菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

一、外刊阅读：小猫钓鱼

Fact vs. myth: Coronavirus

A.species B.implicated C.suspect D.identified E.transferring F.sparked
G.sourcing H.originated I.blame J.defending K.infections

MYTH: The coronavirus is new.

FACTS: While this strain of virus — 2019-nCoV — is new, it comes from an ancient

family of coronaviruses that were first (31) _____ in the 1960s. Their name comes
from the crown-like projections on their surface and is derived from “corona,” the
Latin term for “halo,” or “crown.”

MYTH: Snakes are responsible for 2019-nCoV.

FACTS: With the discovery of the 2019 coronavirus, we now know there are seven
strains that can infect humans. But with more than 200 other coronaviruses infecting
various members of the animal kingdom, it’s tough to pinpoint which (32) ______ is
responsible for 2019-nCoV’s jump to humans. A study published in the Journal of
Medical Virology on January 22 suggested that 2019-nCoV may have come from
snakes, but it was later refuted.

Researchers now (33) ______ that the Chinese horseshoe bat could be the culprit,
with two studies published in the last week announcing that the genome of the new
human virus is 96% identical to that of a bat coronavirus. Bats have been (34) ______
in the spread of several deadly viruses among humans, including Ebola, rabies, SARS
and MERS. In fact, a paper published last year by scientists at the Wuhan Institute of
Virology suggested “bat-borne CoVs (coronaviruses) will re-emerge to cause the next
disease outbreak.” But it’s too early to say for sure whether the Wuhan coronavirus
(35) ______ in bats or if an intermediary animal played a role in (36) ______ the virus
to people.
MYTH: Bat soup eaters deserve (37) ______ for the spread of the new coronavirus.

FACTS: When a video shared on TikTok showed a Chinese woman chowing down a

bowl of bat soup went viral, it (38) ______ outrage online about whether Asian diets
are to blame for the 2019-nCoV jump to humans. Wang Mengyun, the Chinese
internet vlogger who filmed herself in 2016 eating bat soup in Palau, ended up
apologizing for the video and (39) ______ herself against death threats. Mengyun
clarified in her apology that she ate a fruit bat in the video, which is a local delicacy in
Palau. Other kinds of bats are popular in African, Asian and other Pacific Rim
countries and cultures, including Guam.

MYTH: Pets can transmit the 2019-nCoV.

FACTS: Dogs and cats are both prone to coronavirus (40) _____. But they’re
different viruses than ours. And neither variety can be transmitted to humans. There
have been no reported cases of pets getting the human virus and no cases of people
giving the human virus to their pets. （434）

二、参考答案：DACBH EIFJK

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

三、原文链接：
https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/03/fact-vs-myth-coronavirus/

四、核心词汇：
species implicated suspect identified transferring sparked
sourcing originated blame defending infections

（一）拓展变形
blame
blamed
blameless
blamelessly
blames
blaming

defend(变形 offend )
defended
defender
defenders
defending
defends
undefended

identify
identifiable
identification
identifications
identified
identifier
identifiers
identifies
identifying
identities
identity
unidentifiable
unidentified

implicate
implicated
implicates
implicating
implication
implications

infect
infected
infecting
infection
infections

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

infectious
infectiously
infectiousness
infective
infects
noninfectious
reinfect
reinfected
reinfecting
reinfection
reinfections
reinfects
uninfected

originate
originated
originates
originating
originator
originators

source
sourced
sources
sourcing
unsourced

spark
sparked
sparking
sparks
sparky

species

specie
subspecies

suspect
suspected
suspecting
suspects
unsuspected
unsuspecting

transfer
transferability
transferable
transferee
transferees
transference
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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

transferer
transferers
transferor
transferors
transferral
transferrals
transferred
transferring
transfers

五、重点讲解：
1.implicate
英 [ˈɪmplɪkeɪt]
美 [ˈɪmplɪkeɪt]
v.
(1)to show or suggest that sb is involved in sth bad or criminal
牵涉，涉及（某人） 
(2)to show or suggest that sth is the cause of sth bad
表明（或意指）…是起因 
例句
（1）Low levels of physical activity have been implicated in some cancer.
一些癌症与低水平的体力活动有关。（2009 宝山一模）
（2）They find something in the coronaviruses to implicate 2019 novel coronavirus. 
他们在冠状病毒中发现了与 2019 年新型冠状病毒有关的东西。
2.搭配
be implicated in sth
与某罪行有牵连；对某坏事有责任 

