Washing machine, microwave, air
conditioners and mat cleaners are few examples of products that have character or graphical
lcd's installed in them.
Character lcd's come in many sizes 8x1, 8x2, 10x2, 16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4, 24x2,
30x2, 32x2, 40x2 etc . Many multinational companies like Philips, Hitachi, and
Panasonic make their own custom type of character lcd's to be used in their products. All
character lcd's performs the same functions (display characters numbers special characters,
ascii characters etc).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0 -13)
or 16 pins (0 to 15)

Fig: LCD Module

44780 BACKGROUND

The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus.
The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4 -bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus.
If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the
4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 11 data
lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending
it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set
the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are
completely ready, bring EN low (0) again. The 1-0 transition tells the 44780 to take the data
currently found on the other control lines and on the data bus and to treat it as a command.

The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high
(1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to
display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command.
All others are write commands--so RW will almost always be low.
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by
the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3,
DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

AN EXAMPLE HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

As we've mentioned, the LCD requires either 8 or 11 I/O lines to communicate with. For the
sake of this tutorial, we are going to use an 8-bit data bus--so we'll be using 11 of the 8051's
I/O pins to interface with the LCD. Let's draw a sample psuedo-schematic of how the LCD
will be
connected to the 8051.

Fig: LCD & uC connection

As you can see, we've established a 1-to-1 relation between a pin on the 8051 and a line on
the 44780 LCD. Thus as we write our assembly program to access the LCD, we are going to
equate constants to the 8051 ports so that we can refer to the lines by their 44780 name as
opposed to P0.1, P0.2, etc. Let's go ahead and write our initial equates:

DB0 EQU P1.0

DB1 EQU P1.1
DB2 EQU P1.2
DB3 EQU P1.3
DB4 EQU P1.4
DB5 EQU P1.5
DB6 EQU P1.6
DB7 EQU P1.7
EN EQU P3.7
RS EQU P3.6
RW EQU P3.5
DATA EQU P1

Having established the above equates, we may now refer to our I/O lines by their 44780
name. For example, to set the RW line high (1), we can execute the following insutrction:

SETB RW
HANDLING THE EN CONTROL LINE

As we mentioned above, the EN line is used to tell the LCD that you are ready for it to
execute an instruction that you've prepared on the data bus and on the other control lines.
Note that the EN line must be raised/lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD
regardless of whether that instruction is read or write, text or instruction. In short, you must
always manipulate EN when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCD's way of
knowing that you are talking to it. If you don't raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know you're
talking to it on the other lines.

Thus, before we interact in any way with the LCD we will always bring the EN line high
with the following instruction:

SETB EN

And once we've finished setting up our instruction with the other control lines and data bus
lines, we'll always bring this line back low:

CLR EN

Programming Tip: The LCD interprets and executes our command at the instant the
EN line is brought low. If you never bring EN low, your instruction will never be
executed. Additionally, when you bring EN low and the LCD executes your
instruction, it requires a certain amount of time to execute the command. The time it
requires to execute an instruction depends on the instruction and the speed of the
crystal which is attached to the 44780's oscillator input.

CHECKING THE BUSY STATUS OF THE LCD

As previously mentioned, it takes a certain amount of time for each instruction to be

executed by the LCD. The delay varies depending on the frequency of the crystal attached to
the oscillator input of the 44780 as well as the instruction which is being executed.

While it is possible to write code that waits for a specific amount of time to allow the LCD to
execute instructions, this method of "waiting" is not very flexible. If the crystal frequency is
changed, the software will need to be modified. Additionally, if the LCD itself is changed for
another LCD which, although 44780 compatible, requires more time to perform its
operations, the program will not work until it is properly modified.

A more robust method of programming is to use the "Get LCD Status" command to
determine whether the LCD is still busy executing the last instruction received.

The "Get LCD Status" command will return to us two tidbits of information; the information
that is useful to us right now is found in DB7. In summary, when we issue the "Get LCD
Status" command the LCD will immediately raise DB7 if it's still busy executing a command
or lower DB7 to indicate that the LCD is no longer occupied. Thus our program can query
the
LCD until DB7 goes low, indicating the LCD is no longer busy. At that point we are free to
continue and send the next command.

