Chapter 12 – Inequalities and linear

programming

Solutions to Exercise 12A

1
a

2
a

e
Solutions to Exercise 12B
1 3
a 7<9 a x≤7

b 3>2 b x≥1

c 7+1=9–1 c 0<x≤6

d 0.5 < 1 d 3<x<6

e 8>4 e –1 ≤ x < 4

f –3 < 1 4
a 3x ≥ 15
g –2 < –1 3x ÷ 3 ≥ 15 ÷ 3
x≥5
h 0 < 0.5

2
a b 20x < 100
20x ÷ 20 < 100 ÷ 20
x<5

c 2x > –4
2x ÷ 2 > –4 ÷ 2
c x > –2

d 9x ≥ 36
d
9x ÷ 9 ≥ 36 ÷ 9
x≥4

e
e –12 ≤ 6x < 24
–12 ÷ 6 ≤ 6x ÷ 6 < 24 ÷ 6
–2 ≤ x < 4
f

f 10 < 5x ≤ 25
10 ÷ 5 < 5x ÷ 5 ≤ 25 ÷ 5
2<x≤5
5
a 13 ≤ x < 20 years
b

6
a 0 ≤ w ≤ 7 kg (0 kg is for no hand luggage)
b
Solutions to Exercise 12C
1 e x<2
a x≤1

f –2 ≤ y ≤ 2
b x > –2

g –1 < x < 2
c y≤5

h 3<x≤5
d y>1

i –3 ≤ y < 0
Solutions to Exercise 12D
1 Point (0, 0). f 5y – 2x ≥ 8
a x+y≥0 5(2) – 2(1) ≥ 8
(0) + (0) ≥ 0 10 – 2 ≥ 8
0 ≥ 0 is true, so it lies in the region. 8 ≥ 8 is true, so it lies in the region.

b x+y<4 3
(0) + (0) < 4 a y–x≤5
0 < 4 is true, so it lies in the region.

c 2x + y > 2
2(0) + (0) > 2
0 > 2 is not true, so it doesn’t lie in the
region.

d 3x – 2y ≥ 3
3(0) – 2(0) ≥ 3
0 ≥ 3 is not true, so it doesn’t lie in the b 2x – y ≤ 4
region.

e y – 2x > 5
(0) – 2(0) >5
0 > 5 is not true, so it doesn’t lie in the
region.

f x – 3y < 6
(0) – 3(0) < 6
0 < 6 is true, so it lies in the region.

2 Point (1, 2) c x–y<3

a x+y≥0
(1) + (2) ≥ 0
3 ≥ 0 is true, so it lies in the region.

b x+y<0
(1) + (2) < 0
3 < 0 is not true, so it doesn’t lie in the
region.

c 2x + y > 2
2(1) + (2) > 2 d x + y ≥ 10
4 > 2 is true, so it lies in the region.

d 3x – 2y ≥ 3
3(1) – 2(2) ≥ 3
3–4≥3
–1 ≥ 3 is not true, so it doesn’t lie in the
region.

e 2x + 3y > 5
2(1) + 3(2) > 5
2+6>5
8 > 5 is true, so it lies in the region.
e 3x + y ≤ 9 h 2y – 5x > 5

f 5x + 3y ≥ 15 i y – x > –3

g 3y – 5x < 15
Solutions to Exercise 12E
1 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 10 7 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 4x + y ≥ 12, 3x + 6y ≥ 30

2 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 2x + 3y ≤ 12

3 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 3x + 5y ≥ 15

4 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 6, 2x + 3y ≤ 15
Solutions to Exercise 12F
The exact method used will vary depending on
the CAS calculator used.

1 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 3x + y ≤ 6, x + 2y ≤ 7

2 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 5x + 2y ≥ 20, 5x + 6y ≥ 30

3 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 2x – y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 30
Solutions to Exercise 12G
1 P = x + 2y (maximum)
A(0, 0): P = (0) + 2(0)
=0
B(10, 20): P = (10) + 2(20)
= 50
C(30, 0): P = (30) + 2(0)
= 30
Maximum is P = 50 at (10, 20).
5 C = x + y (minimum)
A(0, 12): C = (0) + (12)
= 12
B(2, 4): C = (2) + (4)
=6
C(10, 0): C = (10) + (0)
= 10
Hence, C = 6; (2, 4) is minimum.