3.词根词缀
plic= to fold 重叠, 折叠
explicate v. 解释
ex 出 + plic 重叠，折叠 + ate 做，造成，使… → 把重叠的东西理出来弄清 →
解释
explicable adj. 可以解释的
ex 出 + plic 重叠，折叠 + able 可…的 → 可以解释的
explicit adj. 明白的；直爽的
ex 出 + plic 重叠，折叠 + it →〔说话〕不啰嗦的 → 直爽的
implicate v. 牵连；暗示
im 加以… + plic 重叠，折叠 + ate 做，造成，使… →〔说话〕加以重叠 → 暗
示
implication n. 连累；含蓄
im 加以… + plic 重叠，折叠 + ation 行为，过程，状态，结果 → 连累；含蓄
implicit adj. 含蓄的
im 加以… + plic 重叠，折叠 + it → 重叠表达 → 含蓄的
imply v. 暗示；意味
im 加以… + ply 重叠，折叠 → 加以重叠表达 → 暗示〔表面一层意思，背后
一层意思〕

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

六、原文翻译
Fact vs. myth: Coronavirus

事实与神秘：冠状病毒
MYTH: The coronavirus is new.

神秘：冠状病毒是新的。
FACTS: While this strain of virus — 2019-nCoV — is new, it comes from an ancient
family of coronaviruses that were first identified in the 1960s. Their name comes from
the crown-like projections on their surface and is derived from “corona,” the Latin
term for “halo,” or “crown.”

事实：虽然这一病毒株——2019 nCoV——是新病毒，但它来自于上世纪 60 年
代首次发现的一个古老的冠状病毒家族，它们的名字来自其表面的树冠状突起，
源自“corona”，拉丁语中的“halo”或“crown”。

MYTH: Snakes are responsible for 2019-nCoV.

神秘：
FACTS: With the discovery of the 2019 coronavirus, we now know there are seven
strains that can infect humans. But with more than 200 other coronaviruses infecting
various members of the animal kingdom, it’s tough to pinpoint which species is
responsible for 2019-nCoV’s jump to humans. A study published in the Journal of
Medical Virology on January 22 suggested that 2019-nCoV may have come from
snakes, but it was later refuted.

随着 2019 冠状病毒的发现，我们现在知道有 7 种病毒可以感染人类。但是，由

于超过 200 种其他冠状病毒感染了动物王国的不同成员，很难确定是哪一种病
毒导致了 2019 年 nCoV 向人类的转移。1 月 22 日发表在《医学病毒学杂志》上
的一项研究表明，2019 年的 nCoV 可能来自蛇，但后来遭到驳斥。

Researchers now suspect that the Chinese horseshoe bat could be the culprit, with two
studies published in the last week announcing that the genome of the new human
virus is 96% identical to that of a bat coronavirus. Bats have been implicated in the
spread of several deadly viruses among humans, including Ebola, rabies, SARS and
MERS. In fact, a paper published last year by scientists at the Wuhan Institute of
Virology suggested “bat-borne CoVs (coronaviruses) will re-emerge to cause the next
disease outbreak.” But it’s too early to say for sure whether the Wuhan coronavirus
originated in bats or if an intermediary animal played a role in transferring the virus to
people.

研究人员现在怀疑中国马蹄蝠可能是罪魁祸首，上周发表的两项研究宣布，新
人类病毒的基因组与蝙蝠冠状病毒的基因组相同 96%。蝙蝠与几种致命病毒在
人类中的传播有关，包括埃博拉病毒、狂犬病病毒、SARS 病毒和 MERS 病毒。
事实上，武汉病毒学研究所的科学家去年发表的一篇论文认为，“蝙蝠传播的
冠状病毒（bat borned CoVs，冠状病毒）将再次出现，导致下一次疾病爆发”，

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

但现在确定武汉冠状病毒是起源于蝙蝠，还是中间动物在将病毒传染给人类方
面发挥了作用，还为时过早。
MYTH: Bat soup eaters deserve blame for the spread of the new coronavirus.

神秘：食用蝙蝠汤的人应该为新冠状病毒的传播受到谴责。
FACTS: When a video shared on TikTok showed a Chinese woman chowing down a
bowl of bat soup went viral, it sparked outrage online about whether Asian diets are to
blame for the 2019-nCoV jump to humans. Wang Mengyun, the Chinese internet
vlogger who filmed herself in 2016 eating bat soup in Palau, ended up apologizing for
the video and defending herself against death threats. Mengyun clarified in her
apology that she ate a fruit bat in the video, which is a local delicacy in Palau. Other
kinds of bats are popular in African, Asian and other Pacific Rim countries and
cultures, including Guam.