Since we will use this code every time we send an instruction to the LCD, it is useful to
make it a subroutine. Let's write the code:

WAIT_LCD:

SETB EN ;Start LCD command

CLR RS ;It's a command
SETB RW ;It's a read command
MOV DATA,#0FFh ;Set all pins to FF initially
MOV A,DATA ;Read the return value
JB ACC.7,WAIT_LCD ;If bit 7 high, LCD still busy
CLR EN ;Finish the command
CLR RW ;Turn off RW for future commands
RET

Thus, our standard practice will be to send an instruction to the LCD and then call our
WAIT_LCD routine to wait until the instruction is completely executed by the LCD. This
will assure that our program gives the LCD the time it needs to execute instructions and also
makes our program compatible with any LCD, regardless of how fast or slow it is.

INITIALIZING THE LCD

Before you may really use the LCD, you must initialize and configure it. This is
accomplished by sending a number of initialization instructions to the LCD.

The first instruction we send must tell the LCD whether we'll be communicating with it with
an 8-bit or 4-bit data bus. We also select a 5x8 dot character font. These two options are
selected by sending the command 38h to the LCD as a command. As you will recall from the
last section, we mentioned that the RS line must be low if we are sending a command to the
LCD. Thus, to send this 38h command to the LCD we must execute the following 8051
instructions:

SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#38h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
Programming Tip: The LCD command 38h is really the sum of a number of option
bits. The instruction itself is the instruction 20h ("Function set"). However, to this we
add the values 10h to indicate an 8-bit data bus plus 08h to indicate that the display is
a two-line display.
We've now sent the first byte of the initialization sequence. The second byte of the
initialization sequence is the instruction 0Eh. Thus we must repeat the initialization code
from above, but now with the instruction. Thus the next code segment is:

SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#0Eh
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD

The last byte we need to send is used to configure additional operational parameters of the
LCD. We must send the value 06h.

SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#06h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD

Programming Tip: The command 06h is really the instruction 04h plus 02h to
configure the LCD such that every time we send it a character, the cursor position
automatically moves to the right.

So, in all, our initialization code is as follows:

INIT_LCD:

SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#38h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#0Eh
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#06h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
RET
Having executed this code the LCD will be fully initialized and ready for us to send display
data to it.

CLEARING THE DISPLAY

When the LCD is first initialized, the screen should automatically be cleared by the 44780
controller. However, it's always a good idea to do things yourself so that you can be
completely sure that the display is the way you want it. Thus, it's not a bad idea to clear the
screen as the very first opreation after the LCD has been initialiezd.

An LCD command exists to accomplish this function. Not suprisingly, it is the command
01h. Since clearing the screen is a function we very likely will wish to call more than once,
it's a good idea to make it a subroutine:

CLEAR_LCD:

SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#01h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
RET

How that we've written a "Clear Screen" routine, we may clear the LCD at any time by
simply executing an LCALL CLEAR_LCD.

Programming Tip: Executing the "Clear Screen" instruction on the LCD also
positions the cursor in the upper left-hand corner as we would expect.

WRITING TEXT TO THE LCD

Now we get to the real meat of what we're trying to do: All this effort is really so we can
display text on the LCD. Really, we're pretty much done.

Once again, writing text to the LCD is something we'll almost certainly want to do over and
over--so let's make it a subroutine.

WRITE_TEXT:

SETB EN
SETB RS
MOV DATA,A
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
RET
The WRITE_TEXT routine that we just wrote will send the character in the accumulator to
the LCD which will, in turn, display it. Thus to display text on the LCD all we need to do is
load the accumulator with the byte to display and make a call to this routine.

