HKALE BIOLOGY | 2 The cytology | P.

1. 1992/I/2
Match each often functions from the following list with a correct letter from Figure 1:
(a) protein synthesis
(b) Krebs cycle
(c) electron transport (respiratory chain)
(d) protein/carbohydrate complex formation
(e) generation of ATP
(f) ribosome production
Name each of the structures you have selected. (6 marks)

Figure 1

2. 1993/I/2
(a) Name all the cellular organelles which are surrounded by two layers of membrane.

(b) One of these organelles is concerned with energy production. Draw a simple labelled diagram to
show the structure of this organelle.

(c) How is the structure of the organelle in (b) related to its function in cellular metabolism?
(7 marks)

3. 1995/I/1
Tabulate the major differences in cellular organization between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms.
(4 marks)

4. 1995/II/4
Using examples, describe the functions of cellular and sub-cellular membranes in living organisms. Relate
these functions to the structure and composition of the membrane, whenever appropriate.
(20 marks)
 HKALE BIOLOGY | 2 The cytology | P.2

5. 1997/I/5
The electron micrograph below shows a portion of a cell.

(a) Name organelle 1 and state the event occurring in it.

(2 marks)

(d) Calculate the diameter of organelle 4 at A-A. Show your working.

(2 marks)
(magnification x 38 000)

6. 1999/IA/2
The following diagram shows the structural details of a plant cell:
 HKALE BIOLOGY | 2 The cytology | P.3

Using the numbers given in the diagram, indicate the site where each of the following processes tabs place:

(a) CO2 fixation

(b) CO2 production
(c) glycolysis
(d) transcription
(e) translation
(f) intercellular transport (3 marks)

7. 1999/II/2
(a) Illustrate the structure of a mitochondrion as seen under the electron microscope with a labelled
diagram. (3 marks)

(b) Some scientists proposed that the mitochondrion could have originated from a rod-shaped aerobic
bacterium which lived as a parasite in a eukaryotic cell.
(i) State the similarities between the mitochondrion and the bacterium in terms of their size,
structure and metabolic activity to support the above proposal.
(4 marks)

(ii) Suggest the necessary structural and physiological changes that would have to take place in the
bacterium for it to evolve into a mitochondrion.
(5 marks)

8. 2000/I/1
Name two organelles that are found abundantly in mammalian liver cells. Relate their abundance to the
functions of the liver cells.
(4 marks)

9. 2000/I/4
The electron micrograph on the opposite page shows part of an active cell.
(a) A kind of signal molecule will move from A and participate in an important synthetic process at C.
Suggest what this signal molecule may be.
(1 mark)

(b) Identify the small particles in C. What is the synthetic process occurring at C?
(2 marks)

(c) Name organelle B. How does this organelle contribute to the processed in (b)?
(2 marks)
 HKALE BIOLOGY | 2 The cytology | P.4

(X 25000)

10. 2003/I/1
Using the letters next to the following structures, inside the sequence of structures involved in the synthesis
and secretion of a protein from a cell.
(2 marks)
A. cell membrane
B. endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
E. Ribosome
 HKALE BIOLOGY | 2 The cytology | P.5

11. 2005/I/7
The electron micrographs below show two types of organelles:

Complete the following table:

X Y
Name of organelle (a) (b)
Product (c) Testosterone
Cells with great abundance Cells in Islets of
(d)
of the organelle Langerhans

(4 marks)

12. 2007/IIA/1
Benzopyrene is a harmful compound commonly found in coal tar, automobile exhaust fumes, tobacco
smoke, burnt toast, and the crust of barbecued meat. When taken into the body, benzopyrene can be
metabolized in the liver by two enzyme systems, known as phase 1 and phase 2, as shown in the pathway
below:

phase 1 product A
phase 1 enzyme system (mutagenic)
benzopyrene enzyme system intermediate X
product B
(fat soluble) Phase2 enzyme (non-toxic and non-
system mutagenic; excreted
glutathione by kidney)

Phase 1 reactions occur on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Suggest how the structural features of the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum facilitate the phase 1 reactions. (3 marks)
 HKALE BIOLOGY | 2 The cytology | P.6

13. 2007/IIA/3e
Discuss how the technological development of microscopes has helped in the study of different types of
pathogens. (3 marks)