事实：当一段在 TikTok 上分享的视频显示一名中国妇女正在大口大口大口吃一

碗蝙蝠汤时，在网上引发了人们对 2019 年 NCOC 跳到人类身上是否应归咎于亚
洲饮食的愤怒。2016 年在帕劳拍摄自己吃蝙蝠汤的中国网络视频制作人王梦云，
最后为视频道歉，并为自己抵御死亡威胁。蒙云在道歉中澄清，她在视频中吃
了一只果蝠，这是帕劳当地的一种美食。其他种类的蝙蝠在非洲、亚洲和其他
环太平洋国家和文化中很受欢迎，包括关岛。

MYTH: Pets can transmit the 2019-nCoV.

神秘：宠物可以传送 2019 年 nCoV。

FACTS: Dogs and cats are both prone to coronavirus infections. But they’re different
viruses than ours. And neither variety can be transmitted to humans. There have been
no reported cases of pets getting the human virus and no cases of people giving the
human virus to their pets.

事实：狗和猫都容易感染冠状病毒。但它们和我们的病毒不同。两个变种都不
能传播给人类。目前还没有宠物感染人类病毒的报道，也没有人将人类病毒传
染给宠物的报道。

（434）
（https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/03/fact-vs-myth-coronavirus/）

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

七、拓展阅读
The Next Coronavirus Nightmare Is Closer Than You Think

Climate change makes the risk of novel diseases much more explosive.

Bryn Nelson

Updated Jan. 29, 2020 11:53AM ET / Published Jan. 29, 2020 4:23AM ET 

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

Zombie Viruses. Drug-resistant fungi. “Super-shedding” animals.

Even as officials around the world are scrambling to control a new and increasingly
deadly coronavirus outbreak, public health and infectious disease experts are
sounding the alarm about climate change making the risk of other novel afflictions
much more explosive.

In recent years, scientists have linked most emerging infectious diseases to animals,

especially wildlife. Much of that wildlife is being displaced by global
warming and habitat loss, putting stressed species that are more susceptible to
infection in closer contact with humans. Recent efforts have revealed a large reservoir
of worrisome viruses and other microbes in animals that could spell disaster if they
spill over and infect humans.

“We can’t just keep closing down markets and disinfecting,” said Christine K.
Johnson, professor of epidemiology and ecosystem health at the University of
California at Davis. “We need to work in a more proactive way.”

The market grabbing global headlines in recent weeks was a major seafood distributor
in Wuhan, China, epicenter of the deadly outbreak that by Tuesday had killed more
than 100 and sickened roughly 4,700 in 16 countries, including at least five cases in
the United States. But even before this latest crisis, a major effort called PREDICT
funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) had, over 10
years, uncovered nearly 1,000 new animal-borne viruses of concern in Asia and
Africa alone. Johnson said the project looked specifically for viruses that belong to
families with known human pathogens like the deadly Ebola and Nipah viruses.

She noted the tally counted 92 coronaviruses, the family that includes SARS, MERS,
and the new Wuhan coronavirus. The latter virus has been tentatively linked to
horseshoe bats, perhaps via intermediate animals like snakes that were sold at the
now-shuttered market where the disease likely jumped to humans. 

Global surveillance efforts may need to look elsewhere for support, however. While
some components of the PREDICT program were expected to continue,
USAID discontinued its funding for the core surveillance and pandemic prevention
work at the close of 2019. In other words, the infrastructure put in place to keep tabs
on future pandemics is being slashed even as this new scare gains traction. 

Global warming can accelerate displacement by thawing, burning, flooding, or drying

out habitats in response to hotter temperatures and stronger storms. “As habitats
change and people move and wildlife moves, they’re going to be coming into contact
more with each other,” said Jeanne Fair, a biosecurity and public health expert at Los

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Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Increasingly close contact,
in turn, significantly raises the risk that an animal disease will spill over into humans.

In the 1998-1999 Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia that killed more than 100 people,
for example, researchers concluded that fruit bats dislodged by forest fires and an El
Niño-related drought began feeding on fruit trees grown on the same farms as pigs.
The close proximity allowed the virus to jump from bats to pigs to farmers.

Fair said stressed animals, whether due to displacement or confinement in live animal
markets, are more susceptible to disease. “When you’re stressed, you’re
immunocompromised, and therefore you shed more virus,” she said. This “super-
shedder” effect, as it’s known, can further increase the danger of a spillover event.