A "HELLO WORLD" PROGRAM

Now that we have all the component subroutines written, writing the classic "Hello World"
program--which displays the text "Hello World" on the LCD is a relatively trivial matter.
Consider:

LCALL INIT_LCD
LCALL CLEAR_LCD
MOV A,#'H'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'E'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'L'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'L'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'O'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#' '
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'W'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'O'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'R'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'L'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'D'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT

The above "Hello World" program should, when executed, initialize the LCD, clear the LCD
screen, and display "Hello World" in the upper left-hand corner of the display.

CURSOR POSITIONING

The above "Hello World" program is simplistic in the sense that it prints its text in the upper
left-hand corner of the screen. However, what if we wanted to display the word "Hello" in
the upper left-hand corner but wanted to display the word "World" on the second line at the
tenth
character? This sounds simple--and actually, it is simple. However, it requires a little more
understanding of the design of the LCD.

The 44780 contains a certain amount of memory which is assigned to the display. All the
text we write to the 44780 is stored in this memory, and the 44780 subsequently reads this
memory to display the text on the LCD itself. This memory can be represented with the
following "memory map":

Thus, the first character in the upper left-hand corner is at address 00h. The following
character position (character #2 on the first line) is address 01h, etc. This continues until we
reach the 16th character of the first line which is at address 0Fh.

However, the first character of line 2, as shown in the memory map, is at address 40h. This
means if we write a character to the last position of the first line and then write a second
character, the second character will not appear on the second line. That is because the second
character will effectively be written to address 10h--but the second line begins at address
40h.

Thus we need to send a command to the LCD that tells it to position the cursor on the second
line. The "Set Cursor Position" instruction is 80h. To this we must add the address of the
location where we wish to position the cursor. In our example, we said we wanted to display
"World" on the second line on the tenth character position.

Referring again to the memory map, we see that the tenth character position of the second
line is address 4Ah. Thus, before writing the word "World" to the LCD, we must send a "Set
Cursor Position" instruction--the value of this command will be 80h (the instruction code to
position the cursor) plus the address 4Ah. 80h + 4Ah = C4h. Thus sending the command C4h
to the LCD will position the cursor on the second line at the tenth character position:

SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#0C4h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD

The above code will position the cursor on line 2, character 10. To display "Hello" in the
upper left-hand corner with the word "World" on the second line at character position 10 just
requires us to insert the above code into our existing "Hello World" program. This results in
the following:

LCALL INIT_LCD
LCALL CLEAR_LCD
 MOV A,#'H'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'E'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'L'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'L'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'O'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
SETB EN
CLR RS
MOV DATA,#0C4h
CLR EN
LCALL WAIT_LCD
MOV A,#'W'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'O'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'R'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'L'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT
MOV A,#'D'
LCALL WRITE_TEXT

PIN WISE DETAIL OF LCD

1. Vss GROUND

2. Vcc +5VOLT SUPPLY

3 Vee POWER SUPPLY TO CONTROL CONTRAST

4. RS RS = 0 TO SELECT COMMAND REGISTER

RS = 1 TO SELECT DATA REGISTER

5. R/W R/W = 0 FOR WRITE

R/W = 1 FOR READ

6 E ENABLE

7 DB0

8 DB1
9. DB2

10. DB3

11. DB4

12. DB5

13. DB6

14. DB7

15 ,16 FOR BACK LIGHT DISPLAY

A 16X2 LCD has two registers, namely, command and data. The register select is used to
switch from one register to other. RS=0 for command register, whereas RS=1 for data
register.

Command Register: The command register stores the command instructions given to the
LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. Processing for
commands happen in the command register.