2 P = 4x + 2y (maximum)
Read from graph.
A(0, 0): P = 4(0) + 2(0)
=0
B(0, 5): P = 4(0) + 2(5)
= 10
C(3, 3): P = 4(3) + 2(3)
= 18
D(6, 0): P = 4(6) + 2(0)
= 24
Maximum is P = 24 at (6, 0).
6 C = 2x + 2y (minimum)
A(0, 5): C = 2(0) + 2(5)
= 10
B(5, 0): C = 2(5) + 2(0)
= 10
C = 10 at (0, 5) and (5, 0) and all points
along the line, so there is no unique
minimum.

3 P = 3x + 4y (maximum)
A(0, 0): P = 3(0) + 4(0)
=0
B(0, 10): P = 3(0) + 4(10)
= 40
C(2, 12): P = 3(2) + 4(12)
= 54
D(12, 0): P = 3(12) + 4(0)
= 36
Maximum is P = 54 at (2, 12).

4 C = 3x + 5y (minimum)
A(0, 10): C = 3(0) + 5(10)
= 50
B(3, 2.5): C = 3(3) + 5(2.5)
= 21.5
C(6, 0): C = 3(6) + 5(0)
= 18
Minimum is C = 18 at (6, 0).
Solutions to Exercise 12H
1 2.4 hours and Polarfox jackets take 3.2
a x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, since x and y cannot be hours to make.
negative.
x + y ≤ 8 (machine A time) b First equation is 2x + 2y = 520
2x + 4y ≤ 24 (machine B time), since To determine the unknown y-intersection,
Wigits take 2 hours and Gigits take 4 let x = 0.
hours on Machine B. 2(0) + 2y = 520
2y = 520
b Equation is 2x + 4y = 24 y = 260: (0, 260)
To determine the other y-intersection (B), To determine the x-intersection (D),
let x = 0. let y = 0.
2(0) + 4y = 24 2x + 2(0) = 520
4y = 24 2x = 520
y = 6: B(0, 6) x = 260: D (260, 0)
To determine the other x-intersection, let y = 0.
2x + 4 (0) = 24 Second equation is 2.4x + 3.2y = 672
2x = 24
x = 12: (12, 0) To determine the x-intersection (E),
let y = 0.
The intersection point (C) can be found 2.4x + 3.2 (0) = 672
when both equations are solved 2.4x = 672
simultaneously: x = 280: E (280, 0)

The intersection point (C) can be found

Multiply the top equation by 0.5: when both equations are solved
simultaneously:

Take the (new) top equation and subtract the

(new) bottom equation from it: Multiply the top equation by 6 and multiply
the second equation by 5:

Substitute into x + y = 8:
Take the (new) second equation and
subtract the (new) top equation from it:
Point of intersection: C(4, 4)

c P = 200x + 360y, since a Wigit earns $200

profit and Gigits earn $360 profit.
Substitute into 2x + 2y = 520:
d P = 200x + 360y 2x + 2(60) = 520
C(4, 4): P = 200(4) + 360(4) = $2240 2x = 520 – 120 = 400
Maximum is P = $2240 at (4, 4), making 4 x = 200
Wigits and 4 Gigits per day. Point of intersection: C(200, 60)

2 c P = 36x + 42y, since the profit is $36 for a

a x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, since x and y cannot be Polarbear and $42 for a Polarfox jacket.
negative.
2x + 2y ≤ 520 (material availability), since d P = 36x + 42y
Polarbear jackets require 2 m of material C(200, 60): P = 36(200) + 42(60)
and there is 520 m of material available. = $9720
2.4x + 3.2y ≤ 672 (worker time
availability), since Polarbear jackets take
 Maximum is P = $9720 at (200, 60), 2x + 2y ≤ 8 (sawing)
making 200 Polarbear and 60 Polarfox 3x + 6y ≤ 18 (planing)
jackets. P = 500x + 600y

3 b Equations are 2x + 2y = 8 and 3x + 6y = 18.

a x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 To determine the y-intersections, let x = 0.
45x + 30y ≤ 450 (people) 2(0) + 2y = 8 3(0) + 6y = 18
3x + 4y ≤ 36 (equipment) y = 4: (0,4) y = 3: (0, 3)
To determine the x-intersections, let y = 0.
b Equation is 3x + 4y = 36
2x + 2(0) = 8 3x + 6 (0) = 18
To determine the other y-intersection,
x = 4: (4, 0) x = 3: (6, 0)
let x = 0.
3(0) + 4y = 36 The intersection point can be found when
4y = 36 both equations are solved simultaneously:
y = 9: (0, 9)
Equation is 45x + 30y = 450
Multiply the first equation by 3 and the
To determine the other x-intersection, second by 2:
let y = 0.
45x + 30(0) = 450
45x = 450 Take the (new) second equation and
x = 10: (10, 0) subtract the (new) top equation from it:
The intersection point (B) can be found
when both equations are solved
simultaneously:
Substitute into 2x + 2y = 8:

Multiply equation 1 by 15:

Point of intersection (2, 2)
Subtract the (new) bottom equation from
the (new) top equation:

Substitute into 3x + 4y = 36:

c C = 500x + 600y
Point of intersection: B (8, 3)
(2, 2): C = 500(2) + 600(2)
= $2200
c C = 3600x + 3200y, because Redhawks
Maximum is C = $2200 at (2, 2), making
cost $3600 an hour to run and Blackjets
2 cubic metres of each.
cost $3200 an hour to run.
5
d C = 3600x + 3200y
a x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
B(8, 3): C = 3600(8) + 3200(3)
12x + 20y ≥ 15 (vitamin B1)
= $38 400
40x + 25y ≥ 30 (vitamin B2)
Minimum is C = $38 400 at B(8, 3), using
8 Redhawks and 3 Blackjets.
b C = 5x + 4.5y
4
c Equations are 12x + 20y = 15 and
a x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
40x + 25y = 30.
 To determine the y-intersections, let x = 0. = $4.41
12 (0) + 20y = 15 40 (0) + 25y = 30 Minimum is C = $4.41 at (0.45, 0.48),
y = 0.75 y = 1.2 mixing 0.45 kg of Healthystart and 0.48 kg
(0, 0.75) (0, 1.2) of Wakeup.
To determine the x-intersections, let y = 0.
12x + 20 (0) = 15 40x + 25(0) = 30
x = 1.25 x = 0.75
(1.25, 0) (0.75, 0)
The intersection point can be found when
both equations are solved simultaneously:

Multiply the first equation by 2 and the

second by 0.6:

Now take the (new) top equation and

subtract the (new) bottom equation from it:

Substitute into 12x + 20y = 15:

Point of intersection: (0.45, 0.48)

d C = 5x + 4.5y
(0.45, 0.48): C = 5(0.45) + 4.5(0.48)
Solutions to Exercise 12I
a There may be a maximum of 5 km of
cable A in an order.

b i

ii

iii

d i P = 150x + 100y

ii To find the maximum profit, we need to

test each individual ‘corner’ point. By
testing each point systematically, it can
be shown that the ‘corner’ point (2, 8)
will yield the maximum profit:
Solutions to Chapter Review Multiple-Choice Questions
1 The circles are open, which means the 9 The region displayed does not include the
inequality does not include those values. equation, but the origin (0, 0) lies above
Hence, the inequality is 1 < x < 7 B the line (test point).
Hence the inequality is y – 3x > 6 D
2 The circle is closed, which means it
includes that value. There is no end value. 10 Solve simultaneously.
Hence, the inequality is x ≤ 5 B 3x + 4y = 12 ①
3 The equation given is y = 8, with all lower x + 3y = 6 ②
values shaded. Multiply ② by –3:
Hence the inequality is y ≤ 8 D
3x + 4y = 12
–3x – 9y = –18
4 We substitute (2, 1) into each of the
–5y = –6
equations and check if it is true or false:
A: x + y = 2 + 1 = 3 (false, not ≥ 4 ) y = –6 = 1.2
–5
B: x + 3y = 2 + 3 × 1 = 5 (false, not < 5)
C: 2x – y = 2 × 2 – 1 = 3 (false, not > 3) Substitute into ①:
D: 3x – 2y = 3 × 2 – 2 × 1 = 4 (true, ≥ 3) 3x + 4(1.2) = 12
E: x + y = 2 + 1 = 3 (false, not > 3) D 3x + 4.8 = 12
3x = 7.2
x = 7.2 = 2.4
5 The equations given are x > 3 and x = 10, 3
with all values between shaded in. Point of intersection is (2.4, 1.2). D
Hence the inequality is 3 < x ≤ 10 B
11 The x values displayed are greater than 0,
6 y-intercept is (0, 4); the gradient is – 4 . the y values are greater than 0, but the test
5 point (0, 0) is included in the values.
Hence the equation is y = 4 – x 4 Hence the feasible region lies below the
5 line.
Rearrange the equation: The inequality is x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0,
5y = 5  4 – 4 x  x+y≤5 D
 5 
5y = 20 – 4x 12 The x values displayed are greater than 0,
4x + 5y = 20 D the y values are greater than 0, but the test
point (0, 0) is not included in the values.
7 y-intercept is (0,0); the gradient is 4 . Hence the feasible region lies above the
5 line.
Hence the equation is y = x 4 The inequality is x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + 2y ≥ 10,
5 4x + y ≥ 12 A
Rearrange the equation:
5y = 5  4 x  13 Objective function is C = 2x + y
5  A(0, 12): C = 2(0) + (12)
5y = 4x = 12
4x – 5y = 0 A B(2, 4): C = 2(2) + 4
=8
8 The region represented is greater than the C(10, 0): C = 2(10) + 0
equation given, and the solid line means = 20
that the equation is included in the values. Minimum value for the feasible region for
Hence the inequality is 5x + 2y ≥ 20 D the objective function is C = 8. C
14 Objective function is P = 4x + 3y
A(0, 10): P = 4(0) + 3(10)
= 30
B(6, 6): P = 4(6) + 3(6)
= 42
C(12, 0): P = 4(12) + 3(0)
= 48
Maximum value for the feasible region
for the objective function is P = 48. D
15 Let x = short coat and y = long coat
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Material is 2 m for each short coat and
3 m for each long coat, with a total of
450m available.
2x + 3y ≤ 450 (material) A
16 Let x = short coat and y = long coat
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Time is 2.5 hours for each short coat and
3.5 hours for each long coat, with a total
of 700 hours of work available.
2.5x + 3.5y ≤ 700 (hours) C
17 Let x = short coat and y = long coat
Profit is $40 for each short coat and $48
for each long coat.
P = 40x + 48y D
Solutions to Chapter Review Short-Answer Questions