The risk of pathogens emerging due to climate change isn’t limited to the tropics,
either.

Researchers recently announced finding 33 viruses—28 of which were new to science

—that had been entombed for 15,000 years in ice cores within a melting glacier in
Tibet. In a worst-case scenario, the researchers reported, “This ice melt could release
pathogens into the environment.” Many microbes never cause disease in humans, of
course, but the specter of “zombie viruses” waking up after being frozen for millennia
in glaciers and permafrost has inspired urgent calls for more surveillance.

Christopher Mores, a professor of global health at George Washington University in

Washington, D.C., said researchers at least know where permafrost and glaciers are
melting, giving them a good idea of where they should be sampling for potential
pathogens. But trying to deduce what diseases may be lurking deep within jungles, he
said, is a “much thicker soup to see through.”

Beyond live animal markets, Mores explained, humans have unwittingly launched
dangerous experiments in places like southern Florida by mixing native animals and
abandoned exotic pets in an increasingly steamy subtropical swamp.

“We have a real witches’ brew of animalia there being exposed to each other in a
pretty good environment for a number of different pathogens,” he said. “They become
mixing bowls there, much like how we see the development of new influenza viruses
coming out of the mixing of wild birds and poultry and swine.” A virus that can
repeatedly cross between animal species, he added, “is what leads to the potential for
something new, like this coronavirus popping out at us.”

Global warming may be fueling yet another danger that has so far received little
attention, according to Arturo Casadevall, a professor of molecular microbiology and
immunology at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore. The relatively
high temperature of the human body, Casadevall said, protects us from fungi and
other pathogens that are devastating to cold-blooded amphibians and reptiles—as well
as mammals like bats that lower their temperatures when they hibernate.

He and other researchers, though, are already finding evidence that some pathogens
normally seen only at lower temperatures are adapting to warmer conditions. Last
year, Casadevall and colleagues reported that human infections caused by the drug-
resistant fungal species Candida auris cropped up independently on three continents.
The only commonality, higher temperatures, suggested that the fungus wasadapting to

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a hotter world. “You could lose your heat defense if the microbes learn to grow at
higher temperatures,” Casadevall said. “That is a different level of threat that, up until
now, has not been part of the story.”

Amid the mounting danger, the detective work suggests how disease surveillance
might help protect human health. As part of PREDICT, for example, a study
published Friday in the journal Nature Communicationsdescribed how researchers
found a new pool of Marburg virus—a close relative of Ebola—in bats in Sierra
Leone. The discovery allowed them to warn nearby communities of the potential
danger.

Likewise, Fair and colleagues have reported that mosquitoes that can infect both
humans and animals with diseases like chikungunya, dengue, and malaria are
advancing northward and shedding more viral particles with warmer temperatures.
Her team’s complex models that account for changes in climate, habitat, and disease
epidemiology, she said, may help predict where certain diseases appear next year, or
in 30 years.

Although the science needed to characterize new outbreaks has progressed rapidly,
experts say sustained followup in determining the root causes will be critical to
avoiding future pandemics. “Where we fail universally is in the aftermath,” Mores
said. “So once we’ve put it back in its box, we rarely do the appropriate amount of
soul-searching and autopsy on this to say, ‘How do we stop this from happening
again?’”（1228）

(https://www.thedailybeast.com/get-ready-for-more-coronavirus-nightmares-thanks-
to-climate-change)

核心词汇拓展

abandon accounted maladaptive

abandoned accounting unadapted
abandoning accounts
abandonment unaccounted add
abandons added
adapt adding
adaptabilities addition
accelerate adaptability additional
accelerated adaptable additionality
accelerates adaptation additionally
accelerating adaptations additions
acceleration adapted additive
accelerations adapter additives
accelerator adapters adds
accelerators adapting
adaption advance
according adaptive advanced
accordingly adaptor advancement
adaptors advances
account adapts advancing