Data Register: The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the
ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we send data to LCD it goes
to the data register and is processed there. When RS=1, data register is selected

IMPORTANT COMMAND CODES FOR LCD

Sr.No. Command to LCD instruction

Hex Code
Register

1 01 Clear display screen

2 02 Return home

3 04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

4 06 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

5 05 Shift display right

6 07 Shift display left

7 08 Display off, cursor off

 8 0A Display off, cursor on

9 0C Display on, cursor off

10 0E Display on, cursor blinking

11 0F Display on, cursor blinking

12 10 Shift cursor position to left

13 14 Shift cursor position to right

14 18 Shift the entire display to the left

15 1C Shift the entire display to the right

16 80 Force cursor to beginning ( 1st line)

17 C0 Force cursor to beginning ( 2nd line)

18 38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

LED Indicators
INTRODUCTION: Introduction to LED Lighting

Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a relatively old technology, circa 1970, that has
advanced from numeric displays and indicator lights to a range of new downlighting.
LEDs offer benefits applications, including exit signs, accent lights, task lights, traffic
lights, automobile lighting, signage, wall sconces, and outdoor lighting and
such as small size, long lamp life, low heat output, energy savings and durability. They
also allow extraordinary design flexibility in color changing, dimming and distribution
by combining these small units into desired shapes, colors, sizes and lumen packages.
Characteristics

LEDs are solid state semiconductor devices. LED illumination is achieved when a
semiconductor crystal is excited so that it directly produces visible light in a desired
wavelength range (color). LED units are small, typically 5mm (T 1-3/4).
Method of Operation

When an LED unit is activated, a power supply converts AC voltage into sufficient DC
voltage, which is applied across the diode semiconductor crystal. This results in
electrons (negative charge carriers [N]) in the diode’s electron transport layer and holes
(positive charge carriers [P]) in the diode’s hole transport layer combining at the P-N
junction and converting their excess energy into light. The LED is sealed in a clear or
diffuse plastic lens that can provide a range of angular distributions of the light.
Color

The color composition of the light being emitted by the LED is based on the chemical
composition of the material being excited. LEDs are available that can produce colors
including white, deep blue, blue, green, yellow, amber, orange, red, bright red and deep
red.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LED INDICATOR

 MOTOR DRIVER

Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the control

circuits. Motor require high amount of current whereas the controller circuit works on low
current signals. So the function of motor drivers is to take a low-current control signal and
then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor.

FIG:Block Diagram Of Motor Driver

MOTOR
An electric motor is an  electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic
field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on
the motor's shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as
from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a
power grid, inverters or electrical generators. An electric generator is mechanically identical
to an electric motor, but operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, internal
construction, application and type of motion output. In addition to AC versus DC types,
motors may be brushed or brushless may be of various phase see single-phase two-phase
or three-phase and may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled. General-purpose motors with
standard dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial
use. The largest electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression
and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors are
found in industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power
tools and disk drives. Small motors may be found in electric watches.
In certain applications, such as in regenerative braking with traction motors electric motors
can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as heat
and friction. Electric motors produce linear or rotary force (torque) intended to propel some
external mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for
continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size.
Magnetic solenoids produce significant mechanical force, but over an operating distance
comparable to their size. Transducers such as loudspeakers and microphones convert
between electrical current and mechanical force to reproduce signals such as speech. When
compared with common internal combustion engines (ICEs), electric motors are lightweight,
physically smaller, provide more power output, are mechanically simpler and cheaper to
build, while providing instant and consistent torque at any speed, with more responsiveness.

GATE

When the motor will run in clockwise direction then the gate will open and when it runs
in anti-clockwise direction then it will be closed.If the peson is authorised then the card
is valid and green indicator blinks otherwise red.

POWER SUPPLY
GENERATION:

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct
voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes
referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces of
equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter
include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Other
functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe
levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent
electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction,
and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in
the source power (uninterruptible power supply).

All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of electric
current from a source, and one or more power output connections that deliver current to the load.
The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as an electrical outlet, energy
storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar power converters, or
another power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired circuit connections, though
some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to power their loads without wired
connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions
such as external monitoring and control.
 APPLICATIONS:

 Used in office/schools for attendance management.

 Used for inventory tracking.
 Used to avoid fraudulent/stolen products from malls and super markets.
 In constructions industries RFID technology can be used to manage materials.
 Used in Real Time Location systems (RTLS) for tracking the location of a particular asset or an
employee.
 Used to lock and unlock the doors.
 And many more.