1 5 The feasible region is shaded

2 The required region is shaded

3 The required region is shaded

4 The feasible region is shaded

Solutions to Chapter Review Extended-Response Questions
1 a Let x be the amount (in tonnes) of Standard Grade fertiliser made.
Let y be the amount (in tonnes) of Premium Grade fertiliser made.

The amounts of fertiliser cannot be negative,

∴ x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0

A tonne of Standard Grade fertiliser contains 0.8 tonnes of nitrate, and a tonne of
Premium Grade fertiliser contains 0.7 tonnes of nitrate.

Therefore the total amount of nitrate in a tonne of each of the fertilisers is given by
the expression 0.8x + 0.7y.

The company has 56 tonnes of nitrate to use,

∴ 0.8x + 0.7y ≤ 56

A tonne of Standard Grade fertiliser contains 0.2 tonnes of phosphate, and a tonne of
Premium Grade fertiliser contains 0.3 tonnes of phosphate.

Therefore the total amount of phosphate in a tonne of each of the fertilisers is given
by the expression 0.2x + 0.3y.

The company has 21 tonnes of phosphate to use,

∴ 0.2x + 0.3y ≤ 21

The company makes a profit of $600 per tonne on Standard Grade fertiliser and $750
per tonne on Premium Grade fertiliser,
∴ P = 600x + 750y

c From the graph, the corner points are (0, 70), (0, 0) and (70, 0) and (21, 56). We will
refer to them as A, B, C and D respectively.
We found the point D(21, 56) by solving the set of simultaneous equations:

0.8x + 0.7y = 56 …1
0.2x + 0.3y = 21 …2

Multiply 1 by 10

8x + 7y = 560 …3

Multiply 2 by 40

8x + 12y = 840 …4

Subtract 3 from 4

5y = 280
∴ y = 56

Substitute in 3

8x + 7 × 56 = 560
∴ 8x = 168
∴ x = 21

So the coordinates of D are (21, 56).

Consider the value of the profit function at each of the points A, B, C and D.
P = 600x + 750y
At A(0, 70), P = 600 × 0 + 750 × 70
= 52 500
At B(0, 0), P = 600 × 0 + 750 × 0
=0
At C(70, 0), P = 600 × 70 + 750 × 0
= 42 000
At D(21, 56), P = 600 × 21 + 750 × 56
= 54 600
The maximum value of P = 600x + 750y is 54 600.

The company should make 21 tonnes of Standard Grade fertiliser and 56 tonnes of
Premium Grade fertiliser to maximise its profit.

The maximum profit will be $54 600.