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

appeared bearer
afflict appearing bearers
afflicted appears bearing
afflicting reappear bearings
affliction reappearance bears
afflictions reappearances bore
afflicts reappeared borne
reappearing unbearable
after reappears unbearably
afterward
afterwards appropriate become
appropriacy became
aftermath appropriately becomes
aftermaths appropriateness becoming
inappropriacy
agency inappropriate belong
agencies inappropriately belonged
interagency inappropriateness belonging
belongings
alarm attention belongs
alarmed attentional
alarming attentions bird
alarmingly inattention birdie
alarmist birdied
alarmists autopsy birdies
alarms autopsies birdlike
birds
allow avoid birdy
allowable avoidable
allowance avoidance blood
allowances avoided blooded
allowed avoiding bloodied
allowing avoids bloodier
allows unavoidable bloodies
unavoidably bloodiest
amount bloodiness
amounted back bloodless
amounting backed bloodlessly
amounts backer bloodlessness
backers bloods
amphibian backing bloody
amphibians backs bloodying
amphibious backward
backwardness body
announce backwardnesses bodied
announced backwards bodies
announcement bodily
announcements bat
announcer bats
announcers batted bowl
announces batter bowled
announcing batters bowler
unannounced batting bowlers
bowling
appear bear bowls
appearance bearable
appearances bearably brew

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

brewed
brewer character community
breweries characterful communities
brewers characterisation
brewery characterisations component
brewing characterise componentry
brewings characterised components
brews characterises
characterising concern
burn characterization concerned
burnable characterize concerning
burned characterized concerns
burner characterizes unconcern
burners characterizing unconcerned
burning characterless
burnings characters condition
burns conditional
burnt climate conditionally
unburnable climates conditionals
climatic conditioned
call climatically conditioner
called climatological conditioners
caller conditioning
callers close conditionings
calling closely conditions
calls closeness unconditional
uncalled closer unconditionally
closest unconditioned

cause closed confine

causation closes confined
causative closing confinement
caused unclosed confinements
causes confines
causing cold confining
colder unconfined
certain coldest
cert coldish contact
certainly coldly contactable
certainties coldness contacted
certainty colds contacting
uncertain contacts
uncertainly colleague uncontactable
uncertainties colleagues
uncertainty continent
come continental
change came continentals
changeable comer continents
changed comers
changer comes continue
changers cometh continual
changes comin continually
changing coming continuance
unchangeable comings continuation
unchangeably continuations
unchanged commonality continued
unchanging commonalities continues

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

continuing critically defenses

continuities critics defensible
continuity uncritical defensibly
continuous uncritically defensive
continuously defensively
cross defensiveness
control crossed indefensible
controllable crosses indefensibly
controlled crossing
controller crossings detect
controllers crosslike det
controlling crossly detectable
controls crossness detected
uncontrollable uncrossed detecting
uncontrollably detection
uncontrolled danger detective
dangerous detectives
core dangerously detector
cored dangers detectors
cores endanger detects
coring endangered undetectable
endangering undetected
coronavirus endangerment
endangerments determine
endangers determinable
count determinant
countable dead determinants
counted deaden determination
counting deadened determinations
countless deadening determinative
counts deadens determined
recount deadlier determinedly
recounted deadliest determines
recounting deadly determining
recounts undead determinism
uncountable determinist
uncounted deduce deterministic
deduced deterministically
cover deduces determinists
coverage deducing indeterminacies
covered indeterminacy
covering deep undetermined
coverings deepen
coverlet deepened devastate
coverlets deepening devastated
covers deepens devastates
uncover deeper devastating
uncovered deepest devastatingly
uncovering deeply devastation
uncovers depth devastations
depths
crisis develop
crises defence developed
crisises defenceless developer
defencelessly developers
critic defences developing
critical defense development

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

developmental displacements ecosystem

developmentally displaces ecosystems
developments displacing
develops effect
redevelop distribute effected
redeveloped distributable effecting
redeveloping distributed effects
redevelopment distributes
redevelopments distributing effort
redevelops distribution effortless
underdeveloped distributional effortlessly
underdevelopment distributions efforts
undeveloped distributive
distributor emerge
disaster distributors emerged
disasters redistribute emergence
disastrous redistributed emergent
disastrously redistributes emerges
redistributing emerging
discover redistribution
discovered redistributive environment
discoverer environmental
discoverers environmentalism
discoveries down environmentalist
discovering downed environmentalists
discovers downing environmentally
discovery downings environments
rediscover downs
rediscovered downward epicentre
rediscoveries downwards epicenter
rediscovering epicenters
rediscovers drug epicentres
rediscovery drugged
undiscovered druggie epidemiology
druggies epidemiologic
disease drugging epidemiological
diseased drugs epidemiologically
diseases epidemiologies
dry epidemiologist
disinfect dried epidemiologists
disinfectant drier
disinfectants driers event
disinfected dries eventful
disinfecting driest events
disinfection drily uneventful
disinfections dryer uneventfully
disinfects dryers
drying evidence
dislodge dryly evidenced
dislodged dryness evidences
dislodges evidential
dislodging due
dislodgment dues exotic
duly exotically
displace undue exoticism
displaced unduly exotics
displacement