FREQUENCY RANGE BY RFID TECHNOLOGY

We know that the Radio frequency range is from 3 kHz to 300 GHz but the RFID
generally uses Radio frequencies in ranges within the Radio frequency (RF) band
categorized as below:

 Low frequency RFID: Its range is in between 30 kHz to 500 kHz but the exact
frequency used by it is 125 kHz. Its detection range is 10 -15 cm.
 High frequency RFID: Its range is in between 3 MHz to 30 MHz, the exact
frequency used by the module is 13.56 MHz. Its detection range is up to 1.5 meters.
 Ultra High frequency RFID: Its range is 300 MHz to 960 MHz but the exact
frequency used is 433 MHz. The detection range is up to 20 meters.
 Microwave RFID: It uses a frequency of 2.45 GHz and the detection range is up to
100 meters far.

So based on the application and the detection range required the suitable RFID should be
chosen. The detection range varies based on the size of antenna size and tuning.

CHAPTER 3
BASIC ELEMENTS USED
RESISTOR
INTRODUCTION

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial

resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal
value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

ELECTRONICS SYMBOLS AND NOTATION

Two typical schematic diagram symbols are as follows:

Fig. (a) resistor, (b) rheostat (variable resistor), and

(c) potentiometer)

THEORY OF OPERATION

The hydraulic analogy compares electric current flowing through circuits to water flowing
through pipes. When a pipe (left) is clogged with hair (right), it takes a larger pressure to
achieve the same flow of water. Pushing electric current through a large resistance is like
 pushing water through a pipe clogged with hair: It requires a larger push (voltage) to drive
the same flow (electric current).

Fig: resistance operation

Ohm's law

The behaviour of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified by Ohm's law:

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I), where
the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R). For example, if a 300 ohm resistor is
attached across the terminals of a 12 volt battery, then a current of 12 / 300 =
0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.

Practical resistors also have some inductance and capacitance which affect the relation
between voltage and current in alternating current circuits.

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm.
An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured
over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm

(1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ = 10 6 Ω) are also in common
usage.

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS

The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their individual resistance
values.
The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistors.

For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and a 15 ohm
resistor produces 1/1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15 ohms of resistance, or 30/11 = 2.727 ohms.

A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up
into smaller parts that are either one or the other. Some complex networks of resistors cannot
be resolved in this manner, requiring more sophisticated circuit analysis. Generally, the Y-Δ
transform, or matrix methods can be used to solve such problems.

CAPACITOR
INTRODUCTION

Fig: Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in

an electric field The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor
is specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of practical
applications by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced conductors,
and the intervening dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first known as
an electric condenser.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many capacitor
types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in
the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be
a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The non-conducting dielectric acts
to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used
as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal
capacitor does not dissipate energy.

When two conductors experience a potential difference, for example, when a capacitor is
attached across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net
positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate.
No current actually flows through the dielectric, however, there is a flow of charge through
the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the
source circuit ceases. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging
cycles of the capacitor.

Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI) is
the farad (F), defined as one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Capacitance values of typical
capacitors for use in general electronics range from about 1 pF (10 −12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3
F).

The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the plates (conductors)
and inversely related to the gap between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates
passes a small amount of leakage current. It has an electric field strength limit, known as
the breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output
of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric
power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy
storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers.
 TRANSISTOR

Fig: Transistor BC548

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor
can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect
transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time.
The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by
American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor
revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of
IEEE milestones in electronics and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel
Prize in Physics for their achievement.
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be
used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as

computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages
used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator
plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In
an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may
be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that
all customers receive steady voltage independent of how
much
power is drawn from the line. Fig: Voltage Regulator
 CHAPTER 4
RFID BASED SMART CARD TICKETING SYSTEM

(UNIVERSAL SMART CARD)

INTRODUCTION
As for the RFID application, it’s been a widespread tool for both tracking the transit transports and for
the public ticketing system. It’s already been an outstanding achievement throughout the globe
including big cities like London, Helsinki, Shanghai, Istanbul, Moscow, Porto and many more. The
system can be implemented for subways, railways and public bus services for the sake of systematic
operations in corresponding cases. In the megacities, the conventional system of public transport is
based on paper based bus or railway tickets that ultimately lead to chaos among public, system loss,
corruption and most of all traffic jam that is responsible for a huge wastage of time. No prior
notification of the arrival and departure of the transports are available creating a lot of confusion
among the passengers resulting in a rough argument between them and the bus supervisors or the
operators. Again having no government authority to take control or keep an eye over the whole
scenario, the private sectors are creating a monopoly, taking control over the public transport and
autocratic raise in bus fair.The tracking and ticketing systems using RFID can be merged to solve the
prevailing problems. Even though the GPS based system can be designed, we propose the RFID based
tickets for its low cost, easy operation, portability, durability, reliability and being much more user
friendly. Also the high speed RFID tags and detectors make the tracking system of a running bus
merely a child’s play. Public carrying RFID based electronic tickets will have access to any bus
service of the city only entering his current location and his destination on the keypad attached to
every bus. The data will directly be transferred to the server main database and the equivalent credit
will be stored in the corresponding bus account. Also the screen at every bus stop will notify the
passengers, the departure time of the last bus of any route. This automated system will save time, have
a higher authoritative inspection and reduce chaos and confusion on the road.
This work helps in situations like overpopulation in transportation systems. At these situations, the
conductor may not be able to give proper tickets to all the passengers and also he/she cannot verify if
proper change is given to the passenger and all passengers have got their tickets. So we can use an
efficient method as RFIDs by not giving the ticket in the form of paper instead collecting the fare from
it according to their distance travelled and it also reduces the consumption of papers that are used for
printing the tickets as the passenger is always carrying the RFID.The RFID contains the data’s of the
passenger and also the fare is also debited it from it. RFID is one of the known technologies which are
nowadays used in many areas for identification and security purposes. The passengers carrying the
RFID are advised to swipe it in the RFID reader, so that the fare can be collected from it. Infrared
sensors are generally used for the detection of the presence of any persons or objects, so using this
concept we are counting the number of passengers entering the bus. These sensors are placed at the
entry levels of the bus at both sides. The distance is calculated using the U-slot sensor and motor.
Generally slot sensors are used to find the position of any non-contact objects and it is combined with
motor to find the distance according to the areas the bus was travelling.
 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to
automatically identify and track product, animal, or person by means of using RFID tags that are
applied or incorporated on them. An RFID system consists of For the purpose of Bus Identification,
the tags are embedded into the bus. Each bus will have two tags: one is at front and other is at rear.
The front tag will inform the reader about its arrival to the bus stop whereas the rear one informs its
departure. Each bus will also have a reader that is connected to the main server for charging of ticket
fare from the passengers through a keypad attached with the reader on which the passengers give the
information of their departure & destination locations. The reader sends the electromagnetic waves to
the tag. The tags draw the power from this wave and return back the bus information, which are stored
in its memory to reader. The readers again demodulate this wave and convert it as a digital data. For
the purpose of Ticketing, the operational feature of the cards is almost the same but here the tags are
attached to special cards carried by the passengers and the reader collects the detail from them. By
using RFID technology in ticketing system, allowing passengers to "tag on" and "tag off" and be
charged automatically, according to how many zones they have travelled. a tag, basically a microchip
with an antenna and an interrogator or reader with an antenna. Most RFID tags contain at least two
parts that is shown in figure1. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information,
modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The
second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. The reader It sends out electromagnetic
waves. The tag antenna is tuned to receive these waves. A passive RFID tag draws power from field
created by the reader and uses it to power the microchip's circuits. The chip then modulates the waves
that the tag sends back to the reader and the reader converts the new waves into digital data.
PTS remains the major source of income in most of the developing countries like India. ButPTS now
faces severe malfunction and various security problems. First, there is a lot of confusion between the
passengers regarding fares which lead to quarrels and corruption. In addition to this, nowadays there is
a severe security crisis in PTS due antisocial elements. The user friendly automated ticketing system
suggested in this paper will not only automatically deduct the passenger’s fare according to the
distance travelled but also detect the passenger’s identification. This is possible by use of RFID cards
and GPS, and can be used to make the transaction and travelling very precise. This paper basically
deals with the identification and ticketing of the passengers travelling by the bus. Also discusses
possible future extensions of this system in areas such as Internet–of-Things (IoT).The idea of using
RFID in PTS was previously put forward by different personalities. But the system proposed here
stays closer to a future ticketing system than anything else. Usage of Raspberry Pi is another important
feature owing to possibilities of future expansions and alternations. With the advent of new systems to
replace Pi, smaller and more reliable systems are expected to come into existence.