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

expect exposure misfired

expectancies exposures misfires
expectancy unexposed misfiring
expectant
expectantly fail five
expectation failed fifteen
expectations failing fifteenth
expected failings fifteenths
expectedly fails fifth
expecting unfailing fifthly
expects unfailingly fifths
unexpected fifties
unexpectedly fair fiftieth
unexpectedness fairer fiftieths
fairest fifty
experiment fairly fives
experimental fairness
experimentalism unfair flood
experimentalist unfairly flooded
experimentalists unfairness flooding
experimentally floods
experimentation family
experimented familial forest
experimenter families forested
experimenters subfamilies forester
experimenting subfamily foresters
experiments foresting
farm forestry
expert farmed forests
expertly farmer
expertness farmers freeze
experts farming freezable
inexpert farms freezer
unfarmed freezers
explain freezes
explained feed freezing
explainer fed froze
explainers feeder frozen
explaining feeders unfrozen
explains feeding
explanation feeds fruit
explanations unfed fruited
explanatory fruiter
unexplained find fruiters
finder fruitily
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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

fuels globalised happen

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increasingly internationally
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largish levelling losing

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melted movingly newer

melting unmovable newest
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microbe unmoving newness
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molecular nativelike northerly
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numbers pigs preventing

renumber prevention
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protectionists real released

protections realism releaser
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resistors unscrambles
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specter stormy
significant specters
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spectre storms

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swamp entombments universality

swamped entombs universalization
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entombed universalist
entombing universalistic warn
entombment universalists warned

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 菁准考英语：高考英语外刊原创 20200206

warning unwillingness workable

warningly willed worked
warnings willing worker
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will reworks worsens
unwilling unworkable worst
unwillingly unworked

拓展阅读 2
Earth - Ten shocking animal diseases that may threaten species

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It's not just humans that have to deal with epidemics. Wild animals must face a host
of diseases, from Ebola to cancer and even the plague

 By Shreya Dasgupta

27 March 2015

It's not just humans that have to deal with epidemics. Disease
outbreaks can kill thousands of animals very quickly. They hit
especially hard if the animals are rare, threatened or fragmented
species.

Over the last few decades many new animal diseases have emerged,
and older diseases have spread to new areas. "Part of this is due to
increased trade and travel, which brings pathogens to new regions,"
says A. Marm Kilpatrick of the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Diseases are also being passed back and forth between humans,
livestock and wild animals.

The biggest threat to wildlife is still loss of habitat, often triggered by

the growth of farmland. Still, diseases can threaten wildlife
populations with severe decline and extinction, says Richard Kock of
the Royal Veterinary College in Hatfield, UK.

Here are ten diseases that are taking a heavy toll on wild animals.
We'll start with a famous one.

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The ebola virus, scourge of humans and apes alike (Credit: BSIP SA/Alamy)

1. Ebola

We think of Ebola as a human disease, and with good reason. Last

year's outbreak killed about 10,000 people.  But it has also been
wiping out populations of our closest relatives, the great apes.

In the early 1990s, the disease ravaged groups of chimpanzees living

in Taï National Park in Côte d'Ivoire.  The following decade, repeated
outbreaks in the Republic of the Congo took a heavy toll on the
gorilla population. Ebola killed about 5000 critically endangered
western gorillas between 2002 and 2003 at the Lossi Sanctuary, and
then wiped out hundreds of gorillas in the Odzala-Kokoua National
Park in 2003-2004.

The ebola virus strikes both species hard. It kills about 95% of those
it infects, by causing severe fever and bleeding.

Ebola's effects can be particularly devastating when combined with

other threats like hunting and deforestation. Hunting has reduced the
populations so much, the disease could cause extinction, says Julia
PG Jones of Bangor University in the UK.

Vaccines against Ebola may be one way out. By 2014, researchers

had tested a vaccine on a group of captive chimpanzees. It proved to
be safe and effective.

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Amphibians like this poison dart frog have a fungus crisis (Credit: Chris
Mattison/Alamy)

2. Chytridiomycosis

A deadly fungus called "chytrid" has spelt doom for many frogs and
salamanders. Over the last 30 years, it has sent more than 200
amphibian species into catastrophic declines, and in some cases
driven them to extinction.

For instance, a wave of chytrid infections in Panama's El Copé in the

early 2000s wiped out 30 species of amphibians. Five had never been
seen before.