RFID has been an emerging technology in recent years. RFID technology can be effectively employed
in number of applications due to its penchant for efficiency.As for its application, it’s been a
widespread tool for both tracking the transit transports. A fundamental system of RFID consists of two
primary components: The reader circuit and tag, details of which are discussed later.The usage of
RFID has a great advantage as it is considered to be an integral part of IoT. IoT refers to a global
network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects through exploitation of data capture and
communication capabilities .Identification of objects is a huge task ahead of IoT and usage of RFID in
PTS can be considered a step towards implementing IoT.The proposed system mainly acts to bring out
the consistency among various bus agencies that will conclude in uniform access of passengers in
daily rides through an automated server being updated every single time the passengers travel by
carrying the RFID based tickets.
METHODS
GPS is the latest technology used in various fields such as navigation , tracking and also in some
of surveillance applications. Here we are going to use this GPS to calculate the distance travelled
by the passenger. GPS module can configured to generate the latitude and longitude of the current
position of the bus. The position of the bus can be monitored continuously using this GPS module.
Smart cards can provide identification, authentication, data storage and application processing
.These smart cards can be used as passenger identifications. Every passenger carries a smart card.
The smart card has the information such as user identification number, available balance and
status register . These smart cards should be capable of recharging, so that the passenger can use it
again and again. Combining GPS technology and smart cards we can design a complete bus
ticketing system.

Ticketing system without human resource-Conductor is implemented using RFID tag which is
rechargeable one. Accident information is intimated to nearest hospital, where as nearest hospital
is detected using GPS and information transformation is done with the help of GSM Module.

PROPOSED METHOD AND WORKING

Ticketing system without human resource-Conductor is implemented using RFID tag which is
rechargeable one. Accident information is intimated to nearest hospital, where as nearest hospital
is detected using GPS and information transformation is done with the help of GSM Module.

WORKING
In fare collection system, there are three modes

• Admin mode

• User mode

• Auto mode

1)Admin mode

When admin mode is selected, three options will be displayed

• Distance  < 50km  > 50km • Tag number • Recharge user card

2)User mode

When enter into the bus, select the destination by showing the digital ticket. So bus will stop in
responsible stop automatically and intimate with buzzer sound.
3)Auto mode

When this mode is selected, fare will be collected automatically by distance calculation. Here
distance is calculated when passenger get out of bus without any swiping operation done when
exit.

Connection
Diagram
Connection
(Hardware)
Diagram
(Hardware)
FIG: CONNECTION DIAGRAM (HARDWARE
DESCRIPTION)
 COMPONENTS USED

o RFIDModules & Cards

o Arduino Pro Mini Uno Compatible Board

o Resistors (10k,1k,560 ohms)

o Transistor bc 547

HARDWARE/SOFTWARE USED
The main components of the system include RFID tags, RFID reader,LCD, DC motor etc.

Brief descriptions of each are given below:

1.RFID Tag: RFID tags are the components which are utilized for the purpose of identification.
The tag has a microchip and an integrated antenna. Corresponding to each tag, the microchip
contains unique digital data. The most significant feature of RFID tag is the uniqueness exhibited
by each of them. When the tag is read, digital data in the chip is send through radio frequency
interference technique. These cards may be of different size and range. Passive tags with no
batteries have long life and shorter reading range and are ideal for mass identification process
giving the advantage of low cost. Cards shaped S50 RFID cards are ideal for the usage here.