The fungus, called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is found on every

continent except Antarctica. It infects and damages the outer layer of
the frogs' skin. Since frogs and salamanders use their skin to absorb
nutrients and take in water, the infection eventually suffocates them.

But chytrid was not always the deadly killer it is today. For over 100
years, it coexisted harmlessly with amphibians in some places, such
as Illinois and Korea.

Also, not all frogs infected with the fungus become sick or die. Some,
like American bullfrogs and African clawed frogs, seem to be
resistant. These species have been blamed for the spread of the
disease, although Kilpatrick points out that the amphibian trade has
also played a role.

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Many American crows have died of West Nile encephalitis (Credit: Dick Daniels,
CC by 3.0)

3. West Nile encephalitis

In 1999, New York City became the epicentre of a new disease

outbreak. People were admitted to hospitals with encephalitis: their
brains were inflamed. Around the same time, several crows in the
city, and other birds at the Bronx Zoo, turned up dead. In all cases,
the culprit was the West Nile virus, which at the time was mostly
found in Africa and Asia.

Transmitted by mosquitoes, the virus has since infected and killed

millions of birds across the US, Mexico, and Canada. The virus has
been detected in about 48 species of mosquitoes and 250 species of
birds, and occasionally spills over to humans and horses.  

In some areas, West Nile encephalitis has reduced the numbers of

American crows by about 45%. It has also caused large declines in
other bird species like American robins, eastern bluebirds, tufted
titmouses and chickadees.  But the West Nile virus does not likely
threaten these species with extinction, says Kilpatrick.

Some endangered bird species are at more risk, however. So

researchers have developed vaccines for critically
endangered California condors, and for rare island scrub jays that are

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only found on California's Santa Cruz Island. Vaccines for other birds
are also being tested.

A northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) (Credit: Michael Durham/NPL)

4. White-nose syndrome

In 2006 a recreational caver took a photograph of a bat in a cave near

Albany, New York. The bat had white fungus around its nose. This
was the first evidence that a devastating disease had struck North
America's bats.  Called white-nose syndrome, the disease has rapidly
spread across the US and Canada.

Nearly 6 million bats have been killed, and numbers of some species
– like the northern long eared bat – have declined by 99% in the
north-east.  "White-nose syndrome is dramatically changing the bat
populations of North America," says Kock.

The offending fungus is called Pseudogymnoascus destructans. It

makes hibernating bats behave erratically. Instead of hibernating
during the winter, the bats fly dangerously far out of their caves, even
in daylight. As a result they quickly drain their fat reserves, and starve
to death.

The fungus might have come from Europe, where it does not appear
to harm the bats it colonises. Restricting human access to caves, and
protecting their habitats, may help the bats.

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Anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis) (Credit: Scott Camazine/Alamy)

5. Anthrax

Anthrax is best known for its use as a weapon of bioterrorism. But the
disease is an ancient scourge of wildlife. It mostly affects herbivores,
but anthrax can cause outbreaks in other mammals, including
some carnivores, great apes and humans.

Anthrax can have different consequences based on the species and

ecosystem. In places like Etosha National Park in Namibia, the
disease is considered to be a natural part of the ecosystem, and has
not been managed since the early 1980s, according to
ecologist Wendy Turner of the University of Oslo in Norway.

Sometimes though, anthrax outbreaks can turn deadly. For instance, a

2004 outbreak in Zimbabwe's Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve killed
over 90% of some of the wild herbivore populations. In 2010, a
similar outbreak killed more than 80 hippos in Uganda.

Spores of the anthrax bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, can live in soil

for several years and infect grazing livestock, and subsequently
people.  Regularly vaccinating livestock could restrict outbreaks, says
Turner.

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Many Tasmanian devils have facial tumours (Credit: Dave Watts/NPL)

6. Devil facial tumour disease

A strange epidemic of contagious cancer has swept through

Australia's Tasmanian devils. The cancer jumps from one devil to
another when they bite each other. They do that a lot, while fighting
over food or during mating.

The disease is often fatal. It results in large cancerous lumps on the

devils' faces, which then spread over their entire bodies, killing them
in a few months.

The disease is believed to have begun in a kind of nerve cell called a

Schwann cell, in a single animal. Then the cancerous cells spread
from one devil to another, helped by devils' tendency to bite each
other.

Devils are all quite similar genetically, which means their immune

systems are bad at fighting the cancer. It was first recorded as recently
as 1996, but since then the disease has killed over 90% of the devils
in some areas.

To preserve the species, scientists have established captive "insurance

populations" of about 500 disease-free devils. These represent over
98% of the species' genetic diversity.

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African wild dogs are among distemper's many victims (Credit: Steve Bloom
Images/Alamy)

 7.  Canine distemper

A domestic dog virus is wiping out wild carnivores around the world.
The virus, closely related to the human measles virus, attacks the
animals' respiratory, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems.

In 1985, canine distemper slashed numbers of black-footed ferrets in

Wyoming. Then in the early 1990s, the disease killed many African
wild dogs and wiped out about 1000 lions from Africa's Serengeti.
And in late 2000, the disease killed 49 of 52 captive African wild
dogs in Tanzania within two months.

As domestic dog populations increase, the disease is spreading to

newer areas, and jumping to a wider range of carnivores. For
instance, the rare Amur tigers in eastern Russia have fallen prey to the
virus.

Vaccinating domestic dogs against the virus can sometimes halt the
spread of the disease. But it may not be enough as other animals can
also spread it. Vaccinating the vulnerable wild carnivores might be
the solution.

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A koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). STD not pictured (Credit: Roland Seitre/NPL)

8. Chlamydia

Australia's koalas are suffering from a sexually transmitted

disease: chlamydia, which also affects humans. The disease can cause
them to become infertile, or develop urinary and respiratory
infections, to say nothing of blinding them and sometimes outright
killing them.

Combined with drought, chlamydia has reduced koala populations in

some areas of Australia from 60,000 in the mid-1990s to 10,000 in
2012. They have been worst hit in the states of Queensland and New
South Wales.

To detect infections in time, some veterinarians have been scanning

koalas using ultrasound machines, rather than taking swabs as usual.
Scientists have also begun sequencing koala genes, including those
that play an important role in the animal's immune system, to help
figure out how the disease affects them.

The situation is being made worse by a second disease, a koala

retrovirus similar to HIV.  It suppresses their immune systems,
making them more susceptible to chlamydia.   

These two diseases, along with the destruction of their habitats and
the threat from other animals, are pushing koalas towards extinction.
But a vaccine, which has been successfully tested, offers some hope.

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A red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with mange (Credit: Juan Iacruz, CC by 3.0)

9. Sarcoptic mange

Sarcoptic mange causes severe itchingand an intense desire to scratch,

leading to infections and sometimes death. It is caused by a parasitic
mite called Sarcoptes scabiei.

The disease affects over 100 species, from wombats in

Australia to red foxes and lynx in Europe and wolves in North
America.  A close relative of the mite infects humans, causing
scabies.

A scabies mite burrows under an animal's skin, producing lesions that

get infected. The infection spreads as the animal scratches the skin
incessantly. Over time, the animal loses hair, becomes dehydrated,
develops hypothermia, starves, and sometimes dies.

In many stable wildlife populations, mange does not appear to have a

long-term effect on their numbers. But the disease can be catastrophic
for populations that are already threatened, isolated or fragmented.
For instance, sarcoptic mange is believed to have wiped out all the red
foxes on the island of Bornholm in Denmark.

To establish mange-free animal pools, veterinarians sometimes treat

them with drugs like ivermectin.

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Black-tailed prairie dogs, apparently plague-free (Credit: Charlie Summers/NPL)

10. Plague

The same bacterium that causes plague in humans, including the

infamous "Black Death" that struck Europe in the 1300s, also wreaks
havoc in the animal kingdom. Confusingly it's called "sylvatic
plague" but that just means it's a disease of wildlife. It's all the same
microorganism: Yersinia pestis.

Sylvatic plague first appeared in North America around 1900. Ships

coming from plague-ridden areas of Europe and Asia probably carried
over infected rats and fleas, which passed it on to the local wildlife.
These animals had never been exposed before.

In some areas plague wiped out entire colonies of prairie dogs. With
mortality rates over 90%, sylvatic plague has been devastating for
these animals.

This massive prairie dog die-off has in turn caused black-footed

ferret populations to plummet. One of North America's rarest animals,
these ferrets feed mainly on prairie dogs, and use their burrows to
raise their young.  So when prairie dogs die, ferret populations decline
too. Moreover, the disease is almost always fatal to the ferrets.

The endangered ferrets have been bred in captivity and reintroduced,

and their populations are slowly recovering. Vaccinating the
ferrets may also help prevent outbreaks. Similarly, dusting prairie dog

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burrows with pesticides and vaccinating them using baits might help

protect prairie dog populations.

（http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150327-ten-scary-diseases-of-
animals）

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