2. RFID Reader: The unique digital data of tag is decoded with the use of RFID reader. The
RFID reader transmits an electromagnetic wave which is input to the tag. RFID tag is energized
due to these electromagnetic waves hence resulting in the production of a confined magnetic field,
which has an interference pattern. This interference pattern which when read by a RFID reader
would produce the unique number assigned to the RFID tag and thus the address of the tag is
obtained. It should be noted that the address defers from each RFID tag as they are provided by
EPCglobal and hence it offers complete resistance to duplication. Here we use MFRC522 reader
for reading passive tags.

3. DC motor: A DC motor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position,
velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback.
It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically
for use with servomotors. Door handling system is controlled by servomotor. For heavy loads,
stepper motors can be used instead. Selection of motor depends on the weight of door, its
operating mechanism etc.
 4.Display unit: Cheapest display unit available is LCD. But Pi has an advantage that other
display units can be connected to it directly through display port.

5.Arduino Pro Mini:

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, an on-board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin headers. A
six pin header can be connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun breakout board to
provide USB power and communication to the board.
The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent installation in objects or
exhibitions. The board comes without pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of
various types of connectors or direct soldering of wires. The pin layout is compatible
with the Arduino Mini. 
There are two version of the Pro Mini. One runs at 3.3V and 8 MHz, the other at 5V
and 16 MHz.

SOFTWARE USED: (Arduino)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other
vendor development boards.
 TASK OF MODULE

The term RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification, as the name defines
the operation of the device is based on the Radio frequency signals. The RFID
systems consists of RFID Reader and a tag which is normally used in
identification and tracking of objects. Before discussing more about the RFID,
let’s see the uniqueness of this technology and its general application. Today in
most cases barcodes are used for identifying an item in a warehouse or a
supermarket using a barcode scanner, this existing system can be upgraded with
the RFID technology. Similar to barcode the RFID can also give unique
identification number to all products but the added advantage is unlike the barcode
system’s line of sight, this system can detect the RFID tag within its proximity
range. Meaning you do not need a human to search for the barcode and point the
barcode scanner on it. With this feature most of the system can be automated and
human intervention can be minimized because the tag can be scanned and billed
automatically when it reaches the RFID reader. RFID door locks and RFID
attendance system are very popular now days and many hotels provide provide
RFID tag to their customer to lock and unlock the door.
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT

The system is fully automated, reliable, transparent and convenient. This can also be used in vehicle
on highways, their toll payment and in the bus ticketing system with small modifications. The cards
being reusable, they are much more convenient compared to the paper based ticketing system. The
card is to be used as a universal travel pass card that will allow any transportation on any route.
Initially the RFID system was made operative with Pi. Then the control over door handling with the
use of RFID tags and reader are made possible. A GPS service was added for the distance
measurement.
Following this, a database was created and accessed via internet using a USB modem. Programs
for above steps were integrated into one program. Fare calculation and internet database access
were included for complete program. A model of bus was created and entire system was made
operational in it

APPLICATIONS
System can be implemented in following:
1) BUS
2) Railway
3) Travels
 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

The system is expected to be fully automated, reliable, transparent and convenient. The
whole system can also be used in vehicle on highways, their toll payment and in the
railway ticketing system with small or no modification. The cards being reusable, they
are much more convenient compared to the paper based ticketing system. The card also
can be used to be a universal travel pass card that will allow any transportation on any
route. Any unwanted events can be avoided as all the person carrying RFID tickets are
monitored every time they travel. Also the possibilities of reducing traffic jams, chaos
in the bus stoppage.

By implementing this project as real time project, many disadvantage in ticketing system
is rectified and the implementation of sending accident occurrence information
automatically to the nearest hospital may save many life. Fare is debited from RFID tag
where tag is rechargeable one.
This can also be implemented in other places like toll gates, schools etc.
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCE

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